Integrating mindfulness with parent training: effects of the Mindfulness-Enhanced Strengthening Families Program

Coatsworth, J. Douglas; Duncan, Larissa G.; Nix, Robert L.; Greenberg, Mark T.; Gayles, Jochebed G.; Bamberger, Katharine T.; Berrena, Elaine; Demi, Mary Ann

doi:10.1037/a0038212

Cited by 238Mindfulness and Compassion InterventionsChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentFamily Dynamics and Relationships

Integrating mindfulness with parent training: effects of the Mindfulness-Enhanced Strengthening Families Program

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Coatsworth, J. Douglas, Duncan, Larissa G., Nix, Robert L., Greenberg, Mark T., Gayles, Jochebed G., Bamberger, Katharine T., Berrena, Elaine, Demi, Mary Ann·2015·Developmental Psychology

DOI 10.1037/a0038212PMC PMC4485922

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Abstract

There is growing support for the efficacy of mindfulness training with parents as an intervention technique to improve parenting skills and reduce risk for youth problem behaviors. The evidence, however, has been limited to small scale studies, many with methodological shortcomings. This study sought to integrate mindfulness training with parents into the Strengthening Families Program: For Parents and Youth 10-14 (SFP 10-14), an empirically-validated family-based preventive intervention. It used a randomized-controlled comparative effectiveness study design (N = 432 families, 31% racial/ethnic minority) to test the efficacy of the Mindfulness-Enhanced Strengthening Families Program (MSFP), compared to standard SFP 10-14 and a minimal-treatment home study control condition. Results indicated that, in general, MSFP was as effective as SFP 10-14 in improving multiple dimensions of parenting, including interpersonal mindfulness in parenting, parent-youth relationship quality, youth behavior management, and parent well-being, according to both parent and youth reports at both postintervention and 1-year follow-up. This study also found that in some areas MSFP boosted and better sustained the effects of SFP 10-14, especially for fathers. Although the pattern of effects was not as uniform as hypothesized, this study provides intriguing evidence for the unique contribution of mindfulness activities to standard parent training.

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Participants' inadequate understanding of mindfulness before intervention could have led them to score themselves higher, and after intervention they scored more accurately, contributing to lower post-intervention mindfulness scores.
“Moreover, their inadequate understanding of mindfulness pre-intervention could have resulted in them scoring themselves higher. After undergoing the intervention, they would have acquired a better understanding of mindfulness and hence scored themselves more accurately (Coatsworth et al. 2015).”
From The Effect of Mindfulness-Based and Acceptance Commitment Therapy-Based Interventions to Improve the Mental Well-Being Among Parents of Children with Developmental Disabilities: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. (2022) · cites this paper as Coatsworth et al. 2015
The Discussion reports that several mothers thought their post-intervention questionnaire scores would look worse because they viewed their parenting differently and noticed more missed opportunities for mindful parenting. The authors suggest the mothers may therefore have reported its challenges more accurately, but say their data cannot answer that question. The paper does not establish that participants initially had an inadequate understanding of mindfulness or that this caused lower post-intervention scores. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Benefits of parent participation in a mindfulness intervention spill over from parents to the parent-child relationship and youth outcomes.
“the benefits of parent participation in a mindfulness intervention spill over from parents’ themselves as individuals to the parent-child relationship and, in turn, youth outcomes (Bogels et al. 2013; Chaplin et al. 2018; Coatsworth et al. 2015).”
From Mindfulness Interventions to Reduce Impact of Interparental Conflict on Adolescents. (2020) · cites this paper as Coatsworth et al. 2015
The Abstract and Results report improvements in parent well-being and aspects of parent–youth relationship quality after the mindfulness-enhanced program. But the Method > Measures section lists parenting and family-functioning outcomes, not youth outcomes; the Discussion describes reduced risk of youth problems as a possible implication rather than a demonstrated spillover. The paper also does not establish the claimed sequence from individual parent benefits through the relationship to youth outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Three studies included multiple respondents for child emotional and behavioural adjustment, parenting skills, and parent mindfulness outcomes.
“Three studies included multiple respondents for child emotional and behavioural adjustment, parenting skills, and parent mindfulness outcomes, including mother, father and/or child reports (Coatsworth 2010; Coatsworth 2015; Gewirtz 2018).”
