Cited by 4,594Resilience and Mental HealthPsychological Well-being and Life SatisfactionHealth, psychology, and well-being

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Social and Psychological Resources and Adaptation

Hobfoll, Stevan E.·2002·Review of General Psychology

DOI 10.1037/1089-2680.6.4.307

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Abstract

Psychology has increasingly turned to the study of psychosocial resources in the examination of well-being. How resources are being studied and resource models that have been proffered are considered, and an attempt is made to examine elements that bridge across models. As resource models span health, community, cognitive, and clinical psychology, the question is raised of whether there is overuse of the resource metaphor or whether there exists some underlying principles that can be gleaned and incorporated to advance research. The contribution of resources for understanding multicultural and pan-historical adaptation in the face of challenge is considered.

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“This would be consistent with prior research in the following areas: conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll 2002) which states that resource acquisition can be additive resulting in expanded Occup Health Sci (2018) 2:1–24 17”
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Background
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“The observed compensatory effect of social support among those without basic financial security accords with research showing that supportive social relations are of fundamental importance for our ability to cope with stressful life events (Hobfoll, 2002), although its influence relative to financial resources is prev…”
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“Examples for key resources are self-efficacy, optimism, or self-esteem (Hobfoll, 2002; ten Brummelhuis and Bakker, 2012).”
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Work-home and home-work conflict and voluntary turnover: A conservation of resources explanation for contrasting moderation effects of on- and off-the-job embeddedness
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“When work-home conflict is higher, nonwork resource investments become increasingly at risk of loss, as excess work role demands impinge on working mothers’ ability to attend to the nonwork role (Grandey & Cropanzano, 1999; Hobfoll, 1989, 2001).”
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The Role of Psychological Capital and Psychological Empowerment on Individual Readiness for Change
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“efficacy, hope, optimism and resiliency) fall within the boundaries of conservation of resources (COR) theory and are explicitly noted as having relevance and aligning with current trends in COR theory (Hobfoll, 2002).”
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El Engagement de los empleados: un reto emergente para la Dirección de los Recursos Humanos
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“Based on these challenges experienced by teleworkers and in line with the lack of recovery spiral (Hobfoll, 2002), we expect that presenteeism will increase over time.”
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Entrepreneurial Passion and Entrepreneurial Success—The Role of Psychological Capital and Entrepreneurial Policy Support
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“According to the theory of resource conservation, individuals can use their resources to deal with entrepreneurial pressure and meet environmental needs to obtain positive results (Hobfoll, 2002).”
Background
A systematic review of at-work recovery and a framework for future research
Chan, P. H. H., Howard, J. L., Eva, N., & Tse, H. H. M. (2022) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2022.103747 · Cited by 69
What makes employees resilient to job demands? The role of core self-evaluations in the relationship between job demands and strain reactions
van Doorn, R. R. A., & Hulsheger, U. R. (2013) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2013.858700 · Cited by 63
“Self-esteem has been studied in psychiatric contexts as a potential ward against severe negative strain in war situations (Hobfoll, 2002).”
BackgroundInfluential
Organizational citizenship behaviour and employee's strain: Examining the buffering effects of leader support and participation in decision making
Somech, A., & Drach‐Zahavy, A. (2012) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2011.633702 · Cited by 56
“In a similar vein COR theory (Hobfoll, 1989, 2002) proposes that stress experienced by individuals can be understood in relation to potential or actual loss of resources.”
BackgroundResult
The cost of going the extra mile: the relationship between teachers’ organizational citizenship behavior, role stressors, and strain with the buffering effect of job autonomy
Somech, A. (2015) · Teachers and Teaching · doi:10.1080/13540602.2015.1082734 · Cited by 62
Do I Fit In? Perceptions of Organizational Fit as a Resource in the Workplace Stress Process
Mackey, J. D., Perrewé, P. L., & McAllister, C. P. (2016) · Group & Organization Management · doi:10.1177/1059601115625155 · Cited by 59
“of accomplishment, help with tasks at work, medical insurance, understanding from employers and bosses; Hobfoll & Lilly, 1993) and psychological resources (Hobfoll, 2002), such as autonomy (Xanthopoulou, Bakker, Demerouti, & Schaufeli, 2009), self-esteem (Kammeyer-Mueller, Simon, & Judge, 2016), and social support (Ha…”
Background
The Work/Nonwork Spillover: The Enrichment Role of Work Engagement
