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Social and Psychological Resources and Adaptation
Abstract
Psychology has increasingly turned to the study of psychosocial resources in the examination of well-being. How resources are being studied and resource models that have been proffered are considered, and an attempt is made to examine elements that bridge across models. As resource models span health, community, cognitive, and clinical psychology, the question is raised of whether there is overuse of the resource metaphor or whether there exists some underlying principles that can be gleaned and incorporated to advance research. The contribution of resources for understanding multicultural and pan-historical adaptation in the face of challenge is considered.
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“Individuals who possess greater stocks of personal resources (e.g., energy, knowledge, skills) are better equipped to succeed at work tasks which require expenditure of these resources (Hobfoll, 2002).”
From Work hard or play hard: the effect of leisure crafting on opportunity recognition and venture performance (2023) · cites this paper as Hobfoll, 2002
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Challenge-Hindrance Stressors and Job Outcomes: the Moderating Role of Conscientiousness
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“Resources include objects (e.g., work tools), conditions (e.g., marital status), and personal characteristics (e.g., traits, skills, and abilities; Halbesleben, Neveu, Paustian-Underdahl, & Westman, 2014; Hobfoll, 2002) required to meet the demands placed upon the individual.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialEnough is Enough: Cognitive Antecedents of Workaholism and Its Aftermath
Wijhe, C. I. V., Peeters, M. C. W., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2014) · Human Resource Management · doi:10.1002/hrm.21573 · Cited by 113
“In line with COR theory (Hobfoll, 2002), our findings imply that when an employee tends to continue when feeling that not enough work has been done, this may foster a compulsive work drive, which further increases emotional exhaustion.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialXu, L. (2017) · Studies in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/03075079.2017.1399261 · Cited by 143
“For instance, individuals with greater political skill tend to acquire more valued job resources, and those with better job resources are less affected by the loss of emotional resources caused by role conflict (Hobfoll 2002).”
BackgroundBurnout and daily recovery: A day reconstruction study.
Oerlemans, W. G. M., & Bakker, A. B. (2014) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0036904 · Cited by 136
Agarwal, U. A., & Gupta, V. (2018) · Personnel Review · doi:10.1108/pr-09-2016-0229 · Cited by 133
Commonalities in grief responding across bereavement and non-bereavement losses
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Linking leadership styles to work engagement
Li, Y., Castaño, G., & Li, Y. (2018) · Chinese Management Studies · doi:10.1108/cms-04-2017-0108 · Cited by 149
“Hobfoll (2002) suggests that some psychological constructs are best understood as representing a core, underlying construct.”
BackgroundMüller, A., Heiden, B., Herbig, B., Poppe, F., & Angerer, P. (2015) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0039676 · Cited by 118
“Hence, as SOC behaviors constitute a major behavioral strategy for managing resources effectively (Baltes, 1997; Hobfoll, 2002), increased use of SOC at work is likely to contribute to mental well-being (Wiese et al., 2002).”
BackgroundEldor, L., & Shoshani, A. (2016) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2016.06.001 · Cited by 147
Kim, M., & Beehr, T. A. (2019) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2019.1657166 · Cited by 126
“The aim of the present study was to examine whether resources theories (JD-R and COR) could help explain the relationship of empowering leadership with followers’ positive as well as negative reactions (psychological and physical withdrawal, and positive work behaviors).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMiao, R., Bozionelos, N., Zhou, W., & Newman, A. (2020) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2019.1710722 · Cited by 135
Psychological well-being in retirement: The effects of personal and gendered contextual resources.