From Mindfulness-enhanced parenting programmes for improving the psychosocial outcomes of children (0 to 18 years) and their parents (2024) · cites this paper as Coatsworth 2015
The Method > Measures section (page unavailable) says mothers, fathers and youths reported on parental mindfulness, parent–youth relationships and youth behavior management, supporting the multiple-respondent and parenting-outcome parts of the claim. It does not list child emotional or behavioural adjustment as an outcome; the Results section (page unavailable) mentions child behavior problems only as a covariate. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
For Coatsworth 2015, the risk of reporting bias was judged low because all expected outcomes were reported, though uncertainty exists due to the absence of a trial protocol.
“Low risk All expected outcomes were reported.However, in the absence of a trial protocol, there is some uncertainty here.”
From Mindfulness-enhanced parenting programmes for improving the psychosocial outcomes of children (0 to 18 years) and their parents (2024) · cites this paper as Coatsworth 2015
The Present Study states the expected outcome domains, and the Method (Measures) and Results describe measures and report intervention outcomes. These passages support that the paper reported relevant outcomes, but they do not establish that all expected outcomes were reported or document the absence of a trial protocol. The low-risk judgment is the citing authors’ assessment, not a conclusion stated in this paper; page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.77)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
For Coatsworth 2015, the risk of detection bias was judged high because measures to blind outcome assessment were not reported and only self-report measures were used.
“High risk The mesures adopted to blind outcome assessment from the knowledge of which intervention a participant received were not reported in the study.The study uses only self-report measures, and so the risk of bias as been assessed as high.”
From Mindfulness-enhanced parenting programmes for improving the psychosocial outcomes of children (0 to 18 years) and their parents (2024) · cites this paper as Coatsworth 2015
The Method (Measures) and Results sections describe questionnaire-based outcomes and do not report measures to blind outcome assessment. However, the outcomes include youths’ reports about their parents as well as parents’ self-reports, so the claim that only self-report measures were used is imprecise. The high-risk rating is the citing authors’ assessment, not a rating stated in the source paper. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

For Coatsworth 2015, the risk of other bias was judged high because there were minimal treatment differences in the base parent program but changes to incorporate mindfulness and an attentional control rather than no treatment control.
“High risk There appeared to be minimal treatment differences in the base parent program across the groups, however there were some changes in the program to incorporate the mindfulness training and an attentional control was use rather than a no treatment control.For these reason, the risk of performance bias has been assessed as high.”
From Mindfulness-enhanced parenting programmes for improving the psychosocial outcomes of children (0 to 18 years) and their parents (2024) · cites this paper as Coatsworth 2015
The Present Study says the mindfulness-enhanced program retained the core content and format of the base program while adding mindfulness activities and making some changes to existing activities. But it calls the third group an information-only home-study control, not an attentional control; Method > Intervention Procedures says that group received two mailed booklets and no additional services. The high-risk bias judgment is the citing authors’ assessment, not a finding attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Multiple studies suggest mindfulness training can improve relationship satisfaction and quality in adults in romantic relationships or parents.
“Multiple studies suggest that mindfulness training can improve relationship satisfaction and quality, although these studies have targeted adults in romantic relationships (e.g., Carson et al. 2004) or parents (e.g., Coatsworth et al. 2015).”
From Mindfulness Interventions to Reduce Impact of Interparental Conflict on Adolescents. (2020) · cites this paper as Coatsworth et al. 2015
Four studies compared an eligible intervention group with two eligible control groups.
“In four studies, an eligible intervention group was compared to two eligible control groups (Coatsworth 2010; Coatsworth 2015; Dawe 2007; Whittingham 2013).”
From Mindfulness-enhanced parenting programmes for improving the psychosocial outcomes of children (0 to 18 years) and their parents (2024) · cites this paper as Coatsworth 2015
In Coatsworth 2015, no detailed information was provided about how the imputed datasets were used.
“Though an intention-to-treat analysis was conducted, no detailed information was provided about how the imputted datasets were used”
From Mindfulness-enhanced parenting programmes for improving the psychosocial outcomes of children (0 to 18 years) and their parents (2024) · cites this paper as Coatsworth 2015
For Coatsworth 2015, the risk of performance bias was judged high because no information on blinding was provided and blinding is generally not feasible in this type of study.
“High risk There was no information provided about whether participants or researchers were blinded.Given the nature of this type of study, blinding of both participants and researchers is not generally feasible, and so we have judged the risk of performance bias as high.”
