Social and Psychological Resources and Adaptation

“Due to such personal resources, individuals experience high levels of accordance between their skills and talents and the goals they set for themselves (Hobfoll, 2002; Xanthopoulou, Bakker, Demerouti, & Schaufeli, 2009).”

“Recent research on creative workers has found resource allocation theory (Hobfoll, 2002) to be a useful framework for examining similar spill-over and cross-over effects (Harrison & Wagner, 2015).”

“Hobfoll (2002) defined resources as the total capability of an individual to accomplish his/her valued needs and goals.”

“In line with the COR theory, individuals who lack personal and job resources are susceptible to losing even more resources and may end up in a loss cycle in which each loss results in depletion of resources for confronting the next threat or loss (Hobfoll, 2002).”

“People conserve resources by increasing resource gain and reducing resource loss, and resource loss is more harmful than resource acquisition (Halbesleben et al., 2014; Hobfoll, 2002).”

“The social support and self-efficacy gained from leisure satisfaction can play important roles in the development of stress coping strategies, and have also been related to the overall wellbeing and stress resistance (Hobfoll, 1989, 2002).”

“Second, conservation of resources (COR) theory states that individuals are inclined to maintain and accumulate their current pool of resources to form a buffer against high job demands (Hobfoll, 1989, 2002).”

“…resources (Luu, 2019b), this would lead to further acquisition of resources and activating the exchangeable transfer of resources among employees, including positive evaluations, thus leading to a shared perception among employees (Hobfoll, 2002) of an organizational climate for green initiatives.”

“There was some weak indication that exhaustion acted as the trigger for the loss cycle (see Hobfoll, 1989, 2002) that led to a gradient decrease of resources, as the trajectory results showed.”

“The COR theory also describes that resource loss is disproportionally more salient for humans than resource gain is in its ‘primacy of resource loss’ principle (Hobfoll, 2002).”

“According to conservation of resources (Hobfoll 1989, 2002), the depletion of resources and the prevention of resource accumulation can create uncertainty and stress because individuals strive to maintain and protect their resources, including financial resources.”

“Thus, as noted above, academic efficacy would be equivalent to general self-efficacy, which has been described as an essential factor in stress resistance and burnout prevention (Bres o et al., 2011; Hobfoll, 2002).”

“PSYCHOLOGICAL CAPITAL AS A MEDIATOR Social and psychological resources carry equal importance in determining job performance and behavior (Hobfoll, 1989, 2002), while psychological mechanisms can link organizational innovation climate and employee innovative behavior to each other (Amabile, 1983,…”

“Specifically, by integrating two relevant theories—conservation of resources (COR) theory (Hobfoll, 1989, 2002) and socioemotional selectivity (SES) theory (Carstensen, 1991, 1995)—we will first delineate the mechanism through which age, individual career self-management (CSM) and organizational…”

“Resilience and self-efficacy are closely related, and, according to conservation of resources theory (CoR; Hobfoll, 2002), it is unlikely that they each affect wellbeing independently from one another.”

“Different psychological constructs are understood as a core, (Hobfoll, 2002).”

“Using the COR framework, it is demonstrated that the accumulation of different forms of workplace supports act as resource caravans (Hobfoll, 2002) to promote thriving at work, which subsequently impacts life satisfaction.”

“Fourth, different from most other resource adaptation theories, resources, through the resource transfer in light of the COR, are deemed to be socio-culturally framed rather than individualistic and can thus be perceived analogously among members sharing a cultural niche (Hobfoll, 2002).”

“This line of reasoning is supported by the Conservation of Resources theory (Hobfoll, 2002) which proposes that loss of resources tends to lead to loss cycles; people facing depleting resources are less likely to have the appropriate resources to deal with these losses, resulting in additional…”

“Since resilience can be thought of as a resource that individuals are able to mobilize under adversity, in a time of stress (Hobfoll, 2002), it follows that the more adversity there is, the”

“The literature mentions the efficient exploitation of resources in the context of resilience and post-disaster functioning (Hobfoll, 2002).”