Kubicek, B., Korunka, C., Raymo, J. M., & Hoonakker, P. (2011) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0022334 · Cited by 109
“These approaches can, according to Hobfoll (2002), be subsumed under the rubric “key resource theories” (p. 308), because they share the assumption that possessing one specific resource—be it social support, control, or optimism, to name but a few—enables people to immediately cope with a problem…”
BackgroundInfluentialThe recovery potential of intrinsically versus extrinsically motivated off‐job activities
ten Brummelhuis, L. L., & Trougakos, J. P. (2014) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/joop.12050 · Cited by 106
De Stasio, S., Fiorilli, C., Benevene, P., Uusitalo-Malmivaara, L., & Chiacchio, C. D. (2017) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22013 · Cited by 108
The Job Demands‐Resources Model
Taris, T. W., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2015) · The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of the Psychology of Occupational Safety and Workplace Health · doi:10.1002/9781118979013.ch8 · Cited by 187
“This suggests that so‐called gain and loss spirals may occur (cf. Hobfoll, 2002), in which the presence (absence) of resources leads to higher (lower) levels of engage‑ ment, in turn leading to even higher (lower) levels of resources, etc. (Salanova, Schaufeli, Xanthopoulou, & Bakker, 2010, and…”
BackgroundPerceptions of high‐involvement work practices and burnout: the mediating role of job demands
Kilroy, S., Flood, P. C., Bosak, J., & Chênevert, D. (2016) · Human Resource Management Journal · doi:10.1111/1748-8583.12112 · Cited by 112
“According to the JD-R model and consistent with the ‘primacy of resource loss’ principle in COR theory (Hobfoll, 2002), when employees resources are threatened or lost and they are unable to cope, burnout is the behavioural manifestation that ensues (Stordeur et al.”
MethodAuthentic leadership extends beyond work: A multilevel model of work-family conflict and enrichment
Braun, S. H., & Nieberle, K. W. (2017) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2017.04.003 · Cited by 125
“A central pillar of the WH-R model is the conservation of resources theory (COR; Hobfoll, 1989, 2002).”
MethodDriven to Work and Enjoyment of Work
Graves, L. M., Ruderman, M. N., Ohlott, P. J., & Weber, T. J. (2010) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206310363612 · Cited by 119
“The positive emotions associated with enjoyment may also broaden managers’ thinking and behavior, leading to the generation of personal resources that reduce strain and enhance satisfaction and performance (Deci & Ryan, 1985; Fredrickson, 1998, 2001; Hobfoll, 2002).”
BackgroundÖge, E., Çetin, M., & Top, S. (2017) · Journal of Air Transport Management · doi:10.1016/j.jairtraman.2017.10.003 · Cited by 115
Krok, D., & Zarzycka, B. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9103225 · Cited by 111
“Conservation of resources theory begins with the tenet that individuals strive to obtain, retain, foster, and protect personal resources, defined as “those entities that either are centrally valued in their own right, or act as means to obtain centrally valued ends” [8] (p.”
BackgroundXia, N., Xie, Q., Griffin, M. A., Ye, G., & Yuan, J. (2020) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.aap.2020.105834 · Cited by 118
Groezinger, A.-C., Wolff, S., Ruf, P. J., & Moog, P. (2021) · Small Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11187-021-00506-4 · Cited by 107
“Researchers explain this relationship in such a way that individuals high in PsyCap pose more resources they can activate in order to achieve their goals (Hobfoll, 2002) and thus increase their performance (Newman et al., 2014).”
BackgroundLeaders’ mental health at work: Empirical, methodological, and policy directions.
Barling, J. I., & Cloutier, A. E. (2016) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/ocp0000055 · Cited by 141
“As people move up the social hierarchy, leaders would have greater access to the status (Marmot, 2004), social and organizational resources (Hobfoll, 2002), and job control (Christie & Barling, 2009) that are critical for mental health.”
BackgroundNaseer, S., Raja, U., Syed, F., & Bouckenooghe, D. (2018) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2018.1521516 · Cited by 123
“According to conservation of resources theory, individuals have an inherent tendency to generate, preserve and protect the amount and quality of resources (Hobfoll, 1989, 2002).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialCarmona-Halty, M. A., Schaufeli, W. B., & Salanova, M. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00306 · Cited by 129
“The conservation of resources (COR) theory recognizes the importance of accumulating resources in the biological, cognitive, and social domains as a strategy to preserve and foster their health and wellbeing, the so-called resource caravan (Hobfoll, 1989, 2002, 2011; Hobfoll et al., 2018).”
