Social and Psychological Resources and Adaptation

“Hobfoll (2002) has additionally argued that resource gain, in turn and in itself has only a modest effect, but instead acquires its saliency in the context of resource loss.”

“Hence, resources are not only necessary to deal with job demands and to ‘get things done,’ but they also are important in their own right (Hobfoll, 2002).”

“Such a transfer of resource caravans triggers the accumulation of resources that COR theory describes as a gain spiral (Hobfoll 2002, 2011a).”

“, Luthans & Youssef, 2007; Luthans, Youssef, & Avolio, 2007) that have drawn from psychological resource theory (Hobfoll, 2002) and the broaden-and-build theory from positive emotions (Fredrickson,”

“Trajectory 5 of Figure 1 corresponds to the role of resource passageways (Hobfoll, 2002, 2011a).”

“…three typical personal resources, namely, self-efficacy (Bandura, 1989), organizational-based self-esteem (Pierce, Gardner, Cummings, & Dunham, 1989), and optimism (Scheier & Carver, 1985), all of which have been recognized by Hobfoll (2002) as fundamental components of individual adaptability.”

“Job resources become salient in the face of high job demands Hobfoll (2002) has argued that resource gain acquires its saliency in the context of resource loss.”

“Conservation of Resources theory (Hobfoll, 2002 ) proposes that resources tend to accumulate.”

“Additionally, Hobfoll (2002) argues that resource gain acquires its saliency in the context of resource loss.”

“Specifically, Hobfoll’s (2002) psychological resource theory has been used to explain what PsyCap is and how it works. One aspect of this theory is that it suggests some constructs are best understood as indicators of broader underlying factors. That is, while an individual construct may be valid in terms of discrimin…”

“The richness and reliability of one’s “resource reservoirs:” rather than possessing one specific resource, become critical in successfully performing in a specific domain, event, or challenge and for general health and well-being (Hobfoll, 2002).”

“To recapitulate, the seven assumptions of COR theory reflect two main processes: The first is a loss spiral, in which stress develops and resources further deplete, and the other is a gain spiral, in which resources accumulate (Hobfoll, 1989, 2002).”

“Allied support for this conceptualization of PsyCap as a higher-order core construct can be drawn from the psychological resource theories (see Hobfoll, 2002, for a comprehensive review).”

“This is consistent with the notion that in the absence of threats, people are motivated to create resources (Hobfoll, 2002).”

“…are likely to be diminished by mass trauma (Benight et al. 1999; Benight, Swift, Sanger, Smith, & Zeppelin, 1999), and they are made effective by their being central management resources that “manage” or orchestrate other personal and environmental resources that people possess (Hobfoll, 2002).”

“In the case of PsyCap and other positive variables, antecedents are key factors in shaping a person’s inventory of positive resources and “resource caravans” (Hobfoll 2002), and thus should be given extensive thought and attention in positive research.”

“Consistent with conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989, 2002) and previous research in other domains (Billings et al., 2000; Seers et al., 1983), the results show that supervisor support, innovativeness, appreciation, and organizational climate particularly influenced teachers’ work…”

“This is in line with Hobfoll (2002) who has argued that resource gain in itself has only a modest effect, but instead acquires its saliency in the context of resource loss.”

“…deficit by examining other factors that may inform resilience to PTEs, including demographics, social and material resources, and additional life stressors (Brewin, Andrews, & Valentine, 2000; Hobfoll, 1989, 2002) using the same large probability sample examined in the Bonanno et al. (2006) study.”

“As is commonly used in other organizational behavior research (e.g., Judge & Bono, 2001), all three studies used a three item satisfaction scale adapted from Hackman and Oldham (1980) using the same 1-6 rating as was utilized for the psychological capital measure.”

“In line with Hobfoll (2002), who suggests that resources act in caravans, our study indicates that existing resources bring more resources.”

“However, the loss of economic resources as a result of disaster poses what is arguably an even more imposing risk factor (Hobfoll, 1989, 2002).”

“Some resilience factors may be stable over time (e.g., personality), while others will likely fluctuate with life circumstances or changes in the availability of resources (Hobfoll 1989, 2002).”

“Hobfoll (2002) provides conceptual support for this finding of PsyCap as a core construct.”

“With the use of the Hu and Bentler (1999) combinatorial rule that two of three indices should fit the recommendation of SRMR ≤ 0.”

“Organizational demands and resources have demonstrated an important role in the development of burnout (Maslach et al., 2001), and they are critical aspects of the COR theory (Hobfoll, 2002).”

“From this perspective, resources are defined as “those entities that either are centrally valued in their own right (e.g., self-esteem, close attachments, health, and inner peace) or act as means to obtain centrally valued ends (e.g., money, social support, and credit)” (Hobfoll, 2002: 307).”

“, efficacy, hope, optimism, and resiliency) fall within the boundaries of COR theory and are explicitly noted as having relevance and aligning with current trends in COR theory (Hobfoll, 2002).”

“Although psychological ownership has not previously been associated with POB, we believe it can be conceptualized as a positive psychological resource (see Fredrickson, 2001; Hobfoll, 2002).”

“In addition, allied theoretical support for PsyCap as a second-order core construct can be found in psychological resources theory (see Hobfoll, 2002) and Fredrickson’s (2001) broaden-andbuild theory of positive emotions.”

“Another characteristic of the resource perspective is that resources can be accumulated over time (Hobfoll, 2002).”

“Psychological capital and performance In theory, individuals high in PsyCap have more resources to draw upon to pursue goals (Hobfoll, 2002), and therefore can perform better than those low in PsyCap (Luthans, Avolio, et al.”