“Life course (Settersten, 2003) and resource (Hobfoll, 2002) perspectives point that personal context (social and historical) and personal choices interact to influence this transition.”

“Excessive demands in the workplace create a resource drain that has negative consequences, such as role conflict and strain (Grandey & Cropanzano, 1999; Hobfoll, 1989, 2002), conceptualized in this study as WIC and work burden, respectively.”

“…to the wide range of traumas included in the latter samples (for example, the inclusion of traumatic death of significant others), or the long-term effects of the trauma and/or PTSD symptoms on important life areas such as employment, significant relationships or other resources (Hobfoll, 2002).”

“This assumption is based on the postulate of the COR theory that individuals strive to build and protect a resource pool that enables them to cope with threatening circumstances and protect them against the aversive effects of negative events such as job demands (Hobfoll, 2002).”

“Hobfoll (2002) claims that people with higher levels of resources will handle stressful situations and resolve problems better than people with lower levels of resources.”

“Based on the COR theory (Hobfoll, 2002), WFC and FWC can lead to stress at work where resources are lost in the process of managing both work and family roles.”

“Hobfoll (2002) suggested that high-self-efficacy individuals perceive themselves to be highly capable of applying their other resources to meet stressful demands.”

“These scholars frequently draw on conservation of resources (COR) theory to define a resource as any object, personal characteristic, condition, or energy that is valued by an individual or used to attain objects, personal characteristics, conditions, or energies (Hobfoll, 1989; Hobfoll, 2002).”

“Our study is theoretically grounded on work–family border theory and research on work–family conflict (Amstad, 2011; Byron, 2005; Clark, 2000; Ford et al., 2007), COR theory (Hobfoll, 2001, 2002), and the resilience framework (Bonanno et al., 2015; Chen & Bonanno, 2020).”

“Psychological resources were categorized into seven groups: self-efficacy (SE), self-esteem, sense of coherence (SOC), spirituality, optimism, intellect and other personality characteristics. SE and self-esteem were consistently associated with positive adjustment indicators such as high well-being and better mental h…”

“According to the COR theory (Hobfoll, 2001), humans are motivated to retain, protect, acquire things that they find valuable, referred to as “resources,” and “position themselves so that they are less vulnerable to future resource loss” (Hobfoll, 2002, p. 317).”

“Social resources, which consist of both networks of personal relationships and the contact and support exchanged within them, serve key functions in the adaptation to widowhood in late life (Hobfoll, 2002).”

“Leveraging work on multidimensional constructs (Law, Wong, & Mobley, 1998) and resource theories (Hobfoll, 2002), psychological capital has been argued to represent a second order, core factor that is operationally defined as”

“It has been a general view that self-esteem is one of the most salient personal resources (Hobfoll, 2002).”

“COR theory proposes that individuals are strategic in investing resources in order to protect their current resources and accumulate resources for the future (Hobfoll, 2002).”

“The proposed intervening role of psychological work fatigue is based on Conservation of Resources (COR) theory (Hobfoll, 1989, 2002).”

“Following Hobfoll (2002), the W-HR model categorizes resources into two types along their source or origin: contextual resources, which originate from the outside of the self (e.g., from work), and personal resources, which reside inside of the self (e.g., personal traits or energies).”

“When an individual encounters an imbalance of effort and rewards (which indicates loss of resources), they will actively and almost immediately seek resources to regain and retain the balance, according to the conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 2002; Hobfoll & Freedy, 1993).”

“…well-being or distress following the Kohn–Schooler approach (Spen-ner, 1988) or personality hardiness, which is identified by a sense of control over life (cid:2) s vicissitudes, a sense that stressors represent challenges rather than threats, and a sense of commitment to life tasks (Hobfoll, 2002).”

“While employee engagement is a proactive behaviour, adaptive performance of different elements of such cognitive psychological resources could further improve the outcome through a positive resource caravan (Hobfoll, 2002) and positive gain spirals (Hakanen, Perhoniemi and Toppinen-Tanner, 2008; Llorens, Schaufeli, Ba…”

“This is because autonomy is a key resource individuals naturally value and seek to preserve (Hobföll, 2002; Ryan and Deci, 2000).”