Retiring: Role identity processes in retirement transition
Bordia, P., Read, S., & Bordia, S. (2020) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2438 · Cited by 109
Frontline Employee Customer-Oriented Attitude in the Presence of Job Demands and Resources
Yoo, J., & Arnold, T. J. (2016) · Journal of Service Research · doi:10.1177/1094670515589956 · Cited by 124
Lapointe, É., Vandenberghe, C., & Boudrias, J. (2013) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2013.07.008 · Cited by 105
Morin, A. J. S., Meyer, J. P., Bélanger, É., Boudrias, J., Gagné, M., & Parker, P. D. (2015) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726715602046 · Cited by 127
Koopmann, J. M., Lanaj, K., Bono, J. E., & Campana, K. L. (2016) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2105 · Cited by 117
Clercq, D. D., Azeem, M. U., Haq, I. U., & Bouckenooghe, D. (2020) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.01.064 · Cited by 115
Younis, A., Peng, X., Nadeem, M. A., Kanwal, S., Pitafi, A. H., Qiong, G., & Duan, Y. (2020) · Journal of Public Affairs · doi:10.1002/pa.2124 · Cited by 129
Community embeddedness and work outcomes: The mediating role of organizational embeddedness
Ng, T. W. H., & Feldman, D. C. (2013) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726713486946 · Cited by 106
“Our proposed model is informed by conservation of resources (COR) theory (Hobfoll, 1989, 2002).”
MethodShoshani, A., & Eldor, L. (2016) · International Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2016.06.007 · Cited by 115
Newman, A., Nielsen, I. L., Smyth, R., & Hirst, G. (2017) · International Migration · doi:10.1111/imig.12415 · Cited by 114
“Within the COR framework, Hobfoll (2002) characterizes these dimensions as personal psychological resources that individuals can draw upon to meet their personal objectives.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialChen, I.-S., & Fellenz, M. R. (2020) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102600 · Cited by 121
“This definition is in line with the logic of resource-based theories such as COR theory (Hobfoll, 2002; Hobfoll et al., 2018) and other resource approaches (e.g., Grawitch et al., 2010) and views all factors that threaten, deplete or obliterate valued personal resources as personal demands.”
Creative Adaptability: Conceptual Framework, Measurement, and Outcomes in Times of Crisis
Orkibi, H. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.588172 · Cited by 104
“This conceptualization is consistent with the conservation of resources theory, which posits that personal resources tend to generate gains in other resources, which in turn may result in greater well-being (Hobfoll, 2002, 2011).”
ResultWalker, D. D., van Jaarsveld, D. D., & Skarlicki, D. P. (2016) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000170 · Cited by 109
Kim, T. (., Karatepe, O. M., Lee, G., Lee, S., Hur, K., & Xijing, C. (2017) · International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management · doi:10.1108/ijchm-04-2016-0224 · Cited by 102
Keeping Up! Older Workers’ Adaptation in the Workplace after Age 55
Ng, E. S., & Law, A. (2013) · Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement · doi:10.1017/s0714980813000639 · Cited by 108
Eldor, L. (2016) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/apps.12090 · Cited by 117
Job crafting and work-family enrichment: the role of positive intrinsic work engagement
Rastogi, M., & Chaudhary, R. (2018) · Personnel Review · doi:10.1108/pr-03-2017-0065 · Cited by 114
“This engagement in work will in turn build further resources like hope, resilience, self-efficacy and optimism resulting in an upward gain spiral of resources (Llorens et al. 2007; Hobfoll, 2002).”
Background“They really don't want to see us”: How cleaners experience invisible ‘dirty’ work
Rabelo, V. C., & Mahalingam, R. (2018) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2018.10.010 · Cited by 118
“According to conservation of resources (COR) theory, people are motivated to seek and preserve phenomena of value, and often experience stress when they feel that their resources are lacking or being threatened (Hobfoll, 1989, 2002; Lazarus & Folkman, 1984).”
BackgroundWeber, J., Skodda, S., Muth, T., Angerer, P., & Loerbroks, A. (2019) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-019-1747-z · Cited by 113
Finch, J., Farrell, L. J., & Waters, A. M. (2020) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-020-01023-3 · Cited by 118
Song, L., Yong, W., Li, Z., Yang, Y., & Li, H. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17145059 · Cited by 108
“According to the Conservation of Resources (COR) theory, people strive to obtain, retain, and protect resources, and feel stressed when their resources are lost or threatened with loss [15,16].”