From Mindfulness-enhanced parenting programmes for improving the psychosocial outcomes of children (0 to 18 years) and their parents (2024) · cites this paper as Coatsworth 2015
The attrition rate in Coatsworth 2015 was approximately 21%.
“The attrition rate was approximately 21%.”
From Mindfulness-enhanced parenting programmes for improving the psychosocial outcomes of children (0 to 18 years) and their parents (2024) · cites this paper as Coatsworth 2015
The Method sections on Participants and Study Procedures give the initial sample of 432 families and describe later assessments, but do not give the number retained. The Results section discusses missing-data imputation without reporting an attrition rate. I searched for attrition, retention, dropout, and 21%; our copy refers to a participant-flow diagram in supplemental materials but does not provide the figures needed to verify the claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
For Coatsworth 2015, the risk of attrition bias was judged high.
“High risk The attrition rate was approximately 21%.”
From Mindfulness-enhanced parenting programmes for improving the psychosocial outcomes of children (0 to 18 years) and their parents (2024) · cites this paper as Coatsworth 2015
The Method (Study Procedures; page unavailable) gives the numbers randomized and refers to a CONSORT flow diagram in supplemental materials, but does not give an attrition rate. The Results (page unavailable) describes multiple imputation for missing data. Searches for attrition, follow-up retention, and 21% found no passage in our copy establishing the stated rate; the high-risk judgment is the citing authors’ assessment. (LLM, conf=0.72)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
In Coatsworth 2015, an intention-to-treat analysis was conducted.
“Though an intention-to-treat analysis was conducted, no detailed information was provided about how the imputted datasets were used”
From Mindfulness-enhanced parenting programmes for improving the psychosocial outcomes of children (0 to 18 years) and their parents (2024) · cites this paper as Coatsworth 2015
The Method (Study Procedures; page unavailable) reports random assignment, and the Results (page unavailable) report hierarchical linear models and combined estimates from 50 multiply imputed datasets. Neither passage says whether all randomized families were analyzed in their assigned groups, so an intention-to-treat analysis cannot be verified; searches for “intention-to-treat” and “intent to treat” found no such statement. (LLM, conf=0.72)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Moreira, H., & Canavarro, M. C. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0647-0 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Mindfulness and compassion in human development: Introduction to the special section.
Roeser, R. W., & Eccles, J. S. (2014) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0038453 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
The efficacy of mindful parenting interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Shorey, S., & Ng, E. D. (2021) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2021.103996 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Changes in Mindful Parenting: Associations With Changes in Parenting, Parent–Youth Relationship Quality, and Youth Behavior
Coatsworth, J. D., Timpe, Z., Nix, R. L., Duncan, L. G., & Greenberg, M. T. (2018) · Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research · doi:10.1086/701148 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citation
Mindfulness and Parenting: A Correlational Study of Non-meditating Mothers of Preschool Children.
Corthorn, C., & Milicic, N. (2016) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-015-0319-z · Cited by 81 · see citing works
We Know Even More Things: A Decade Review of Parenting Research
Morris, A. S., Ratliff, E. L., Cosgrove, K. T., & Steinberg, L. D. (2021) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12641 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Validating of the Interpersonal Mindfulness in Parenting Scale in Hong Kong Chinese
Lo, H. H. M., Yeung, J. W. K., Duncan, L. G., Ma, Y., Siu, A. F. Y., Chan, S. K. C., Choi, C. W., Szeto, M. P., Chow, K. K. W., & Ng, S. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0879-7 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citation
Supporting Syrian families displaced by armed conflict: A pilot randomized controlled trial of the Caregiver Support Intervention
Miller, K. E., Koppenol‐Gonzalez, G. V., Arnous, M., Tossyeh, F., Chen, A., Nahas, N., & Jordans, M. J. D. (2020) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104512 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
A review of mindful parenting
Ahemaitijiang, N., Fang, H., Ren, Y., Han, Z. R., & Singh, N. N. (2021) · Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology · doi:10.1177/18344909211037016 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Mindful Parenting and Emotion Socialization Practices: Concurrent and Longitudinal Associations
McKee, L. G., Parent, J. M., Zachary, C., & Forehand, R. (2017) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.12329 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
A Feasibility Study of a Brief Mindfulness-Based Program for Parents of Preschool Children with Developmental Disabilities
Lo, H. H. M., Chan, S. K. C., Szeto, M. P., Chan, C. Y. H., & Choi, C. W. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0741-y · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Mindfulness, resilience, emotional exhaustion, and turnover intention in secondary physical education teaching
