Cited by 170Decision-Making and Behavioral EconomicsChild and Animal Learning DevelopmentCognitive Abilities and Testing

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 102 of the 104 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Rational thinking and cognitive sophistication: Development, cognitive abilities, and thinking dispositions.

Toplak, Maggie E., West, Richard F., Stanovich, Keith E.·2014·Developmental Psychology

DOI 10.1037/a0034910

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

We studied developmental trends in 5 important reasoning tasks that are critical components of the operational definition of rational thinking. The tasks measured denominator neglect, belief bias, base rate sensitivity, resistance to framing, and the tendency toward otherside thinking. In addition to age, we examined 2 other individual difference domains that index cognitive sophistication: cognitive ability (intelligence and executive functioning) and thinking dispositions (actively open-minded thinking, superstitious thinking, and need for cognition). All 5 reasoning domains were consistently related to cognitive sophistication regardless of how it was indexed (age, cognitive ability, thinking dispositions). The implications of these findings for taxonomies of developmental trends in rational thinking tasks are discussed.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/a0034910

Cites

102 of 102 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Untitled work
(2011) · Cited by 14,317
VALIDITY OF THE TRAIL MAKING TEST AS AN INDICATOR OF ORGANIC BRAIN DAMAGE
Reitan, R. M. (1958) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1958.8.3.271 · Cited by 8,167
Individual differences in working memory and reading
Daneman, M., & Carpenter, P. A. (1980) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(80)90312-6 · Cited by 6,336
On the psychology of prediction.
Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1973) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0034747 · Cited by 6,202 · cited 1×
“In the present study, we examined denominator neglect (or ratio bias; see Reyna & Brainerd, 2008), belief bias in syllogistic reasoning (Evans, Barston, & Pollard, 1983; Markovits & Nantel, 1989), and base rate sensitivity (Bar-Hillel, 1980, 1990; Kahneman & Tversky, 1973).”
Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence
Dumont, R., Willis, J. O., Veizel, K., & Zibulsky, J. (2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118660584.ese2519 · Cited by 5,546
A perspective on judgment and choice: mapping bounded rationality.
Kahneman, D. (2003) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.58.9.697 · Cited by 5,540
Choices, Values, and Frames
Kahneman, D. J., & Tversky, A. (2013) · World Scientific handbook in financial economic series · doi:10.1142/9789814417358_0016 · Cited by 5,379
Dual-Processing Accounts of Reasoning, Judgment, and Social Cognition
Evans, J. S. B. T. (2008) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093629 · Cited by 5,137
Dual-Process Theories of Higher Cognition: Advancing the Debate
Evans, J. S. B. T., & Stanovich, K. E. (2013) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691612460685 · Cited by 4,271
Self-citation
The Nature and Organization of Individual Differences in Executive Functions: Four General Conclusions
Miyake, A., & Friedman, N. P. (2012) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721411429458 · Cited by 3,944
Implicit Theories of Intelligence Predict Achievement Across an Adolescent Transition: A Longitudinal Study and an Intervention
Blackwell, L. S., Trzesniewski, K. H., & Dweck, C. S. (2007) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.00995.x · Cited by 3,784
Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment
Bottom, W. P., Gilovich, T. D., Griffin, D., & Kahneman, D. J. (2004) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/20159081 · Cited by 3,583
Representativeness revisited: Attribute substitution in intuitive judgment.
Kahneman, D., & Frederick, S. (2002) · Heuristics and Biases · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.004 · Cited by 3,476
Dispositional differences in cognitive motivation: The life and times of individuals varying in need for cognition.
Cacioppo, J. T., Petty, R. E., Feinstein, J. A., & Jarvis, W. B. G. (1996) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.119.2.197 · Cited by 2,517
Conditions for intuitive expertise: A failure to disagree.
Kahneman, D., & Klein, G. (2009) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0016755 · Cited by 2,443
Self-discipline outdoes IQ in predicting academic performance of adolescents.
Duckworth, A. L., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2005) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01641.x · Cited by 2,253
The role of prefrontal cortex in working-memory capacity, executive attention, and general fluid intelligence: An individual-differences perspective
Kane, M. J., & Engle, R. W. (2002) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03196323 · Cited by 2,229
The relation of the Trail Making Test to organic brain damage.
Reitan, R. M. (1955) · Journal of Consulting Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0044509 · Cited by 1,817
The consideration of future consequences: Weighing immediate and distant outcomes of behavior.
Strathman, A., Gleicher, F., Boninger, D. S., & Edwards, C. S. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.66.4.742 · Cited by 1,782
Working-memory capacity and the control of attention: The contributions of goal neglect, response competition, and task set to Stroop interference.