BackgroundCrossover of positive experiences from business travelers to their spouses
Westman, M., Etzion, D., & Chen, S. (2009) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/02683940910939340 · Cited by 108
“One of the assumptions of COR theory ( Hobfoll, 2002”
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Professional stress and burnout in U.S. military medical personnel deployed to Afghanistan
Adler, A. B., Adrian, A. L., Hemphill, M., Scaro, N. H., Sipos, M. L., & Thomas, J. L. (2017) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed-d-16-00154 · Cited by 101
Klerk, J. J. D., Joubert, M., & Mosca, H. F. (2021) · SA Journal of Industrial Psychology · doi:10.4102/sajip.v47i0.1883 · Cited by 144
“Personal resources are inherent to the individual and include aspects such as personal characteristics, time availability and physical energy (Hobfoll, 2002).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe Toll of Unemployment Does Not Stop with the Unemployed
Westman, M., Etzion, D., & Horovitz, S. (2004) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726704045767 · Cited by 101
“According to conservation of resources theory (COR; Hobfoll, 1989, 2002), stress occurs when individuals are either threatened with resource loss, actually lose resources, or fail to gain resources following a significant resource investment.”
BackgroundGörgens‐Ekermans, G., & Herbert, M. (2013) · SA Journal of Industrial Psychology · doi:10.4102/sajip.v39i2.1131 · Cited by 124
Shahpouri, S., Namdari, K., & Abedi, A. (2015) · Applied Nursing Research · doi:10.1016/j.apnr.2015.10.008 · Cited by 105
“) (Hobfoll, 2002).”
Mattern, J., & Bauer, J. (2014) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2014.05.004 · Cited by 118
Karapınar, P. B., Camgöz, S. M., & Ekmekci, Ö. T. (2019) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-019-00191-x · Cited by 104
“The theoretical framework of the proposed moderated mediation model is based on the effort–recovery model (Meijman and Mulder 1998) and the conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll 2002).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialJob demands, job resources and meaning at work
Clausen, T., & Borg, V. (2011) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/02683941111181761 · Cited by 105
The effects of physical fitness and feeling vigorous on self-rated health.
Shirom, A., Toker, S., Berliner, S. A., Shapira, I., & Melamed, S. (2008) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.27.5.567 · Cited by 105
“Both represent important individual resources that could be applied to effectively cope with variety of stressors (Hobfoll, 2002).”
BackgroundHappiness and congruence in older adulthood: a structural model of life satisfaction
Bishop, A. J., Martin, P., & Poon, L. (2006) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607860600638388 · Cited by 144
“According to the Conservation of Resources Theory (Hobfoll, 2002), individuals seek to obtain, retain, protect, and foster individual and social resources.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialNot All Resources Are Created Equal: COR Theory, Values, and Stress
Morelli, N. A., & Cunningham, C. J. L. (2012) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2011.650734 · Cited by 99
“From this perspective, it is possible to explain stress resiliency in terms of one's ability to prevent resource loss, cope with threats to resources, or efficiently recover resources (Hobfoll, 2002 ).”
Backgroundvan Gelderen, B. R., Konijn, E. A., & Bakker, A. B. (2016) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2016.1138500 · Cited by 122
“One of the basic premises of COR-theory is that people who are low on resources (e.g. are more exhausted) are more vulnerable to future resource losses.”
BackgroundInfluentialState humility: Measurement, conceptual validation, and intrapersonal processes
Kruse, E. T., Chancellor, J., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2017) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2016.1267662 · Cited by 101
“Building on the results derived from our consensual de fi nition of humility, one novel framework of humility involves resource investment (e.g. Hobfoll, 2002).”
Is the Role of Work Engagement Essential to Employee Performance or ‘Nice to Have’?
Kim, W., Han, S. J., & Park, J. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11041050 · Cited by 126
“This study focused on three personal resources: Optimism, self-efficacy, and organizational-based self-esteem [11,14,30,31].”
BackgroundToward a Work Motivation Conceptualization of Grit in Organizations
Jordan, S. L., Ferris, G. R., Hochwarter, W. A., & Wright, T. A. (2019) · Group & Organization Management · doi:10.1177/1059601119834093 · Cited by 120
Itani, O. S., Badrinarayanan, V. A., & Rangarajan, D. (2022) · European Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1108/ejm-11-2021-0916 · Cited by 112
Psychological Capital, Work Well-Being, and Work-Life Balance Among Chinese Employees
Siu, O. L. (2013) · Journal of Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1027/1866-5888/a000092 · Cited by 101
“Further, resources can aggregate to create resource caravans (Hobfoll, 2002).”
