Social and Psychological Resources and Adaptation

“The boosting hypothesis builds upon the conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 2002), which acknowledges that resources are not only necessary to deal with job demands, but they are also important in their own right and are particularly relevantwhen employees are confrontedwith high job demands.”

“For instance, Langenderfer and Shimp (2001) described why and how gullibility and interpersonal influence make consumers vulnerable to marketing scams, especially with the rise of the Internet.”

“Below, we will explain our research model which is based on two theoretical frameworks: the conservation of resources (COR) theory (Hobfoll, 1989, 2002) and the broaden-and-build (B&B) theory (Frederikson, 1998, 2001; Frederikson & Joiner, 2002).”

“money, social support and credit) (Hobfoll, 2002).”

“In parallel with the steady accumulation of basic knowledge, therapeutic approaches have been developed to treat people suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other traumarelated psychological problems.”

“According to the JD-R model, job resources are not only necessary to handle job demands but they also contribute to employee motivation (Hobfoll 2002; Bakker et al. 2004).”

“This argument is derived from theoretical underpinnings in psychological resource theories (for a review of these theories, see Hobfoll, 2002).”

“According to this theory, resources are those entities that either are centrally valued in their own right (e.g., self-esteem, close attachments, health, and inner peace) or act as a means to obtain centrally valued ends (e.g., money, social support, and credit; Hobfoll, 2002).”

“According to the COR theory,(67) when individual resources are threatened or lost, these losses cause anxiety and distress, thereby increasing physiological arousal and health problems.(68) Experiencing interpersonal stressors is recognized as one of the most threatening sources of stress, posing a threat to self- ima…”

“Possessing such personal resources (e.g. self-efficacy) allows individuals to be more resilient, flexible and better able to deal with challenges they might face during their career (Hobfoll, 2002, also see Akkermans, Schaufeli, Brenninkmeijer, & Blonk, 2013).”

“COR theory predicts that this accumulation of resources will result in positive personal outcomes like engagement (Hobfoll 2002).”

“According to Hobfoll (2001, 2002), resources can be tangible (e.g., money) or intangible (e.g., energy and time), and can reside within the individual (e.g., hardiness or resilience) or can be obtained from the social contexts of the individual (e.g., a company’s human resource management system,…”

“Investing their resources differently, and maybe more effectively, may protect them against (further) resource loss, help them to recover from loss, and even gain new resources (i.e., a so-called gain cycle might develop; Hobfoll, 2002).”

“One exception is Conservation of Resources (COR) theory developed by Hobfoll (1989, 2011) proposing that individuals try to obtain and conserve resources so as to be prepared to manage stress when it occurs (Hobfoll, 2002).”

“Loss of these resources, or the threat of such a loss, may cause the experience of stress (Hobfoll, 1989, 2002).”

“The novel idea was that resources appear to come in resource caravans: once obtained, resources can generate new resources (Hobfoll, 2002).”

“Furthermore, individuals high in PsyCap perform better than those low in PsyCap since they can draw upon more resources to pursue goals [18, 19].”

“COR theory focuses on the individual and describes an ‘accumulation mechanism’ whereby people use their existing resources to gain new resources (Hobfoll, 2002).”

“For example, sleep, hope, and motivation are critical resources linked to positive social functioning (Gallagher & Lopez, 2009; Hobfoll, 1998, 2001, 2002), and are negatively associated with depressive symptomatology.”

“In contemporary psychology, however, a reasonable starting point for explaining this dynamic process is Hobfoll’s Conservation of Resources (COR) model of stress and adaptation.(20,21) The COR model postulates that people are driven to acquire, preserve, or protect valued resources.”

“Past research suggests that the PsyCap components of hope, efficacy, resilience, and optimism are positive psychological resources that collectively act as “a solid resource reservoir” (Hobfoll, 2002, p. 318).”

“, death of a loved one) will not be prevented by individuals’ portfolio of assets and resources, but those with more “reliable resource reservoirs” (Hobfoll, 2002) are likely to have lower cumulative lifetime exposure to stress.”

“Resources tend to generate other resources, thus creating resource caravans, which may result in positive outcomes such as better coping and well-being (Hobfoll 2002).”

“This notion is common to most resource theories (Hobfoll, 2002), which state that resources reinforce each other in the way that accumulation of one resource facilitates the accumulation of another resource.”

“This is consistent with COR theory (Hobfoll, 1989 , 2002 ) as well as the broaden-and-build theory (Fredrickson, 1998 , 2001 ).”

“These results are in line with the theoretical suggestion rom Eisenberger and Stinglhamber (2011) that POS, by reinforcing mployees’ self-efficacy, increases their intrinsic interest in their asks, leading them to be more engaged in their work.”

“2012), they did not give sufficient attention for including motivational resources that reside at the individual level, which are equally, if not more, important (Hobfoll 2002).”

“Hobfoll (2002) hypothesized that increases in the individuals’ pool of personal resources may initiate an upward spiral toward further increases in their personal resources.”

“Indeed, social support and other resources play a key role in moderating stressor-strain relationships (Cranford, 2004; Hobfoll, 2002).”

“…to the dynamic relationships between work behaviors, personal resources, and work engagement, JD-R theory has integrated the established and general Conservation of Resource (COR) theory (Hobfoll, 1989, 2002) and translated it to the context of work (Hakanen, Perhoniemi, & Toppinen-Tanner, 2008).”

“Based on the COR theory, individuals seek to obtain, retain, and protect valued resources, including emotional resources, and minimize the threat of resource loss (Hobfoll, 2002).”

“The Conservation of Resources theory (Hobfoll, 2002) again acknowledges the importance of resources for sustaining well-being and highlights that to ensure continuation of resources, this needs to be actively worked at by individuals if these are to be conserved.”