Lee, Y. H., Richards, K. A. R., & Washburn, N. S. (2021) · European Review of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.erap.2021.100625 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
When Mothers and Fathers Are Seen as Disproportionately Valuing Achievements: Implications for Adjustment Among Upper Middle Class Youth
Ciciolla, L. M., Curlee, A. S., Karageorge, J., & Luthar, S. S. (2016) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-016-0596-x · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Mindful Parenting Training in a Clinical Versus Non-Clinical Setting: An Explorative Study
Potharst, E. S., Baartmans, J. M. D., & Bögels, S. M. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-1021-1 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Randomized Clinical Trial of Mindfulness Skills Augmentation in Parent Training
Gershy, N., Meehan, K. B., Omer, H., Papouchis, N., & Schorr Sapir, I. (2017) · Child & Youth Care Forum · doi:10.1007/s10566-017-9411-4 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Dads Tuning In to Kids: Preliminary Evaluation of a Fathers' Parenting Program
Wilson, K. R., Havighurst, S. S., Kehoe, C. E., & Harley, A. E. (2016) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.12216 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
The Role of Compassion and Mindfulness in Building Parental Resilience When Caring for Children With Chronic Conditions: A Conceptual Model
Cousineau, T. M., Hobbs, L., & Arthur, K. C. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01602 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Compassion and Human Development: Current Approaches and Future Directions
Roeser, R., Colaianne, B. A., & Greenberg, M. (2018) · Research in Human Development · doi:10.1080/15427609.2018.1495002 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citation
Mindfulness in education for sustainable development to nurture socioemotional competencies: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Gómez‐Olmedo, A. M., Valor, C., & Bosch, I. C. (2020) · Environmental Education Research · doi:10.1080/13504622.2020.1777264 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Mindfulness: Embodied and Embedded
Khoury, B. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0858-z · Cited by 38 · see citing works
The developmental landscape of early parent-focused language intervention
Adamson, L. B., Kaiser, A. P., Tamis‐LeMonda, C. S., Owen, M. T., & Dimitrova, N. (2019) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2018.11.005 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Interpersonal Mindfulness Questionnaire: Scale Development and Validation
Khoury, B., Vergara, R. C., & Spinelli, C. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01855-1 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Mindful Parenting, Parenting Cognitions, and Parent-Youth Communication: Bidirectional Linkages and Mediational Processes
Lippold, M. A., Jensen, T. M., Duncan, L. G., Nix, R., Coatsworth, J., & Greenberg, M. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-019-01119-5 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Longitudinal Influence of Caregiver Dispositional Mindful Attention on Mindful Parenting, Parenting Practices, and Youth Psychopathology
Parent, J. M., Dale, C. F., McKee, L. G., & Sullivan, A. D. W. (2020) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01536-x · Cited by 44 · see citing works
The Effect of Mindfulness-Based and Acceptance Commitment Therapy-Based Interventions to Improve the Mental Well-Being Among Parents of Children with Developmental Disabilities: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Chua, J. Y. X., & Shorey, S. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-04893-1 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“After undergoing the intervention, they would have acquired a better understanding of mindfulness and hence scored themselves more accurately (Coatsworth et al. 2015).”
Background
The implications of parent mental health and wellbeing for parent-child attachment: A systematic review
Risi, A., Pickard, J. A., & Bird, A. L. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0260891 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
The Mindfulness‐enhanced Strengthening Families Program: Integrating brief mindfulness activities and parent training within an evidence‐based prevention program
Coatsworth, J. D., Duncan, L. G., Berrena, E., Bamberger, K. T., Loeschinger, D. C., Greenberg, M. T., & Nix, R. L. (2014) · New Directions for Youth Development · doi:10.1002/yd.20096 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Role of Attention in Therapy for Children and Adolescents Who Stutter: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Mindfulness-Based Interventions
Harley, J. (2018) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2018_ajslp-odc11-17-0196 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Unfolding Relations among Mindful Parenting, Recurrent Conflict, and Adolescents’ Externalizing and Internalizing Problems
Park, Y. R., Nix, R. L., Duncan, L. G., Coatsworth, J. D., & Greenberg, M. T. (2019) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.12498 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citation
Benefits of Mindfulness for Parenting in Mothers of Preschoolers in Chile
Corthorn, C. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01443 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Understanding and Watering the Seeds of Compassion
Greenberg, M. T., & Turksma, C. (2015) · Research in Human Development · doi:10.1080/15427609.2015.1068060 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
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What’s your motivation to be pregnant? Relations between motives for parenthood and women’s prenatal functioning.