Kane, M. J., & Engle, R. W. (2003) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.132.1.47 · Cited by 1,725 · cited 1×
“…intelligence indices, but we also included measures of executive functioning because the latter are strongly associated with fluid intelligence (Duncan et al., 2008; Duncan, Schramm, Thompson, & Dumontheil, 2012; Kane & Engle, 2002, 2003; Kane, Hambrick, & Conway, 2005; Salthouse et al., 2003).”
Variation in Working Memory
(2008) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195168648.001.0001 · Cited by 1,529
Risk Perception and Affect
Slovic, P., & Peters, E. (2006) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2006.00461.x · Cited by 1,443
The nature of individual differences in working memory capacity: Active maintenance in primary memory and controlled search from secondary memory.
Unsworth, N., & Engle, R. W. (2007) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.114.1.104 · Cited by 1,307
Fuzzy-trace theory: An interim synthesis
Reyna, V. F., & Brainerd, C. J. (1995) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/1041-6080(95)90031-4 · Cited by 1,287
Risk and Rationality in Adolescent Decision Making: Implications for Theory, Practice, and Public Policy
Reyna, V. F., & Farley, F. (2006) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1111/j.1529-1006.2006.00026.x · Cited by 1,244 · cited 3×
“The results of these studies were not completely convergent with those in a study by Reyna and Ellis (1994; see also Reyna et al., 2011; Reyna & Farley, 2006).”
The base-rate fallacy in probability judgments
Bar‐Hillel, M. (1980) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/0001-6918(80)90046-3 · Cited by 1,184
The Influence of Framing on Risky Decisions: A Meta-analysis
Kühberger, A. (1998) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1006/obhd.1998.2781 · Cited by 1,180
Executive Functioning as a Potential Mediator of Age-Related Cognitive Decline in Normal Adults.
Salthouse, T. A., Atkinson, T. M., & Berish, D. E. (2003) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.132.4.566 · Cited by 1,057
The Cognitive Reflection Test as a predictor of performance on heuristics-and-biases tasks
Toplak, M. E., West, R. F., & Stanovich, K. E. (2011) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-011-0104-1 · Cited by 1,047
Self-citation
Rationality and the Reflective Mind
Stanovich, K. (2010) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195341140.001.0001 · Cited by 1,041
Self-citation
Executive functions after age 5: Changes and correlates.
Best, J. R., Miller, P. H., & Jones, L. L. (2009) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2009.05.002 · Cited by 1,007
Individual differences in adult decision-making competence.
Bruine de Bruin, W., Parker, A. M., & Fischhoff, B. (2007) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.5.938 · Cited by 906 · cited 3×
“Three attribute framing situations were designed to be developmentally appropriate alternatives to tasks used with adult samples to study framing effects (Bruine de Bruin et al., 2007). In the within-subjects design in this study, each framing situation had a positive and negative frame that was presented in separate…”
Influential
Individual differences in rational thought.
Stanovich, K. E., & West, R. F. (1998) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.127.2.161 · Cited by 886
Self-citation
On the conflict between logic and belief in syllogistic reasoning
Evans, J. S. B. T., Barston, J. L., & Pollard, P. (1983) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03196976 · Cited by 841
On the relative independence of thinking biases and cognitive ability
Stanovich, K. E., & West, R. F. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.94.4.672 · Cited by 840
Self-citation
Reasoning independently of prior belief and individual differences in actively open-minded thinking.
Stanovich, K. E., & West, R. F. (1997) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.89.2.342 · Cited by 767
Self-citation
Thinking Styles
Sternberg, R. J. (1997) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511584152 · Cited by 615
Wisdom, intelligence, and creativity synthesized
Sternberg, R. J. (2004) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.41-5593 · Cited by 589
Interference and inhibition in cognition
Dempster, F. N. (1995) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012208930-5/50002-7 · Cited by 577
Dual Processing in Reasoning
Neys, W. D. (2006) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01723.x · Cited by 564
Inhibitory Mechanisms and the Control of Attention
Hasher, L., Lustig, C., & Zacks, R. T. (2008) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195168648.003.0009 · Cited by 558
What intelligence tests miss: the psychology of rational thought
(2009) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.46-5908 · Cited by 543
The development of conscious control in childhood
Zelazo, P. D. (2003) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2003.11.001 · Cited by 527
Neural Bases of Motivated Reasoning: An fMRI Study of Emotional Constraints on Partisan Political Judgment in the 2004 U.S. Presidential Election
Westen, D., Blagov, P. S., Harenski, K. A., Kilts, C., & Hamann, S. B. (2006) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2006.18.11.1947 · Cited by 517
A New Look at Framing Effects: Distribution of Effect Sizes, Individual Differences, and Independence of Types of Effects
Levin, I. P., Gaeth, G. J., Schreiber, J., & Lauriola, M. (2002) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1006/obhd.2001.2983 · Cited by 497
