Social and Psychological Resources and Adaptation

“Such an exchange triggers the accumulation of resources in a positive way [54].”

“Theoretically, the results of this study are consistent with the principles of the COR theory (Hobfoll, 1989, 2002) and expand the context in which COR theory may be applied.”

“Although this is speculative at this point, I see it as a task for future research to determine the relative contributions of social exchange explanations (Blau 1964) and conservation of resources principles (Hobfoll 1989, 2002) in the effects of spiritual leadership on work outcomes.”

“According to the resource loss spiral mentioned in conservation of resources theory, when a job’s demands are too high, personal resources will be threatened, which will hinder the achievement of positive work results (Hobfoll, 2002).”

“Broadly defined, resources are objects, personal characteristics, conditions, and energies valued by an individual or that aid in the accumulation of other sought-after assets (Diener & Fujita, 1995; Hobfoll, 2002; Noblet, Rodwell, & McWilliams, 2006).”

“By drawing together the theories and empirical findings on PsyCap (Luthans et al., 2007b; Siu et al., 2014), social support (Hobfoll, 2002; Newman et al., 2018), study engagement (Bakker & Demerouti, 2007; Siu et al., 2014), and problemfocused coping (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984; Rabenu et al., 2017),…”

“individuals are likely to strive to minimize further resource losses (Hobfoll, 2002; Shirom, 2003).”

“Consequently, consistent with COR theory (Hobfoll, 1989, 2002), quitting the job becomes an important consideration in helping to prevent further resource loss.”

“According to conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 2002), resources tend to amass, therefore, employees working in an environment replete with resources should develop their personal capacities of self-e ffi cacy, optimism, and resilience, which may further enhance their engagement.”

“In addition, negatively valenced engagement can be exhibited through customers’ unfavourable thoughts, feelings and behaviours toward the brand during interactions (Hollebeek and Chen, 2014).”

“…model tells us that when faced with intense work and family demands (or contextual demands), individuals are more prone to lose resources as they need to utilize their personal resources (e.g., physical energy, mental resilience, attention, and time) to deal with the demands (Hobfoll, 2002).”

“…skill variety is related to competence need satisfaction (Van den Broeck, De Witte, Lens, & Vansteenkiste, 2008), self-efficacy and self-esteem (cf. Hobfoll, 2002; Salanova, Schaufeli, Xanthopoulou, & Bakker, 2010; Xanthopoulou, Bakker, Demerouti, & Schaufeli, 2009), and to overall job…”

“Another approach to explain the relationship between perceived organizational support, resilience and employee engagement is by conservation of resources (COR) theory, which posits that job resources, when readily available, can only accumulate and therefore lead to positive outcomes (Hobfoll, 2002).”

“…(Lapierre & Allen, 2006), therefore, cause WFC. Based on COR, in the presence of WFC, individuals believe that they lost meaningful resources that were required to perform at the workplace (Hobfoll, 2002), therefore, it may cause further negative outcomes (job dissatisfaction and job stress).”

“The assumption that individuals use resources such as social support to achieve centrally valued ends underpins resource theories (Hobfoll, 2002).”

“Conservation of resource (COR) theory (Hobfoll, 2002) can be used to better understand how supervisor support may relate to managing multiple role memberships.”

“35 A third possibility is that self-management reflects a preference for reaching out to close others, peers and family, as suggested by Jones et al .”

“Second, we extend the contribution of COR theory to emotional labor research by investigating the role of individuals’ resource capacity (Hobfoll, 2002) in limiting or counteracting the resource depleting effects of surface acting leading to withdrawal.”

“CRT (Hobfoll, 1989, 2002 ) explains both the stress causes as well as the coping mechanism which employees use when confronted by stressors.”

“The COR theory provides an important interpretation for organizational psychology and behavior (Hobfoll, 2002; Hobfoll et al., 2003, 2018).”

“In another (longitudinal) study, Xanthopoulou et al. (2008) found that these relations are reciprocal, thereby contributing to the development of resources caravans (Hobfoll, 2002).”

“Based on conservation of resource theory (Hobfoll, 2002), this study pitched the idea of the importance of political skill, how that play an important role in minimizing negative effects of politics perception on employee job outcomes; how organizations can focus on developing political skill in…”

“On the basis of the conservation of resources theory (COR; Hobfoll, 2002) and the strain and learning hypotheses of the JD-C model (Karasek & Theorell, 1990), the JD-R model also proposes that job resources buffer the negative effects of job demands on health-related employee outcomes (Bakker &…”

“In the past 20 years, conservation of resource (COR) theory has provided an organizing set of principles that tie together the experiences of stress and coping (Hobfoll, 1989, 2001, 2002).”

“This is particularly important when considering that our cognitive resources are finite (Hobfoll, 2002), which limits our ability to effectively and simultaneously engage inmultiple tasks at one time, particularly in the face of competing demandswithin andwithout the present task or domain…”

“Within the context of previous psychological models, this article interprets personality in terms of psychosocial resources like self-efficacy, attitudes, and sensation seeking, understanding resources as those constructs that are held by a wide range of people (Hobfoll 2002).”

“Job resources refer to those physical, psychological, social, or organizational aspects of the job that reduce job demands; are functional in achieving work goals; and stimulate personal growth, learning, and development (Hobfoll, 2001, 2002).”

“COR theory also suggests that contextual and social resources breed other psychological resources (gain spiral), while role pressures and demands deplete psychological resources (loss spiral) (Hobfoll, 2002).”