BRENNING, K. M., Soenens, B., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2015) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/fam0000110 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
An Interdisciplinary Perspective on the Origins of Concern for Others
Zahn‐Waxler, C., Schoen, A. J., & Jean Decety, A. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316271698.008 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Change in participant engagement during a family-based preventive intervention: Ups and downs with time and tension.
Bamberger, K. T., Coatsworth, J. D., Fosco, G. M., & Ram, N. (2014) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/fam0000036 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citation
Preliminary Evaluation of an Innovative, Brief Parenting Program Designed to Promote Self-Regulation in Parents and Children
Lengua, L. J., Ruberry, E. J., McEntire, C., Klein, M. R., & Jones, B. E. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-1016-y · Cited by 35 · see citing works
A Psychometric Evaluation of the Revised Parental Emotion Regulation Inventory
Lorber, M. F., Vecchio, T. D., Feder, M. A., & Slep, A. M. S. (2016) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-016-0578-3 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Examining the Association Between Emotional Availability and Mindful Parenting
Benton, J., Coatsworth, J. D., & Biringen, Z. C. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01384-x · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citation
Integrating dialectical behavior therapy with child and parent training interventions: A narrative and theoretical review.
Zalewski, M., Maliken, A. C., Lengua, L. J., Martin, C. G., Roos, L. E., & Everett, Y. (2020) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/cpsp.12363 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
The effect of Mindful Parenting Training on Parent–Child Interactions, Parenting Stress, and Cognitive Emotion Regulation in Mothers of Preschool Children
kakhki, Z. B., Mashhadi, A., Yazdi, S. A. A., & Saleh, S. (2022) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-022-02420-z · Cited by 31 · see citing works
La dimension interpersonnelle de la pleine conscience
Khoury, B., Grégoire, S., & Dionne, F. (2020) · Annales Médico-psychologiques revue psychiatrique · doi:10.1016/j.amp.2018.10.018 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Strengthening parenting in conflict-affected communities: development of the Caregiver Support Intervention
Miller, K. E., Ghalayini, H., Arnous, M., Tossyeh, F., Chen, A., van den Broek, M., Koppenol‐Gonzalez, G. V., Saade, J., & Jordans, M. J. D. (2020) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2020.8 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
The Association Between Mindful Parenting and Adolescent Internalizing and Externalizing Problems: The Role of Mother–Child Communication
Yang, W., Deng, J., & Wang, Y.-Y. (2021) · Child Psychiatry and Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-021-01168-9 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Profiles of Emotion Socialization Across Development and Longitudinal Associations with Youth Psychopathology
McKee, L. G., DiMarzio, K., Parent, J. M., Dale, C. F., Acosta, J., & O’Leary, J. L. (2021) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-021-00829-6 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Mindful Parenting and Parent Technology Use: Examining the Intersections and Outlining Future Research Directions
Lippold, M. A., McDaniel, B. T., & Jensen, T. M. (2022) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci11020043 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Mindful parenting: future directions and challenges
Cowling, C., & Gordon, W. V. (2021) · International Journal of Spa and Wellness · doi:10.1080/24721735.2021.1961114 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Cognitively‐Based Compassion Training for parents reduces cortisol in infants and young children
Poehlmann, J., Engbretson, A. M., Vigna, A. J., Weymouth, L., Burnson, C., Zahn‐Waxler, C., Kapoor, A., Gerstein, E. D., Fanning, K. A., & Raison, C. L. (2019) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21831 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Enhancing Parental Well-being: Initial Efficacy of a 21-Day Online Self-help Mindfulness-Based Intervention for Parents
Cheung, R. Y. M., Chan, S. K. C., Chui, H. T., Chan, W. M., & Ngai, S. Y. S. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01998-1 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Affective dysregulation in childhood - optimizing prevention and treatment: protocol of three randomized controlled trials in the ADOPT study
Döpfner, M., Katzmann, J., Hanisch, C., Fegert, J. M., Kölch, M. G., Ritschel, A., Treier, A., Hellmich, M., Roessner, V., Ravens‐Sieberer, U., et al. (2019) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-019-2239-8 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Mindful Parenting Programs in Non-clinical Contexts: A Qualitative Review of Child Outcomes and Programs, and Recommendations for Future Research