BackgroundKong, D. T., Ho, V. T., & Garg, S. (2018) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-018-4033-9 · Cited by 103
“Our argument is consistent with one important corollary of COR theory (Hobfoll, 1989, 2002): those with greater resources (e.g., job resources) are less vulnerable to emotional or physical energy depletion and more capable of orchestrating energy gain.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSmetáčková, I., Viktorová, I., Martanová, V. P., Páchová, A., Francová, V., & Štěch, S. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02287 · Cited by 134
Ruysseveldt, J. V., & van Dijke, M. (2011) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2011.03.003 · Cited by 106
Breevaart, K., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., Sleebos, D. M., & Maduro, V. (2014) · Journal of Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1027/1866-5888/a000118 · Cited by 102
“In a similar vein, job resources are likely to fulfill followers ’ needs, because people strive to obtain, maintain, and regain resources (Hobfoll, 2002).”
Gratitude and Life Satisfaction among Filipino Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Meaning in Life
Datu, J. A. D., & Mateo, N. J. (2015) · International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling · doi:10.1007/s10447-015-9238-3 · Cited by 109
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Stressors and Stressor Appraisals: the Moderating Effect of Task Efficacy
Liu, C., & Li, H. (2016) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-016-9483-4 · Cited by 117
Fostering task and adaptive performance through employee well-being: The role of servant leadership
Kaltiainen, J., & Hakanen, J. (2020) · BRQ Business Research Quarterly · doi:10.1177/2340944420981599 · Cited by 159
“In COR, burnout is seen to occur as a result of insufficient resources to cope with (job-related) demands, and lack of resource gains following resource investments (Hobfoll, 2002).”
BackgroundMuratore, A. M., & Earl, J. K. (2014) · Ageing and Society · doi:10.1017/s0144686x14000841 · Cited by 96
Contextual positive coping as a factor contributing to resilience after disasters
Shing, E. Z., Jayawickreme, E., & Waugh, C. E. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22327 · Cited by 95
Emotional labour in service work: Psychological flexibility and emotion regulation
Biron, M., & van Veldhoven, M. (2012) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726712447832 · Cited by 127
“…JD-R model have been restricted to external/organizational job resources, in the current study we focus on internal, personal recourses – aspects of the self that are generally linked to resiliency, or to individuals’ sense of being able to influence their environment successfully (Hobfoll, 2002).”
BackgroundExpanding the boundaries of work—family research: A review and agenda for future research
Shaffer, M. A., Joplin, J. R. W., & Hsu, Y. (2011) · International Journal of Cross Cultural Management · doi:10.1177/1470595811398800 · Cited by 104
“Hobfoll (2002) identified 74 work- and non-work-related resources that he divided into four groups: objects, conditions, personal characteristics, and energy resources.”
BackgroundA burnout model of job crafting: Multiple mediator effects on job performance
Singh, V. L., & Singh, M. (2018) · IIMB Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.iimb.2018.05.001 · Cited by 103
“From the perspective of COR theory, individuals actively invest in resources for protection against situational demands or negative experiences (Hobfoll, 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialGuan, X., & Frenkel, S. J. (2018) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726718813718 · Cited by 104
“Importantly, one resource may crossover to trigger the accumulation of other linked resources (Hobfoll, 2002, 2011; Hobfoll et al., 2018).”
BackgroundRaja, U., Azeem, M. U., Haq, I. U., & Naseer, S. (2020) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.01.026 · Cited by 96
Khan, A. (2022) · Journal of Environmental Planning and Management · doi:10.1080/09640568.2022.2049595 · Cited by 106
“According to this theory, increasing an employee’s available resources will result in “resource gaining spirals” (Hobfoll 2002).”
BackgroundTogether is better? Effects of relationship status and resources on young adults' well-being
Soons, J. P. M., & Liefbroer, A. C. (2008) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407508093789 · Cited by 96
“Hobfoll (2002) uses the term “resource caravan” in his Conservation of Resources Theory to stress that the availability of some resources might lead to the acquisition of even more resources.”