“This may suggest that after the second study wave, they faced high external pressures which might have caused stress and interfered with internal motivational spirals of resource gains and deplete their resource reservoirs (Hobfoll, 2002).”

“Additionally, the relationship between inter-role con fl ict and job stress is consistent with the theory of conservation of resources (Hobfoll, 2002).”

“The term resources pertains to “those entities that either are centrally valued in their own right, or act as means to obtain centrally valued ends” (Hobfoll 2002, p. 307).”

“It has to be underlined that resources, both job and personal, are linked to well-being [147], a concept in line with the Conservation of Resources theory [148], suggesting that people protect and maintain resources, creating new resources and thus resulting in positive outcomes and well-being.”

“was only salient in the face of job demands (Hobfoll, 2002).”

“…and work-loaded factors of the FLEs during any crisis (Contreras et al., 2020; Jung et al., 2021), but the role of individual factors concerning FLEs such as personal resources is found to be under studied especially in any epidemic or in pandemic situation (Hobfoll, 2002; Britt et al., 2021).”

“Resources tend to generate other resources, thus creating resource caravans, which may result in positive outcomes, like better coping reactions and well-being (Hobfoll, 2002).”

“COR theory states that individuals strive to obtain, retain, and protect their material, social, and personal resources (Hobfoll, 1989, 2002).”

“would be more beneficial if both factors were worked on in combination, making use of the caravan action that, according to COR theory [78], is produced when new personal psychological resources are acquired and developed.”

“Although they focus on psychological resources, such as self-esteem (2014, p. 1338), Hobfoll (1989; 2002) and Hobfoll et al. (2015) explicitly include financial resources, as do we.”

“It has also been questioned whether all the personality constructs that measure positive dispositions – as SOC in our study and, for example, self-esteem, optimism, self-efficacy in other studies – might best be considered simply as the opposites of neuroticism (see Bono & Judge, 2003; Hobfoll, 2002; Mäkikangas, Kinnu…”

“Based on the Effort Recovery (E-R; Meijman & Mulder, 1998) and the Conservation of Resources theories (COR; Hobfoll, 1998, 2002), authors suggested that specific types of off-job activities may be harmful (e.g. work during off-job time, household activities), whereas other activities may enhance…”

“For instance, Conservation of Resources (COR) theory (Hobfoll, 2002) emphasizes the stress-reducing potential of job resources, and empirical research has demonstrated that a lack of job resources is associated with higher levels of burnout (e.g. Hakanen, Schaufeli, & Ahola, 2008; Lee & Ashforth,…”

“Interventions may benefit from this caravan action of resources [78] to strengthen and enhance teachers’ psychological capital overall.”

“In a nutshell, COR theory is built on two basic assumptions: the gain spiral (or enrichment), in which resources accumulate within or between domains and lead to more resources, and the loss spiral (or conflict), in which resources are depleted and lost (Hobfoll, 1989, 2002).”

“Moreover, it is posited that these resources tend to move together (Luthans & Youssef-Morgan, 2017) based on the assumptions of psychological resource caravans (Hobfoll, 2002, 2011).”

“Intense job demands deplete psychological resources and breed emotional exhaustion (Demerouti et al., 2001; Hobfoll, 2002).”

“All can play a role in maintaining positive wellbeing (Hobfoll, 2002); knowing more about which of these psychological resources HDRs value most, and at which stages of their degree, would enable interventions to be increasingly targeted and beneficial.”

“Thus, deep acting “does not only deplete but also replenishes resources” (Hülsheger & Schewe, 2011, p. 380), and may ultimately have a positive spillover effect on the home domain via resource gain (Hobfoll, 2002).”

“Individuals with key resources are also more likely to collect new resources and optimally utilize their contextual resources (cf. Bakker, Sanz-Vergel, & Kuntze, 2015; Hobfoll, 2002).”

“In the most recent version of JD-R theory (Bakker & Demerouti, 2017), the abovementioned phenomenon is referred to as a “loss cycle” (cf. Hobfoll, 2002).”

“Hobfoll (1989, 2002) stipulated that individuals require resources for functioning and will thus seek available resources and curb unnecessary resource expenditures when possible.”

“In short, the extent to which Latinos experience discrimination, the diversity of their resource repertoire, and their ability to replenish these coping resources all influence their reaction to discrimination and, subsequently, their mental health (French, Caplan, & Van Harrison, 1982; Hobfoll, 2002).”

“Furthermore, personal resources can enhance positive affect when they enable individuals to strive and adapt their goals according to the situations (Diener & Fujita, 1995; Hobfoll, 2002; Smith, Tooley, Christopher, & Kay, 2010).”

“, spousal recovery support) view their life more favorably (Hobfoll, 2002).”

“As suggested in other studies (Hobfoll, 2002), low SES could precede the development of depressive symptoms or disorders by creating disproportionate levels of negative emotions and attitudes.”

“The COR theory focuses on resources, broadly defined as those objects, conditions, personal characteristics, and energies that are either centrally valued in their own right, or act as a means to obtain centrally valued objectives (Hobfoll, 2002).”

“Having to suppress happiness feelings does not necessarily need to exhaust energy reservoirs of employees because the effect of felt positive emotions may act as resources that protect future losses (cf. Fredrickson, 2005; Hobfoll, 2002).”

“The theory asserts that stress will rise when vital resources are threatened or lost or not gained after substantive investment of efforts (Hobfoll, 2002; Hobfoll et al., 2018).”