“R model draws on conservation of resource theory and specifically personal resource theory (Hobfoll, 2001, 2002) to explain an erosion process whereby job demands tax personal energy resources over time leading to emotional exhaustion (Bakker et al., 2007).”

“COR theory (Hobfoll, 2002) emphasizes the ‘gain spirals’ associated with the attainment and preservation of resources as central to human functioning (Hobfoll & Shirom, 2000).”

“Job resources amplify and job demands curtail employee well-being (Hobfoll, 2002; Bakker et al., 2014).”

“Following the Conservation of Resources (COR) theory [52], it is this depletion of resources, due to coping with high demands, that evokes stress [32].”

“(1983) and later supplemented by Lee and Allen (2002), in which some OCBs are classified as being positively oriented toward the organization, it is reasonable to consider positive PsyCap as a precursor to OCBs.”

“The current study addresses both issues by proposing a theory-driven model -based on the broaden-and-build (or B&B) theory (Fredrikson 1998) and the conservation of resources (or COR) theory (Hobfoll 2002)- to examine how positive emotions predict the appearance of personal resources, such as academic PsyCap, which, i…”

“Given that theory suggests recovery generates resources such as energy and affect, we more narrowly consider personal resources in terms of the “key resources” specified by ten Brummelhuis and Bakker (2012) and Hobfoll (2002).”

“This might be leading to an increasing level of anxiety and job dissatisfaction (Hobfoll 2002).”

“Although the findings for these two trajectories are not entirely consistent, it appears that the process of resource loss, in particular, undermines sustaining resistance and recovering resiliency and that possessing greater resources—as indicated by having majority status, higher income, and greater social support f…”

“…have shown that the positive influence of personal resources is particularly salient at times when resources are needed, for example, during stressful events (Bakker, Hakanen, Demerouti, & Xanthopoulou, 2007; Callan, Terry, & Schweitzer, 1994; Hakanen, Bakker, & Demerouti, 2005; Hobfoll, 2002).”

“From a self-regulation perspective, negative task and self-evaluations are thought to breed emotional exhaustion by depleting employees’ psychological resources (Hobfoll, 2002).”

“But job resources also facilitate task accomplishment and contribute to employees’ development (Hobfoll 2002; Schaufeli and Bakker 2004), As such, they are valuable in their own right given that they result in the gain of other resources (e.g., personal resources such as self-efficacy and optimism; Hobfoll 2002; Xanth…”

“Finally, conceptualised as a resource caravan [15 ], MT represents a unidimensional concept where psychological dimensions accumulate and integrate over time [21] because they share the commonality of purpose, adaptability, and efficiency.”

“That is, to recover from a stressful event, individuals need to find ways to either replace resources (e.g., home, social relationships) that were lost or substitute for those losses with other resources (e.g., new communities, relationships, different roles) (Hobfoll, 2002).”

“This second order, core factor of PsyCap is consistent with Hobfoll's (2002)”

“More broadly, verbal aggression has been linked to hotel workers’ turnover intentions (Walsh, 2011) and, consistent with the COR perspective, call center employee absences resulting from exhaustion (Grandey et al., 2004).”

“These things are called “resources” and are defined as “those entities that either are centrally valued in their own right, or act as means to obtain centrally valued ends” (Hobfoll, 2002, p. 307).”

“Key job resources include opportunities for professional development, supervision and feedback (Halbesleben et al., 2014); autonomy (Hobfoll, 1989; a supportive supervisor or supervisory team Hobfoll, 1989, 2002; and regular positive feedback (Maslach and Leiter, 2005).”

“Resilience can be thought as a resource that individuals are able to mobilize in a time of stress (Hobfoll, 2002; Hobfoll, Hall, Canetti-Nisim, Galea, Johnson & Palmieri, 2007).”

“This perspective is unique but similar to the conservation of resource theory, which proposes that individuals with strong resource pools invest resources with an expectation of future gains (gain cycle) and that resources are an aspect of the individual self (Hobfoll, 2002).”

“In the current study, perspective taking had a main effect on work engagement as well, suggesting that this trait can be seen as a positive quality or personal resource (Hobfoll, 2002).”

“Furthermore, the resources possessed by an individual should influence each other and expand, forming a resource pool (Hobfoll, 2002, 2011).”

“Thus, resilient entrepreneurs possess intangible resources and competences that allow them to take actions in time of stress (Hobfoll 2002; Hobfoll et al .”

“However, a commonly used theory to explain burnout, the Conservation of Resources (COR) model, describes burnout as a longitudinal process of resource loss (Hobfoll, 2002; Hobfoll & Freedy, 1993).”

“Consistent with the Conservation of Resources (COR) model (Hobfoll, 1989, 2002), learning may also involve eliciting adaptive actions such as acquiring access to important resources that are necessary for coping (e.g., instrumental support from colleagues, accessing necessary information).”

“Then, consistent with the notion that resources generate other resources (Hobfoll, 2002) we further propose that the acquisition of the three career capital resources enables employees to achieve another resource - greater employability.”

“Contextual resources are, in line with Hobfoll (2002), part of the social context of an individual, while personal resources are proximate to the self.”

“often made up by having extra levels of resources in others ( Hobfoll, 1989, 2002 )—so people with high cognitive demands at work will be able to draw on their pool of emotional resources and vice versa.”

“However, to control for whether or not there were variations in resource constraints, we controlled for the participants’ reports of their unique resource constraints as these are likely to have a negative effect on their motivation and effort (Hobfoll, 2002).”

“…analyze how baseline stress and self-efficacy interact in shaping young people’s life 1 On the distinction between social resources (including social support and networks) and personal resources (including mental health, skills and personal traits), see, for instance, Hobfoll (2002). satisfaction.”