Numeracy, Ratio Bias, and Denominator Neglect in Judgments of Risk and Probability
Reyna, V. F., & Brainerd, C. J. (2008) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2007.03.011 · Cited by 481
Decision‐making competence: External validation through an individual‐differences approach
Parker, A. M., & Fischhoff, B. (2005) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.481 · Cited by 461
Why Schools Should Teach for Wisdom: The Balance Theory of Wisdom in Educational Settings
Sternberg, R. J. (2001) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1207/s15326985ep3604_2 · Cited by 450
Heuristics and biases as measures of critical thinking: Associations with cognitive ability and thinking dispositions.
West, R. F., Toplak, M. E., & Stanovich, K. E. (2008) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0012842 · Cited by 416
Self-citation
Dual processes in decision making and developmental neuroscience: A fuzzy-trace model
Reyna, V. F., & Brainerd, C. J. (2011) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2011.07.004 · Cited by 393
Outsmarting IQ: the emerging science of learnable intelligence
(1995) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.33-2424 · Cited by 375
Intentional Conceptual Change
Sinatra, G. M., & Taasoobshirazi, G. (2015) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203839010.ch13 · Cited by 362
Natural myside bias is independent of cognitive ability
Stanovich, K. E., & West, R. F. (2007) · Thinking & Reasoning · doi:10.1080/13546780600780796 · Cited by 356
Self-citation
Emerging Perspectives on Judgment and Decision Research
Schneider, S. L., & Shanteau, J. (2003) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511609978 · Cited by 346
Individual Differences in Numeracy and Cognitive Reflection, with Implications for Biases and Fallacies in Probability Judgment
Liberali, J. M., Reyna, V. F., Furlan, S., Stein, L. M., & Pardo, S. T. (2011) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.752 · Cited by 341
The Robot's Rebellion: Finding Meaning in the Age of Darwin
Stanovich, K. E. (2004) · Cited by 316
Self-citation
Heuristic and analytic processing: Age trends and associations with cognitive ability and cognitive styles
Kokis, J. V., Macpherson, R., Toplak, M. E., West, R. F., & Stanovich, K. E. (2002) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0022-0965(02)00121-2 · Cited by 274
Self-citation
Fuzzy-Trace Theory and Framing Effects in Children's Risky Decision Making
Reyna, V. F., & Ellis, S. C. (1994) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1994.tb00625.x · Cited by 271
Risk preferences in young children: early evidence of individual differences in reaction to potential gains and losses
Levin, I. P., & Hart, S. S. (2003) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.453 · Cited by 264
Myside bias in thinking about abortion
Baron, J. (1995) · Thinking & Reasoning · doi:10.1080/13546789508256909 · Cited by 248
Postprimary education has little impact on informal reasoning.
Perkins, D. N. (1985) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.77.5.562 · Cited by 247
The Relationships between Phonological Sensitivity, Syntactic Processing, and Verbal Working Memory in the Reading Performance of Third-Grade Children
Gottardo, A., Stanovich, K. E., & Siegel, L. S. (1996) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1006/jecp.1996.0062 · Cited by 245
Self-citation
Everyday Reasoning and the Roots of Intelligence
Perkins, D. N., Farady, M., & Bushey, B. (2012) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203052228-9 · Cited by 243
Analytic and Heuristic Processing Influences on Adolescent Reasoning and Decision-Making
Klaczynski, P. A. (2001) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00319 · Cited by 230
Greater Attention Problems During Childhood Predict Poorer Executive Functioning in Late Adolescence
Friedman, N. P., Haberstick, B. C., Willcutt, E. G., Miyake, A., Young, S. E., Corley, R. P., & Hewitt, J. K. (2007) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01997.x · Cited by 229
The belief-bias effect in the production and evaluation of logical conclusions
Markovits, H., & Nantel, G. (1989) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03199552 · Cited by 214
Thinking and deciding, 4th ed.
Baron, J. (2008) · Cited by 208
Developing a tool for measuring the decision-making competence of older adults.
Finucane, M. L., & Gullion, C. M. (2010) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0019106 · Cited by 202
The complexity of developmental predictions from dual process models
Stanovich, K. E., West, R. F., & Toplak, M. E. (2011) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2011.07.003 · Cited by 202
Self-citation
Memory, Development, and Rationality: An Integrative Theory of Judgment and Decision Making
Reyna, V. F., Lloyd, F. J., & Brainerd, C. J. (2003) · Emerging Perspectives on Judgment and Decision Research · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511609978.009 · Cited by 186
: Working memory, inhibitory control and the development of children's reasoning
Handley, S. J., Capon, A. J., Beveridge, M. C., Dennis, I., & Evans, J. S. B. T. (2004) · Thinking & Reasoning · doi:10.1080/13546780442000051 · Cited by 184
Neurobiological and memory models of risky decision making in adolescents versus young adults.
Reyna, V. F., Estrada, S. M., DeMarinis, J. A., Myers, R. M., Stanisz, J. M., & Mills, B. A. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/a0023943 · Cited by 183