“Resilience can be thought of as a resource that individuals are able to mobilize in a time of stress (cf. Hobfoll, 2002).”

“Other explanatory frameworks for integrating these four positive psychological resources are described by Hobfoll (2002) in his review of various psychological resource theories and Stajkovic (2006) who theoretically links these four constructs into a core-confidence model.”

“Some of these factors that might predict resilience will be relatively more stable over time (e.g. personality), while others will probably fluctuate dramatically as life circumstances change or as various resources become more or less accessible (Hobfoll, 1989, 2002).”

“Another characteristic of the resource perspective is that resources can be accumulated over time (Hobfoll, 2002).”

“This finding is in line with the Conservation of Resources Theory (Hobfoll, 2002), which suggests that job hindrances may have a negative impact on job resources: When facing demanding circumstances, individuals must bring in resources to prevent loss, and individuals who have only limited…”

“This notion is consistent with Hobfoll ’ s (2002) proposition that resources are of greatest use when they are needed most (i.e., during times of high job demands due to the crisis), and that resource gain is most salient in the face of resource loss.”

“…striving and choices can be explained by psychological resources such as efficacy, hope, optimism, and resilience that create higher-order " resource caravans " (or in this case, the core construct of psychological capital), which in turn impact motivation and performance (Hobfoll, 2002).”

“This signifies a general tendency for enrichment of resources among those with initial resource reservoir with the consequence that increasing resources tend to form resource caravans (Hobfoll, 2002).”

“…et al., 2002; Okumura et al., 1998); exposure to both negative and positive aspects of media coverage of the event (Vasterman, Yzermans, & Dirkzwager, 2005); and exposure to secondary resources losses, such as loss of property or loss of employment (Hobfoll, 1989, 2002; Norris et al., 2002).”

“These findings are consistent with the conservation of resources theory of Hobfoll (2002), who argued that a resource (or resource gain) in itself has only a modest effect but instead acquires its saliency in the context of resource loss (e.g., under conditions of high job demands).”

“Because of the crucial but limited nature of self-control strength, people must be judicious in their management of it (as with other limited resources; see Hobfoll, 2002 ).”

“(Hobfoll, 2002).”

“Together with self-efficacy, other personal resources , such as self-esteem or optimism, may also play a crucial role in the understanding of employees' adaptation in their work environments (Hobfoll, 2002; Luthans et al., 2006).”

“Instead, such resources together provide support to each other through a shared underlying mechanism (Luthans, Avolio, et al., 2007) that binds them and helps individuals to use them effectively when faced with stressful situations (Hobfoll, 2002).”

“Using conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 2002), we argue that employees who create abundant resources will be engaged in their work and flourish in their life.”

“Alternatively, psychological well-being can enhance health outcomes indirectly via emotive-resource channels, by affecting available psychological and environmental resources (e.g. Fredrickson, 2003; Hobfoll, 1989, 2002).”

“A central tenet of the 170 conservation of resources theory is the notion that people strive to obtain, preserve, and 171 protect resources (Hobfoll, 1989, 2002).”

“The findings provide general support for the importance of sustaining resources and resource loss as indicated by COR theory (Hobfoll, 1998, 2002).”

“Here, we find resonance in Hobfoll's theory of conservation of resources (COR: Hobfoll, 1989, 2002; Hobfoll & Lilly, 1993).”

“In his conservation of resources theory, Hobfoll (2002) has eferred to “loss spirals” and suggested that people who lack esources are susceptible to losing even more resources.”

“Thus, WFC leads to job stress because resources are lost in the process of juggling both work and family, creating elevated levels of stress at work (Hobfoll 2002).”

“Thus, those at greater risk of experiencing stress and adversity likely require a larger reservoir of resources to overcome demands (Hobfoll, 2002).”

“Other relevant literature has shown the strong effect of social relationships and, especially, getting social support on coping with physically and/or mentally demanding situations (Folkman & Moskowitz, 2004; Hobfoll, 2002).”

“From a personal resources perspective (e.g., Hobfoll, 2002 ), high job demands require employees to devote more resources (e.g., time, emotions) to work, leaving them with fewer resources to devote to their family (Frone, Yardley, & Markel, 1997).”

“To protect their psychological and physical well-being, individuals are thought to turn to other resources that serve as indispensable elements of their “stress resistance armamentarium” (Hobfoll, 2002, p. 312).”

“According to COR theory, work and family are a reservoir of resources, where a loss or a gain in one domain affects the state of the other (Hobfoll, 2002), impacts personal burnout, distress symptoms (Noor, 2002), and employee well-being (Ibrahim et al., 2009; Fotiadis et al., 2019).”

“Psychological toll refers to the depletion of psychological resources (Hobfoll, 2002) available to an individual for handling the interpersonal and intrapersonal demands of performing a cross-cultural codeswitch.”

“According to Hobfoll (2002), people who possess social support are more stress resistant and enjoy better health.”

“Conservation of Resources Theory (Hobfoll 2002) suggests burnout occurs because of resource over-investment from the individual, combined with too few gains (e.”

“Hobfoll (2002) argues that burnout develops particularly in this third case.”

“These theoretical perspectives include Maslach’s conceptual framework of job burnout cited previously (Maslach et al., 2001), resource theories (Hobfoll & Freedy, 1993; Hobfoll, 2002; Schwarzer & Hallum, 2008), and socio-cognitive theory (Bandura, 1997; Schwarzer & Hallum, 2008).”

“In addition, from a personal resources perspective (e.g., Hobfoll, 2002), compulsive tendencies make workaholics devote more resources (e.g., time, effort) to work, leaving them with fewer resources to devote to their family.”