Eldor, L., Harpaz, I., & Westman, M. (2016) · Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies · doi:10.1177/1548051816647362 · Cited by 65
“…which Hobfoll (1989) labelled “gain spirals,” is plausible, because when initial gains are made, even greater resources become available, providing employees with a surplus that they can invest (Hobfoll, Johnson, Ennis, & Jackson, 2003) which lead to positive outcomes (Hobfoll, 2001, 2002).”
Background
Exploring Selective Exposure and Confirmation Bias as Processes Underlying Employee Work Happiness: An Intervention Study
Williams, P., Kern, M. L., & Waters, L. E. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00878 · Cited by 66
“…that enables successful performance, response to challenges and that supports people to flourish in multiple life domains, including work, relationships and physical health (Hobfoll, 2002; Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org 3 June 2016 | Volume 7 | Article 878 Lyubomirsky et al., 2005).”
Resilienz im Arbeitsleben – Eine inhaltliche Differenzierung von Resilienz auf den Ebenen von Individuen, Teams und Organisationen
Souček, R., Ziegler, M., Schlett, C., & Pauls, N. (2016) · Gruppe Interaktion Organisation Zeitschrift für Angewandte Organisationspsychologie (GIO) · doi:10.1007/s11612-016-0314-x · Cited by 53
How Leaders’ Transparent Behavior Influences Employee Creativity: The Mediating Roles of Psychological Safety and Ability to Focus Attention
Han, Y., Hao, P., Yang, B., & Liu, W. (2016) · Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies · doi:10.1177/1548051816670306 · Cited by 70
Job Insecurity and the Willingness to Undertake Training: The Moderating Role of Perceived Employability
Hootegem, A. V., Witte, H. D., Cuyper, N. D., & Elst, T. V. (2018) · Journal of Career Development · doi:10.1177/0894845318763893 · Cited by 54
Linking protean career orientation to well-being: the role of psychological capital
Li, Y. (2018) · Career Development International · doi:10.1108/cdi-07-2017-0132 · Cited by 58
The voicer's reactions to voice: an examination of employee voice on perceived organizational status and subsequent innovative behavior in the workplace
Chen, L., Li, M., Wu, Y. J., & Chen, C. (2020) · Personnel Review · doi:10.1108/pr-07-2019-0399 · Cited by 62
Toward an Integrative Theory of Self-Identity and Identity Stressors and Traumas and Their Mental Health Dynamics
Kira, I. A. (2019) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2019.104027 · Cited by 56
Systematic Review of the Job Demands and Resources of Academic Staff within Higher Education Institutions
Naidoo-Chetty, M., & du Plessis, M. (2021) · International Journal of Higher Education · doi:10.5430/ijhe.v10n3p268 · Cited by 67
“This is in line with the Conservation of Resources theory (COR; Hobfoll, 2002) that states that individuals actively strive to obtain, preserve, and protect their resources, including objects, personal characteristics, conditions, and energies (Chen, Westman & Eden, 2009).”
Activated at home but deactivated at work: How daily mobile work leads to next‐day psychological withdrawal behavior
Jo, Y., & Lee, D. (2021) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2563 · Cited by 68
Predicting Lawyer Effectiveness: Broadening the Basis for Law School Admission Decisions
Shultz, M. M., & Zedeck, S. (2011) · Law & Social Inquiry · doi:10.1111/j.1747-4469.2011.01245.x · Cited by 57
“A broader conceptualization can encompass a person’s strengths, weaknesses, values, and motivations (Hogan, Hogan, and Warrenfeltz 2007).”
Background
Sleep disturbances predict later trauma-related distress: Cross-panel investigation amidst violent turmoil.
Gerhart, J. I., Hall, B. J., Russ, E. U., Canetti, D., & Hobfoll, S. E. (2013) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0032572 · Cited by 55
“Based on the literature that sleep serves multiple core survival functions, sleep problems were conceptualized as a loss of an energetic resource (Zohar et al., 2005) that broadly impairs the ability to cope with ongoing adversity and trauma (Hobfoll, 2002; Hobfoll & Lilly, 1993).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Psychological distress in rheumatoid arthritis patients: An evaluation within the conservation of resources theory
Di̇ri̇k, G., & Karanci, A. N. (2009) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870440902721818 · Cited by 52
“According to Hobfoll (2002) self-efficacy, optimism, self-esteem, sense of control, social support and active goal pursuit, which are widely evaluated in many studies, are key resources.”
Method
Psychological resources, appraisals, and coping and their relationship to participation in spinal cord injury: a path analysis.
Peter, C., Müller, R., Post, M., van Leeuwen, C. V., Werner, C. S., & Geyh, S. (2014) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2014.04.012 · Cited by 53
An experience sampling study of expressing affect, daily affective well‐being, relationship quality, and perceived performance
Daniels, K., Glover, J. L., & Mellor, N. J. (2014) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/joop.12074 · Cited by 58
“As previously described, COR indicates that people are motivated to foster resources and resources tend to co-occur in caravans.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Does dispositional capacity for self-control attenuate the relation between self-control demands at work and indicators of job strain?
Schmidt, K., Hupke, M., & Diestel, S. (2012) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678373.2012.660367 · Cited by 57