Kil, H., & Antonacci, R. (2020) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-020-01714-4 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Mindfulness Initiatives for Students, Teachers, and Parents: a Review of Literature and Implications for Practice During COVID-19 and Beyond
Garro, A., Janal, M., Kondroski, K., Stillo, G. C., & Vega, V. (2023) · Contemporary School Psychology · doi:10.1007/s40688-022-00446-0 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Predictors of Group Leaders’ Perceptions of Parents’ Initial and Dynamic Engagement in a Family Preventive Intervention
Coatsworth, J. D., Hemady, K. T., & George, M. W. (2017) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-017-0781-5 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citation
Exploring the Links between Facets of Mindfulness and Parenting Efficacy and Stress
Burke, L. K., McGill, J. M., & Adler‐Baeder, F. M. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01692-2 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
The heart of the matter: Developing the whole child through community resources and caregiver relationships
Morris, A. S., Hays-Grudo, J., Kerr, K. L., & Beasley, L. O. (2021) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579420001595 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Review of Nonverbal Communication in Parent–Child Relationships: Assessment and Intervention
Colegrove, V. M., & Havighurst, S. S. (2016) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-016-0563-x · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Mindful feeding and child dietary health
Emley, E. A., Taylor, M. B., & Musher‐Eizenman, D. R. (2016) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2016.12.002 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Needs assessment for cultural adaptation of Strengthening Families Program (SFP 10-14-UK) in Brazil
Murta, S. G., Nobre-Sandoval, L. D. A., Pedralho, M., Tavares, T. N. G., Ramos, C. E. P. L., Allen, D., & Coombes, L. (2018) · Psicologia Reflexão e Crítica · doi:10.1186/s41155-018-0105-0 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Affective Neural Mechanisms of a Parenting-Focused Mindfulness Intervention
Turpyn, C. C., Chaplin, T. M., Fischer, S. F., Thompson, J. C., Fedota, J. R., Baer, R. A., & Martelli, A. M. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-019-01118-6 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Parental Reflective Capacities: A Scoping Review of Mindful Parenting and Parental Reflective Functioning
Huynh, T., Kerr, M. L., Kim, C. N., Fourianalistyawati, E., Chang, V. Y., & Duncan, L. G. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02379-6 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citation
Sustaining care: cultivating mindful practice in early years professional development
Taggart, G. (2015) · Early Years Journal of International Research and Development · doi:10.1080/09575146.2015.1105200 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Does a mindfulness-augmented version of the German Strengthening Families Program reduce substance use in adolescents? Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Arnaud, N., Baldus, C., Laurenz, L. J., Bröning, S., Brandt, M., Kunze, S., Austermann, M. I., Zimmermann, L., Daubmann, A., & Thomasius, R. (2020) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-020-4065-1 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Linking Mothers’ Difficulties in Emotion Regulation to Children/Adolescents’ Emotional Eating in Pediatric Obesity: the Mediating Role of Mindful Parenting and Children/Adolescents’ Depressive Symptoms
Gouveia, M. J., Canavarro, M. C., & Moreira, H. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-1055-4 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Flourishing families: Effects of a positive psychology intervention on parental flow, engagement, meaning and hope
Pentti, S., Fagerlund, Å., & Nyström, P. (2019) · International Journal of Wellbeing · doi:10.5502/ijw.v9i4.1003 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Parenting an Early Adolescent: a Pilot Study Examining Neural and Relationship Quality Changes of a Mindfulness Intervention
May, L. M., Reinka, M. A., Tipsord, J. M., Felver, J. C., & Berkman, E. T. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0563-3 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Exploring the short-term effects of the Strengthening Families Program on Brazilian adolescents: a pre-experimental study
Murta, S. G., Vinha, L. G. D. A., Nobre-Sandoval, L. D. A., Rocha, V. P. S., Duailibe, K. D., Gomes, M. D. S. M., Farias, D. A., & FOXCROFT, D. R. (2020) · Drugs Education Prevention and Policy · doi:10.1080/09687637.2020.1769030 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Exploring Relationships Between CARE Program Fidelity, Quality, Participant Responsiveness, and Uptake of Mindful Practices