“According to key resource theories, these resources, and thus psychological capital, can help individuals successfully cope with, alleviate, or eliminate the negative effects of stress and maintain mental health (Thoits, 1994; Bandura, 1997; Wright et al., 1998; Hobfoll, 2002).”

“In line with Hobfol’s theory [41], resources are understood as something that is valued in itself or which acts as a means to achieve important goals.”

“For example, both Holmvall and Sidhu (2007) and Walsh (2011) demonstrated that customer mistreatment was negatively related to job satisfaction.”

“Second, thriving may also provide employees with the cognitive and affective resources that enable helping others (Hobfoll, 2002).”

“Consequently, this line of research has identified multiple stressors (e.g., self-control demands [SCDs]; Schmidt & Diestel, 2015) that impair well-being as well as resources that help to foster psychological well-being (Hobfoll, 2002).”

“Unlike personal resources, such as self-esteem and self-efficacy, Hobfoll (2002) views social support as a process, which includes actual behavior as well as perceptions of support.”

“…that individuals who have more work-related coping resources will be less stressed when facing negative events than those with fewer resources (Hobfoll, 2002), and that supervisor support may aid the worker in coping with job demands and act as a protector against ill health (Väänänen et al.,…”

“These are grand theories that make predictions concerning peoples’ affect, cognition, and behaviour across different life domains and institutional settings.1 The first class of resource theories that can be distinguished concerns key resource theories (Hobfoll, 2002).”

“Nurses dealing with serious illness and the emotional issues of patients may prefer to overlook emotional traumas in favour of physical symptoms (Trougakos, Jackson, & Beal, 2011) as a strategy to conserve emotional resources (Hobfoll, 1989, 2002).”

“Fourth, they are a major precondition to any goal-directed behavior and thus are essential for one’s survival (Hobfoll, 2002).”

“We propose that managing the competing norms associated with different roles and rolebased identities can lead to increased role conflict (e.g., see Hobfoll, 2002; Jackson & Schuler, 1985; Molinsky, 2007; Tubre & Collins, 2000).”

“Resources are valuable means, and they motivate people to invest those resources (e.g., energy) to gain additional resources (e.g., reputation, money), subsequently contributing to better functioning (Hobfoll, 2002).”

“COR is fundamentally a resource conservation strategy through which individuals seek to minimise losses and increase the odds of making gains in work settings (Hobfoll, 2002; Hobfoll et al., 2018).”

“, high self-esteem, self-eYcacy, hardiness, and dispositional optimism (Hobfoll, 2002).”

“Optimismprovides stress resistance (Hobfoll, 2002) and encourages goal setting and goal pursuit (Lent, 2004), and it is therefore hypothesized to be an important cognitive resource in retirement.”

“Under CoR theory, we expect employees rating their work as more demanding to align with the immediate loss of resources and potentially a resource loss spiral (Hobfoll, 2001, 2002), and thus relate to fewer resources which should lead negatively towards WLB.”

“Moreover, the current results agree with the Conservation of Resources (COR) theory, which proposes that ‘during highly stressful circumstances, resource gain cycles are most likely to emerge as people seek to identify and mobilize resources’ (Hobfoll, 2002, p. 315).”

“Job resources can be understood as those entities in the work environment that preserve individual and organizational functioning (Hobfoll, 2002).”

“Increases or decreases in the quality of relationships with supervisors and coworkers represent true gains or losses in social resources (Hobfoll, 1989, 2002), which could ameliorate or exacerbate the negative experience of PCBs.”

“COR has emerged in analyses following Hurricane Katrina [42–44] and Hurricane Sandy [15,45], linking a loss of personal resources to the stress of displacement [42] and the loss of personal property, social support and physical health to long-term psychological distress [43].”

“Hobfoll (2002) identified self-efficacy as a key resource in reducing strain because it enables people to alter their environment to meet stressful demands as well as increasing their psychological resilience.”

“According to the COR theory (Hobfoll, 2002), this overload may cause an impoverishment of mental and physical primary resources that leads to several ill-health symptoms (e.”