BackgroundMethodPositive and negative religious coping, depressive symptoms, and quality of life in people with HIV
Lee, M., Nezu, A. M., & Nezu, C. M. (2014) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-014-9552-y · Cited by 95
Wu, C.-M., & Chen, T.-J. (2019) · Tourism Management Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.tmp.2019.04.002 · Cited by 100
Recovery self-regulation in sport: Theory, research, and practice
Balk, Y. A., & Englert, C. (2020) · International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching · doi:10.1177/1747954119897528 · Cited by 129
Explaining Vigor: On the Antecedents and Consequences of Vigor as a Positive Affect at Work
Shirom, A. (2007) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781446212752.n7 · Cited by 96
“Second, this focus on proximal energetic resources is theoretically justified in that they are a major precondition to any goaldirected behavior and thus are essential for one’s survival (Hobfoll, 2002).”
BackgroundWork Related Flow, Psychological Capital, and Creativity Among Employees of Software Houses
Zubair, A., & Kamal, A. (2015) · Psychological Studies · doi:10.1007/s12646-015-0330-x · Cited by 94
Frank, C., Davis, C. G., & Elgar, F. J. (2013) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2013.864389 · Cited by 103
“Protective resources are relationships, objects, or personal characteristics that are either valued directly (e.g., close attachments), or indirectly allow one to obtain other valued means (e.g., social support; Diener & Fujita, 1995; Hobfoll, 2002).”
BackgroundKnowledge Sharing, Abusive Supervision, and Support
Kim, S. L., Kim, M., & Yun, S. (2015) · Group & Organization Management · doi:10.1177/1059601115577514 · Cited by 97
“Resources “either are centrally valued in their own right (e.g., self-esteem, close attachments, health, and inner peace), or act as a means to obtain centrally valued ends (e.g., money, social support, and credit)” (Hobfoll, 2002, p. 307).”
BackgroundAndresen, M., Goldmann, P., & Volodina, A. (2017) · European Management Review · doi:10.1111/emre.12120 · Cited by 94
“Resources are objects, conditions, personal characteristics, or energies valued by the individual (Hobfoll, 1989; Diener and Fujita, 1995), which can either be valued by itself or help to achieve desired goals (Hobfoll, 2002).”
BackgroundAbid, G., Sajjad, I., Elahi, N. S., Farooqi, S., & Nisar, A. (2018) · Cogent Business & Management · doi:10.1080/23311975.2018.1493712 · Cited by 105
“Prosocially motivated individuals could also share cognitive (learning) and affective (vitality) resources to their co-workers which could also benefit them (Hobfoll, 2002).”
BackgroundJob insecurity and work–family conflict
Nauman, S., Zheng, C. S.-M., & Naseer, S. (2020) · International Journal of Conflict Management · doi:10.1108/ijcma-09-2019-0159 · Cited by 97
Griep, Y., Vantilborgh, T., Baillien, E., & Pepermans, R. (2015) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2015.1046048 · Cited by 102
A conservation of resources perspective on career hurdles and salary attainment
Ng, T. W. H., & Feldman, D. C. (2014) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2014.05.008 · Cited by 96
Khan, A., Teoh, K., Islam, S., & Hassard, J. (2018) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018720 · Cited by 97
“According to the conservation of resources theory (COR), 54 a depletion of energy and coping resources due to burnout can result in a downward spiral that exacerbates resource loss in other areas, including physiological and psychological resources that may trigger depressive and anxiety symptoms.”
BackgroundCarter, J. W., & Youssef‐Morgan, C. M. (2019) · Human Resource Development Quarterly · doi:10.1002/hrdq.21348 · Cited by 110
Metadata
- Authors
- Hobfoll, S. E.
- Affiliations
- Kent State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hobfoll, Stevan E.
- ORCID
- Hobfoll, Stevan E.
- Venue
- Review of General Psychology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2002-12
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 307-324
- ISSN
- 1089-2680 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1552
- OpenAlex
- W1997397294
- Cited by
- 4,594
- References
- 152
- Citations by year
- 2026: 292 · 2025: 384 · 2024: 329 · 2023: 409 · 2022: 422 · 2021: 394 · 2020: 316 · 2019: 306 · 2018: 262 · 2017: 215 · 2016: 200 · 2015: 185 · 2014: 184 · 2013: 153 · 2012: 111
- FWCI
- 13.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Review of General Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health, psychology, and well-being
- Keywords
- psychosocial resources, well-being, resource model, adaptation, multicultural adaptation, psychological resilience, community resources, cognitive resources, clinical psychology
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