Fosco, S. L. D., Jennings, P. A., Brown, J. L., Rasheed, D. S., DeWeese, A., Frank, J. L., Turksma, C., & Greenberg, M. T. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-1034-9 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citation
Mindfulness-enhanced parenting programmes for improving the psychosocial outcomes of children (0 to 18 years) and their parents
Featherston, R., Barlow, J., Song, Y., Haysom, Z., Loy, B., Tufford, L., & Shlonsky, A. (2024) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012445.pub2 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Social Validity of the Strengthening Families Program in Northeastern Brazil: the Voices of Parents, Adolescents, and Facilitators
Murta, S. G., Nobre-Sandoval, L. D. A., Rocha, V. P. S., Miranda, A. A. V., Duailibe, K. D., Farias, D. A., de Menezes, J. C. L., Abdala, I. G., Gomes, M. D. S. M., & Vinha, L. G. D. A. (2020) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-020-01173-9 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Negative Parenting Styles and Psychological Crisis in Adolescents: Testing a Moderated Mediating Model of School Connectedness and Self-Esteem
Zhao, J.-G., Zhao, H., & Zhou, A.-B. (2023) · Behavioral Science · doi:10.3390/bs13110929 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Mindful Parenting, Caregiver Distress, and Conduct Problems in Children With Autism
Raulston, T. J., Kosty, D. B., & McIntyre, L. L. (2021) · American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1352/1944-7558-126.5.396 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Mindfulness Interventions to Reduce Impact of Interparental Conflict on Adolescents.
Lucas-Thompson, R. G., Seiter, N. S., Broderick, P. C., & Coatsworth, J. D. (2020) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01599-y · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citation
Effectiveness of Mindfulness Intervention on Psychological Behaviors Among Adolescents With Parental HIV Infection: A Group-Randomized Controlled Trial
Mon, M.-M., Liabsuetrakul, T., & Htut, K.-M. (2016) · Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/1010539516675698 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Tri-process model of interpersonal mindfulness: theoretical framework and study protocol
Khoury, B., Manova, V., Adel, L., Dumas, G., Lifshitz, M., Vergara, R. C., Sekhon, H., & Rej, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1130959 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The Influence of Mindful Parenting on Children’s Creative Tendencies: The Chain Mediating Effect of Parent–Child Intimacy and Connectedness to Nature
He, J., Wang, Z., Zhang, Y., Feng, S., Han, J., Quan, H., & Li, C. (2024) · Behavioral Science · doi:10.3390/bs14030223 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Understanding Process in Group-Based Intervention Delivery: Social Network Analysis and Intra-entity Variability Methods as Windows into the “Black Box”
Elreda, L. M., Coatsworth, J. D., Gest, S. D., Ram, N., & Bamberger, K. T. (2016) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-016-0699-3 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citation
A Pilot Randomized Trial of a Mindfulness-Informed Intervention for Child Welfare-Involved Families
Brown, S. M., Bender, K. A., Bellamy, J. L., Garland, E., Dmitrieva, J., & Jenson, J. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-1001-5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Effect of Midwife-led Psycho-Education on Parental Stress, Postpartum Depression and Parental Competency in High Risk Pregnancy Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Chaharrahifard, L., Jashni Motlagh, A., Akbari-Kamrani, M., Ataee, M., & Esmaelzadeh –Saeieh, S. (2021) · Journal of Caring Sciences · doi:10.34172/jcs.2021.014 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Within-Family Associations Between Parental Psychological Control and Externalizing Problems Among Chinese Children: Links to Between-Family Mindful Parenting
Bi, S., Huang, J., Cui, L., & Zhou, H. (2023) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-023-01101-9 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Children's opposition, marital and life satisfaction: the mediating role of parenting stress
Matalon, C., Turliuc, M., & Măirean, C. (2022) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.12670 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Parent Engagement in Online Mindfulness Exercises Within a Parent Training Program for Post-Deployed Military Families
Zhang, N., Rudi, J. H., Zamir, O., & Gewirtz, A. H. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0810-2 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The Mediation of Family Context and Youth Depressive Symptoms by Adolescent Emotion Regulation
LaMontagne, L. G., Diehl, D. C., Doty, J. L., & Smith, S. (2022) · Youth & Society · doi:10.1177/0044118x211067266 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Do Less Mindful Mothers Show Better Parenting via Improvements in Trait Mindfulness Following a Military Parent Training Program?