Trajectory of risky decision making for potential gains and losses from ages 5 to 85
Weller, J. A., Levin, I. P., & Denburg, N. L. (2011) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.690 · Cited by 174
Goal neglect and Spearman's g: Competing parts of a complex task.
Duncan, J., Parr, A., Woolgar, A., Thompson, R., Bright, P., Cox, S. G., Bishop, S. J., & Nimmo‐Smith, I. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.137.1.131 · Cited by 170
On the failure of cognitive ability to predict myside and one-sided thinking biases
Stanovich, K. E., & West, R. F. (2008) · Thinking & Reasoning · doi:10.1080/13546780701679764 · Cited by 168
Self-citation
Associations between myside bias on an informal reasoning task and amount of post‐secondary education
Toplak, M. E., & Stanovich, K. E. (2003) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.915 · Cited by 158
Self-citation
The Effect of Decision Strategy on Deciding to Defer Choice
Dhar, R. (1996) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0771(199612)9:4 · Cited by 158
The Development of Rational Thought: A Taxonomy of Heuristics and Biases
Stanovich, K. E., Toplak, M. E., & West, R. F. (2008) · Advances in child development and behavior · doi:10.1016/s0065-2407(08)00006-2 · Cited by 150
Self-citation
The Use of Judgement Heuristics to Make Social and Object Decisions: A Developmental Perspective
Jacobs, J. E., & Potenza, M. T. (1991) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1991.tb01522.x · Cited by 137
The Representativeness Heuristic and the Conjunction Fallacy Effect in Children's Decision Making.
Davidson, D. Z. (1995) · Merrill-palmer Quarterly · Cited by 130
Progress in Executive-Function Research
Aron, A. R. (2008) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00561.x · Cited by 123
Personal theories, intellectual ability, and epistemological beliefs: Adult age differences in everyday reasoning biases.
Klaczynski, P. A., & Robinson, B. (2000) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.15.3.400 · Cited by 120
Stability of choices in a risky decision‐making task: a 3‐year longitudinal study with children and adults
Levin, I. P., Hart, S. S., Weller, J. A., & Harshman, L. A. (2006) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.552 · Cited by 116
Task rules, working memory, and fluid intelligence
Duncan, J., Schramm, M. W. J., Thompson, R., & Dumontheil, I. (2012) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-012-0225-y · Cited by 107
The adolescent brain: Learning, reasoning, and decision making.
(2011) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/13493-000 · Cited by 99
Interference effects in memory and reasoning
Reyna, V. F. (1995) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012208930-5/50003-9 · Cited by 86
What lies beneath: Reframing framing effects
Maule, J., & Vallée-Tourangeau, G. (2006) · Thinking & Reasoning · doi:10.1080/13546780600872585 · Cited by 83
How Children Reason about Gains and Losses: Framing Effects in Judgement and Choice
Schlottmann, A., & Tring, J. (2005) · Swiss Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1024/1421-0185.64.3.153 · Cited by 83
Intelligence and Rationality
Stanovich, K. E., West, R. F., & Toplak, M. E. (2011) · The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511977244.040 · Cited by 77
Self-citation
Thinking about personal theories: individual differences in the coordination of theory and evidence
Sá, W. C., Kelley, C. N., Ho, C., & Stanovich, K. E. (2004) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2004.07.012 · Cited by 76
Self-citation
How smart do you need to be to get it wrong? The role of cognitive capacity in the development of heuristic-based judgment
Morsanyi, K., & Handley, S. J. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2007.08.003 · Cited by 75
When less is not always more: Stereotype knowledge and reasoning development.
Neys, W. D., & Vanderputte, K. (2010) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021313 · Cited by 70
Theoretical and forensic implications of developmental studies of the DRM illusion
Brainerd, C. J., Reyna, V. F., & Zember, E. (2010) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-010-0043-2 · Cited by 68
Reasoning With Premises That Are Not Empirically True: Evidence for the Role of Inhibition and Retrieval.
Simoneau, M., & Markovits, H. (2003) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.39.6.964 · Cited by 65
Back to base rates.
Bar‐Hillel, M. (1990) · Cited by 57
Measuring Individual Differences in Decision Biases: Methodological Considerations
Aczél, B., Bagó, B., Szollosi, A., Foldes, A., & Lukács, B. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01770 · Cited by 53
Developmental changes in probabilistic reasoning: The role of cognitive capacity, instructions, thinking styles, and relevant knowledge
Chiesi, F., Primi, C., & Morsanyi, K. (2011) · Thinking & Reasoning · doi:10.1080/13546783.2011.598401 · Cited by 50
'100% of anything looks good': The appeal of one hundred percent
Li, M., & Chapman, G. B. (2009) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/pbr.16.1.156 · Cited by 31
Money and fame: vividness effects in the National Basketball Association
Wang, L. (2008) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.609 · Cited by 16
Effect of Framing on Adolescents' Decision Making
Chien, Y.-C., Lin, C. Y., & Worthley, J. S. (1996) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1996.83.3.811 · Cited by 15
The Adolescent Brain
Reyna, V. F. (2011) · Cited by 3
Untitled work
(2000) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0771(200001/03)13:1