“The identification of such protective factors, often labelled as “psychological resources” (Hobfoll, 1989 , 2002 ), is a dominant topic in current stress research, not least due to their implications for job redesign, training or personnel selection.”
Background
How does leader communication style promote employees’ commitment at times of change?
Luo, W., Song, L. J., Gebert, D. R., Zhang, K., & Feng, Y. (2016) · Journal of Organizational Change Management · doi:10.1108/jocm-11-2014-0204 · Cited by 69
Job-related resources, leader–member exchange and well-being – a longitudinal study
Gregersen, S., Vincent‐Höper, S., & Nienhaus, A. (2016) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678373.2016.1249440 · Cited by 64
“From the perspective of this theory, resources are entities that have value in their own right (Hobfoll, 2001; 2002).”
Background
A Review of Resource Theories and Their Implications for Understanding Consumer Behavior
Dorsch, M. J., Törnblom, K., & Kazemi, A. (2016) · Journal of the Association for Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/688860 · Cited by 52
Fluctuating levels of personal role engagement within the working day: A multilevel study
Fletcher, L., Bailey, C., & Gilman, M. W. (2017) · Human Resource Management Journal · doi:10.1111/1748-8583.12168 · Cited by 63
Does Work-Family Conflict Mediate the Associations of Job Characteristics With Employees’ Mental Health Among Men and Women?
Carvalho, V. S., Chambel, M. J., Neto, M., & Lopes, S. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00966 · Cited by 66
“This framework, in line with the conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 2002), defends that as a result of a loss of resources, mental-health is threatened.”
Background
In pursuit of job satisfaction and happiness: Testing the interactive contribution of emotion‐regulation ability and workplace social support
Mérida‐López, S., Extremera, N., Quintana‐Orts, C., & Rey, L. (2018) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12483 · Cited by 67
Organizational Citizenship Behavior Motives and Thriving at Work: The Mediating Role of Citizenship Fatigue
Qiu, Y., Lou, M., Zhang, L., & Wang, Y. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12062231 · Cited by 63
“Second, the COR theory suggests that the benefits of resource gain can be more salient when employees need them [31].”
BackgroundMethod
Employee Physical Activity: A Multidisciplinary Integrative Review
Calderwood, C. C., ten Brummelhuis, L. L., Patel, A. S., Watkins, T., Gabriel, A. S., & Rosen, C. C. (2020) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206320940413 · Cited by 70
“The themes that arose from the crossdisciplinary review, however, fit well with COR theory (Hobfoll, 2002), which has served as one of the major theoretical foundations for management physical activity research, though this theory has not been previously applied to explain how and why physical activity may influence j…”
BackgroundInfluential
Interaction of job‐limiting pain and political skill on job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behavior
Ferris, G. R., Rogers, L. M., Blass, F. R., & Hochwarter, W. A. (2009) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/02683940910989002 · Cited by 55
“Moreover, PS represents an interpersonal acuity that promotes the effective protection of existing assets, as well as the forthcoming accumulation of those external resources (Hobfoll, 2002).”
Background
Does higher general trust serve as a psychosocial buffer against social pain? An NIRS study of social exclusion
Yanagisawa, K., Masui, K., Furutani, K., Nomura, M., Ura, M., & Yoshida, H. (2010) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2010.506139 · Cited by 53
“Psychosocial resources often determine how people respond to negative events (Aspinwall, 1998 ; Hobfoll, 1989 , 2002 ).”
Background
It is all in good humor? Examining the impact of salesperson evaluations of leader humor on salesperson job satisfaction and job stress
Guenzi, P., Rangarajan, D., Chaker, N. N., & Sajtos, L. (2019) · Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management · doi:10.1080/08853134.2019.1598267 · Cited by 51
“This finding is consistent with work on stress relief mechanisms as proposed by Hobfoll (1989, 2002), who suggested that social relations, such as support from managers and coworkers, can be seen as contributing to the situational need of resources by the individual.”
Result
Longitudinal profiles of work-family interface: Their individual and organizational predictors, personal and work outcomes, and implications for onsite and remote workers
Huyghebaert‐Zouaghi, T., Morin, A. J. S., Fernet, C., Austin, S., & Gillet, N. (2022) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2022.103695 · Cited by 63

Authors: Hobfoll, S. E.
Affiliations: Kent State University (US)
Corresponding author: Hobfoll, Stevan E.
ORCID: Hobfoll, Stevan E.
Venue: Review of General Psychology
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2002-12
Volume: 6
Issue: 4
Pages: 307-324
ISSN: 1089-2680 (ISSN-L)
1939-1552
DOI: 10.1037/1089-2680.6.4.307
OpenAlex: W1997397294
Cited by: 4,594
References: 152
Citations by year: 2026: 292 · 2025: 384 · 2024: 329 · 2023: 409 · 2022: 422 · 2021: 394 · 2020: 316 · 2019: 306 · 2018: 262 · 2017: 215 · 2016: 200 · 2015: 185 · 2014: 184 · 2013: 153 · 2012: 111
FWCI: 13.70
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Review of General Psychology (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health, psychology, and well-being
Keywords: psychosocial resources, well-being, resource model, adaptation, multicultural adaptation, psychological resilience, community resources, cognitive resources, clinical psychology

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