Zhang, N., Zhang, J.-C., & Gewirtz, A. H. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00909 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Effects of A Parenting-Focused Mindfulness Intervention on Adolescent Substance Use and Psychopathology: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Chaplin, T. M., Mauro, K. L., Curby, T. W., Niehaus, C. E., Fischer, S. F., Turpyn, C. C., Martelli, A. M., Miller, A. B., Leichtweis, R. N., Baer, R. A., et al. (2021) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-021-00782-4 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Mindfulness-Based Childbirth Education: Incorporating Adult and Experiential Learning With Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction in Childbirth Education
Hauck, Y. L., Fisher, C. M., Byrne, J., & Bayes, S. J. (2016) · The Journal of Perinatal Education · doi:10.1891/1058-1243.25.3.162 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Mothers’ psychopathology symptoms and mindful parenting in the postpartum period: The role of parental reflective functioning
Nobre‐Trindade, C., Caçador, M. I., Canavarro, M. C., & Moreira, H. (2021) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21947 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Parents’ Dispositional Mindfulness, Child Conflict Discussion, and Childhood Internalizing Difficulties: A Preliminary Study
Bird, A. L., Russell, P. S., Pickard, J. A., Donovan, M. O., Madsen, M., & Herbert, J. S. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01625-5 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Interpersonal Mindfulness in Parenting (IM-P) Scale
Duncan, L. G. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-77644-2_30-1 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citation

The Mindfulness‐enhanced Strengthening Families Program: Integrating brief mindfulness activities and parent training within an evidence‐based prevention program
Coatsworth, J. D., Duncan, L. G., Berrena, E., Bamberger, K. T., Loeschinger, D. C., Greenberg, M. T., & Nix, R. L. (2014) · New Directions for Youth Development · doi:10.1002/yd.20096 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citation
Changing parent's mindfulness, child management skills and relationship quality with their youth: Results from a randomized pilot intervention trial
Coatsworth, J. D., Duncan, L. G., Greenberg, M. T., & Nix, R. L. (2010) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-009-9304-8 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Self-citation
Pilot Study to Gauge Acceptability of a Mindfulness-Based, Family-Focused Preventive Intervention
Duncan, L. G., Coatsworth, J. D., & Greenberg, M. T. (2009) · The Journal of Primary Prevention · doi:10.1007/s10935-009-0185-9 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citation
REPORT FROM THE FIELD Pilot Study to Gauge Acceptability of a Mindfulness- Based, Family-Focused Preventive Intervention
Greenberg, M. T., & Duncan, L. G. (2009)
Self-citation
Randomized controlled trial evaluating the effectiveness of mindful parenting and parent management training
Denis Hong-wang, K. W. A. N., Lam, S., & Shum, K. K. (2026) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2026.105073 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Authors: Coatsworth, J. D., Duncan, L. G., Nix, R. L., Greenberg, M. T., Gayles, J. G., Bamberger, K. T., Berrena, E., & Demi, M. A.
Affiliations: Colorado State University (US)
University of California, San Francisco (US)
Pennsylvania State University (US)
ORCID: Coatsworth, J. Douglas
Duncan, Larissa G.
Nix, Robert L.
Greenberg, Mark T.
Gayles, Jochebed G.
Bamberger, Katharine T.
Venue: Developmental Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2015
Volume: 51
Issue: 1
Pages: 26-35
ISSN: 0012-1649 (ISSN-L)
1939-0599
DOI: 10.1037/a0038212
PMC: PMC4485922
OpenAlex: W1976348101
Cited by: 238
References: 46
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 3 · 2012: 1
FWCI: 16.13
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Developmental Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Drug Abuse (RO1DA026217, T32 DA017629, F31DA03849)
Pennsylvania State University Children Youth and Families Consortium
National Institutes of Health (K01AT005270)
The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Demography › Family Dynamics and Relationships
Keywords: mindfulness training, parent training, Strengthening Families Program, parenting skills, parent-youth relationships, parental well-being, family-based prevention, fathers, comparative effectiveness
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Child, Emotions, Family, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Parent-Child Relations, Parents, Personal Satisfaction, Program Evaluation, Parenting, Mindfulness

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Integrating mindfulness with parent training: effects of the Mindfulness-Enhanced Strengthening Families Program

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