Clinical assessment of affective instability: Comparing EMA indices, questionnaire reports, and retrospective recall.
Open accessAbstract
Traditional self-report measures of psychopathology may be influenced by a variety of recall biases. Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) reduces these biases by assessing individuals' experiences as they occur in their natural environments. This study examines the discrepancy between trait questionnaire, retrospective report, and EMA measures of affective instability in psychiatric outpatients either with a borderline personality diagnosis (n = 58) or with a current episode of major depressive disorder or dysthymia (n = 42). The authors examined the agreement of 3 trait measures of affective instability-the Affective Instability subscale of the Personality Assessment Inventory-Borderline Features scale (L. C. Morey, 1991), the Affect Intensity Measure (R. J. Larsen, E. Diener, & R. Emmons, 1986), and the Affect Lability Scales (P. D. Harvey, B. R. Greenberg, & M. R. Serper, 1989)-and 1 retrospective mood recall task with EMA indices of mood and mood instability. Results indicate only modest to moderate agreement between momentary and questionnaire assessments of trait affective instability; agreement between recalled mood changes and EMA indices was poor. Implications for clinical research and practice and possible applications of EMA methodology are discussed.
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Desktop- or laptop-based monitoring of panic disorder symptoms via daily or weekly electronic diaries is likely biased by memory effects because clients complete these diaries retrospectively rather than in real-time.
“when desktop PCs or laptops are used to monitor symptoms of PD to identify factors that cue panic attacks and avoidance, clients typically use daily or weekly electronic diary entries, which are likely biased by memory effects because clients must complete these diaries retrospectively and not in real-time [22–28].”
From Efficacy of a hybrid online training for panic symptoms and agoraphobia: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. (2014) · cites this paper as [23]
The paper’s Sources of Retrospective Bias section explains that reports made from memory can be biased, and the Discussion says momentary assessment avoids relying on potentially incomplete recall (page numbers unavailable). It does not establish that people monitoring panic disorder on desktop or laptop computers typically make daily or weekly entries retrospectively; its own study used a prompted handheld diary six times a day. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Emotional Impulsivity and Emotional and Behavioral Difficulties Among Children With ADHD
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Affective lability in bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder
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“For this reason, some researchers have proposed that ecological momentary assessment (EMA) of affective states more accurately captures differences between borderline subjects and subjects with other forms of psychopathology [30].”
BackgroundScala, J. W., Levy, K. N., Johnson, B. N., Kivity, Y., Ellison, W. D., Pincus, A. L., Wilson, S. J., & Newman, M. G. (2018) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2018.32.supp.36 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“between diagnostic groups and is consistent with other EMA studies using similar procedures and samples (Solhan et al., 2009; Tomko et al., 2014).”
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Ambulatory assessment in psychopathology research: Current achievements and future ambitions
Mestdagh, M., & Dejonckheere, E. (2021) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.01.004 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
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“The latter is a commonly used measure of symptom variability over time (62).”
Skirrow, C., Ebner‐Priemer, U., Reinhard, I., Malliaris, Y., Kuntsi, J., & Asherson, P. J. (2014) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291714001032 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“The mean squared successive difference (MSSD) was calculated by averaging SSDs within each day and then averaging across days (Solhan et al. 2009).”
MethodPsychometric properties of a short form of the Affective Lability Scale (ALS-18)
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Momentary predictors of compliance in studies using the experience sampling method
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“…life experiences and behaviors in mental health research (Myin-Germeys et al., 2009, 2018), with advantages over traditional retrospective questionnaires including less recall bias and improved ecological validity (e.g., MyinGermeys et al., 2009; Solhan et al., 2009; Trull and EbnerPriemer, 2009).”
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“There are a number of previous publications on this dataset that are devoted to affective instability ( Jahng et al., 2008; Solhan et al., 2009; Trull et al., 2008), linking affect and alcohol use ( Jahng et al.”
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“studies of mood dynamics have shown that moment-to-moment mood changes (instability) can occur daily and occur more frequently in depressed than non-depressed individuals (Solhan et al., 2009; Houben et al., 2015; Lamers et al., 2018; Panaite et al., 2020).”
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“cific measure and statistical methods used [15, 16].”
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Person–environment transactions differentiate personality and psychopathology
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Digital Mental Health Interventions for Child and Adolescent Anxiety
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“However, research determining the correspondence of in-the-moment assessments with single timepoint dispositional measures is scarce [51,61-64] and to our knowledge has not been addressed with regard to eating events and their underlying motives.”
Cannabis and alcohol use, affect and impulsivity in psychiatric out-patients' daily lives
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“[29], Jahng, Wood, & Trull [30], Solhan, Trull, Jahng, & Wood [31], Jahng et al.”
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“…broadly, with respondents appearing more likely to endorse symptoms with a repeat assessment schedule referencing shorter time frames relative to single time point assessments referencing extended time frames (e.g., Schuler et al., 2021; Shiffman, 2009; Solhan et al., 2009; Torous et al., 2015).”
BackgroundMaciejewski, D. F., Keijsers, L., van Lier, P. A. C., Branje, S. J. T., Meeus, W. H. J., & Koot, H. M. (2019) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000650 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Motivational Profiling of League of Legends Players
Brühlmann, F., Baumgartner, P., Wallner, G., Kriglstein, S., & Mekler, E. D. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01307 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Ambulatory assessment for precision psychiatry: Foundations, current developments and future avenues
Reichert, M., Gan, G., Renz, M. P., Braun, U., Brüßler, S., Timm, I., Ma, R., Berhe, O., Benedyk, A., Moldavski, A., et al. (2021) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113807 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Predictors of Grandparent–Grandchild Closeness: An Ecological Perspective
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Engagement with Mental Health Screening on Mobile Devices
Doherty, K., Belisario, J. S. M., Cohn, M., Mastellos, N., Morrison, C. P., Car, J., & Doherty, G. J. (2019) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3290605.3300416 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“cognitive psychology and behavioural economics research has revealed striking differences between reports of wellbeing made in the moment and looking back over time [14, 25, 51, 76, 79, 81].”
BackgroundBell, I. H., Eisner, E., Allan, S., Cartner, S., Torous, J. B., Bucci, S., & Thomas, N. (2023) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbad127 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“1,2 Measuring experiences as they arise in their natural environment can overcome retrospective recall bias 3,4 and increase ecological validity.”
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Childhood adversity and impaired reward processing: A meta-analysis
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Borderline Personality Disorder in 3‐D: Dimensions, Symptoms, and Measurement Challenges
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“They are also subject to recall bias and do not necessarily correspond to the concurrent report of ER (Aldao et al., 2010; Solhan et al., 2009).”
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“Such diary entries consist of questions on momentary experiences, contexts, and appraisals, providing insight into the participants’ daily lives while keeping recall bias low [13, 14].”
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The correspondence of daily and retrospective PTSD reports among female victims of sexual assault.
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Methodologies for Monitoring Mental Health on Twitter: Systematic Review
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“…could even contribute to clinical assessments by health care professionals, who typically use questionnaire-style diagnostic tools that can be biased by a patient’s retrospective recall [17] and so cannot always provide an accurate overview of a patient’s well-being for weeks, or months, at a time.”
Emotional Impulsivity in Children with ADHD Associated with Comorbid—Not ADHD—Symptomatology
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- Authors
- Solhan, M. B., Trull, T. J., Jahng, S., & Wood, P. K.
- Affiliations
- University of Missouri (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Assessment
- Published
- 2009-09
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 425-436
- ISSN
- 1040-3590 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-134X
- PMC
- PMC2864015
- OpenAlex
- W2019004439
- Cited by
- 362
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 13.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychological Assessment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH069472)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- neuroticism, ecological momentary assessment, recall bias, borderline personality disorder, major depressive disorder, dysthymia, psychiatric outpatients, mood instability
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Borderline Personality Disorder, Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Personality Inventory, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Surveys and Questionnaires, Mental Recall, Self Disclosure, Social Environment, Reproducibility of Results, Dysthymic Disorder, Mood Disorders
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