Testing for Neuropsychological Endophenotypes in Siblings Discordant for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Open accessAbstract
Background Neurocognitive deficits associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) might be useful intermediate endophenotypes for determining specific genetic pathways that contribute to ADHD.Methods This study administered 17 measures from prominent neuropsychological theories of ADHD (executive function, processing speed, arousal regulation and, motivation/delay aversion) in dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs discordant for ADHD and control twin pairs (ages 8-18 years) to compare performance between twins affected with ADHD (n = 266), their unaffected co-twins (n = 228), and control children from twin pairs without ADHD or learning difficulties (n = 332).Results The ADHD subjects show significant impairment on executive function, processing speed, and response variability measures compared with control subjects. Unaffected co-twins of ADHD subjects are significantly impaired on nearly all the same measures as their ADHD siblings, even when subclinical symptoms of ADHD are controlled.Conclusions Executive function, processing speed, and response variability deficits might be useful endophenotypes for genetic studies of ADHD.
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Heritability significantly contributes to impaired EF in ADHD.
“Clinical studies suggest that heritability significantly contributes to impaired EF in ADHD (Bidwell et al., 2007; Friedman et al., 2008).”
From A Review of Heterogeneity in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (2019) · cites this paper as Bidwell et al., 2007
Relatives of people with ADHD, including siblings without the diagnosis, show greater response variability.
“Further, several studies have demonstrated that close family members of individuals with ADHD demonstrate increased variability in responding, including, siblings sharing an ADHD diagnosis, discordant dizygotic twins, and siblings who do not meet criteria for diagnosis of ADHD (Bidwell, Willcutt, DeFries, & Pennington, 2007; Rommelse et al., 2007).”
From Increased intra-individual reaction time variability in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder across response inhibition tasks with different cognitive demands (2009) · cites this paper as Bidwell, Willcutt, DeFries, & Pennington, 2007
ADHD children show a preference for smaller sooner over larger later rewards.
“This is often characterized as a preference for smaller sooner (SS) over larger later rewards (LL) (see Willcutt et al., 2008 for a meta-analysis; but see also Scheres et al., 2006 andBidwell et al., 2007; for a counter case).”
From Context-dependent Dynamic Processes in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Differentiating Common and Unique Effects of State Regulation Deficits and Delay Aversion (2010) · cites this paper as Bidwell et al., 2007
Although the effect of smaller sooner over larger later choice in ADHD appears generally robust, there is variability across studies with a number reporting negative results.
“Although the effect appears generally robust there is a degree of variability across studies with a number reporting negative results (Bidwell et al., 2007;Scheres et al., 2006;Wåhlstedt, et al., 2009).”
From Context-dependent Dynamic Processes in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Differentiating Common and Unique Effects of State Regulation Deficits and Delay Aversion (2010) · cites this paper as Bidwell et al., 2007
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- Authors
- Bidwell, L. C., Willcutt, E. G., DeFries, J. C., & Pennington, B. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- University of Denver (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bidwell, L. Cinnamon
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-11
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 991-998
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2687149
- OpenAlex
- W2148410950
- Cited by
- 183
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 8.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 04024, R01MH63941, R01MH038820, R37MH038820, R01 MH62120, R01MH063941, R01MH062120, F31MH078514, MH 38820)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P50-HD27802, P30HD004024, P50HD027802)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, endophenotypes, executive function, processing speed, response variability, arousal regulation, motivation, delay aversion, gene pathways, neuropsychological deficits
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Analysis of Variance, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Cognition Disorders, Diseases in Twins, Female, Humans, Intelligence Tests, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Phenotype, Problem Solving, Reading, Sex Factors, Twins, Genetic Predisposition to Disease
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