Association of Facebook Use With Compromised Well-Being: A Longitudinal Study
Abstract
Face-to-face social interactions enhance well-being. With the ubiquity of social media, important questions have arisen about the impact of online social interactions. In the present study, we assessed the associations of both online and offline social networks with several subjective measures of well-being. We used 3 waves (2013, 2014, and 2015) of data from 5,208 subjects in the nationally representative Gallup Panel Social Network Study survey, including social network measures, in combination with objective measures of Facebook use. We investigated the associations of Facebook activity and real-world social network activity with self-reported physical health, self-reported mental health, self-reported life satisfaction, and body mass index. Our results showed that overall, the use of Facebook was negatively associated with well-being. For example, a 1-standard-deviation increase in "likes clicked" (clicking "like" on someone else's content), "links clicked" (clicking a link to another site or article), or "status updates" (updating one's own Facebook status) was associated with a decrease of 5%-8% of a standard deviation in self-reported mental health. These associations were robust to multivariate cross-sectional analyses, as well as to 2-wave prospective analyses. The negative associations of Facebook use were comparable to or greater in magnitude than the positive impact of offline interactions, which suggests a possible tradeoff between offline and online relationship…
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There is evidence for a concerning association between social media use and health-related outcomes.
“While there is certainly evidence for a concerning association, there is a suggestion that how one uses social media matters more than the quantity of use (Bekalu et al., 2019; Killam, 2020).”
From Self-management strategies to consider to combat endometriosis symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020) · cites this paper as Shakya and Christakis, 2017
The more time young people spent on social media, particularly Facebook, the unhappier they were.
“A study focused on addiction to social media by Shakya and Christakis (2017) found that the more time young people spent on social media, particularly Facebook, the unhappier they were.”
From Ethics of the Attention Economy: The Problem of Social Media Addiction (2021) · cites this paper as Shakya and Christakis (2017)
More time devoted to interacting with real-world friends predicted better later outcomes on physical health, mental health, life satisfaction, and body mass index.
“On the other hand, the more time their respondents devoted to interacting with real-world friends, the better they later fared on these measures.”
From Ethics of the Attention Economy: The Problem of Social Media Addiction (2021) · cites this paper as Shakya and Christakis (2017)
Facebook use has been shown to be negatively correlated with consumer well-being.
“Additionally, Facebook use has been shown to be negatively correlated with consumer well-being (Shakya and Christakis 2017)”
From The future of social media in marketing (2020) · cites this paper as Shakya and Christakis 2017
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- Authors
- Shakya, H. B., & Christakis, N. A.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Shakya, Holly B.
- Venue
- American Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2017-01-16
- Volume
- 185
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 203-211
- ISSN
- 0002-9262 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-6256
- OpenAlex
- W2573955387
- Cited by
- 378
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 55 · 2020: 72 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 11
- FWCI
- 83.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Science Applications › Digital Media and Philosophy
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Keywords
- Facebook use, social media, well-being, mental health, life satisfaction, physical health, body mass index, social networking sites, offline social interaction, social network activity, status updates
- MeSH terms
- Health Status, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Longitudinal Studies, Mental Health, Personal Satisfaction, Surveys and Questionnaires, Social Behavior, United States, Body Mass Index, Multivariate Analysis, Linear Models, Self Report, Social Networking, Social Media
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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