Flagged first, then by citations

2 of the 104 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Sorted by citations

Investigating an alternate form of the cognitive reflection test
Thomson, K. S., & Oppenheimer, D. M. (2016) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s1930297500007622 · Cited by 612
Critical Thinking as Discourse
Kuhn, D. (2019) · Human Development · doi:10.1159/000500171 · Cited by 265
Actively open-minded thinking in politics
Baron, J. (2018) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2018.10.004 · Cited by 199
Predicting biases in very highly educated samples: Numeracy and metacognition
Ghazal, S., Cokely, E. T., & García‐Retamero, R. (2014) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s1930297500004952 · Cited by 173
The Bias That Divides Us: The Science and Politics of Myside Thinking
Stanovich, K. E. (2021) · doi:10.7551/mitpress/13367.001.0001 · Cited by 152
Self-citation

See all 170

Authors: Toplak, M. E., West, R. F., & Stanovich, K. E.
Affiliations: York University (CA)
James Madison University (US)
University of Toronto (CA)
ORCID: Toplak, Maggie E.
Stanovich, Keith E.
Venue: Developmental Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2014
Volume: 50
Issue: 4
Pages: 1037-1048
ISSN: 0012-1649 (ISSN-L)
1939-0599
DOI: 10.1037/a0034910
OpenAlex: W2116272087
Cited by: 170
References: 104
Citations by year: 2026: 19 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 7
FWCI: 5.82
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Developmental Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada
John Templeton Foundation
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
Keywords: rational thinking, cognitive sophistication, cognitive development, reasoning, belief bias, framing effects, intelligence, executive function, open-mindedness, superstition, need for cognition, individual differences
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Aptitude, Child, Child Development, Cognition, Female, Humans, Intelligence, Intelligence Tests, Male, Parents, Personality, Psychological Tests, Regression Analysis, Superstitions, Thinking, Executive Function

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Rational thinking and cognitive sophistication: Development, cognitive abilities, and thinking dispositions.

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks