CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 331Substance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesPsychotherapy Techniques and ApplicationsAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

A Meta-Analysis of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Alcohol or Other Drug Use Disorders: Treatment Efficacy by Contrast Condition

Open access
Magill, Molly, Ray, Lara, Kiluk, Brian, Hoadley, Ariel, Bernstein, Michael, Tonigan, J. Scott, Carroll, Kathleen·2019·Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
DOI 10.1037/ccp0000447PMC PMC6856400
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: This meta-analysis examined 30 randomized controlled trials (32 study sites; 35 study arms) that tested the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for alcohol or other drug use disorders. The study aim was to provide estimates of efficacy against three levels of experimental contrast (i.e., minimal [k = 5]; nonspecific therapy [k = 11]; specific therapy [k = 19]) for consumption frequency and quantity outcomes at early (1 to 6 months [kes = 41]) and late (8+ months [kes = 26]) follow-up time points. When pooled effect sizes were statistically heterogeneous, study-level moderators were examined. METHOD: The inverse-variance weighted effect size was calculated for each study and pooled under random effects assumptions. Sensitivity analyses included tests of heterogeneity, study influence, and publication bias. RESULTS: CBT in contrast to minimal treatment showed a moderate and significant effect size that was consistent across outcome type and follow-up. When CBT was contrasted with a nonspecific therapy or treatment as usual, treatment effect was statistically significant for consumption frequency and quantity at early, but not late, follow-up. CBT effects in contrast to a specific therapy were consistently nonsignificant across outcomes and follow-up time points. Of 10 pooled effect sizes examined, two showed moderate heterogeneity, but multivariate analyses revealed few systematic predictors of between-study variance. CONCLUSIONS: The current meta-analysis shows that CBT is more effective than a no treatment, minimal treatment, or nonspecific control. Consistent with findings on other evidence-based therapies, CBT did not show superior efficacy in contrast to another specific modality. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/ccp0000447

Cites

69 of 69 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 30 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    CBT effects in contrast to a specific therapy were consistently non-significant across outcomes and follow-up time points.

    “CBT effects in contrast to a specific therapy were consistently non-significant across outcomes and follow-up time points.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    When CBT was contrasted with non-specific therapy or treatment as usual, treatment effect was not statistically significant at late follow-up.

    “When CBT was contrasted with a non-specific therapy or treatment as usual, treatment effect was statistically significant for consumption frequency and quantity at early, but not late, follow-up.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Of ten pooled effect sizes examined, two showed moderate heterogeneity.

    “Of ten pooled effect sizes examined, two showed moderate heterogeneity, but multivariate analyses revealed few systematic predictors of between-study variance.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    When CBT was contrasted with non-specific therapy or treatment as usual, treatment effect was statistically significant for consumption frequency and quantity at early follow-up.

    “When CBT was contrasted with a non-specific therapy or treatment as usual, treatment effect was statistically significant for consumption frequency and quantity at early, but not late, follow-up.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Multivariate analyses revealed few systematic predictors of between-study variance.

    “Of ten pooled effect sizes examined, two showed moderate heterogeneity, but multivariate analyses revealed few systematic predictors of between-study variance.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 16
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 20

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The final meta-analytic sample included 30 studies, 32 study sites, and 5,398 participants.

    “The final meta-analytic sample was comprised of K = 30 studies, with 32 study sites (i.e., two studies provided two sites each, Project MATCH Research Group, 1997; McAuliffe, 1990), and a total of 5,398 participants.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The meta-analysis examined 30 randomized controlled trials, 32 study sites, and 35 study arms testing CBT for alcohol or other drug use disorders.

    “This meta-analysis examined 30 randomized controlled trials (32 study sites; 35 study arms) that tested the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for alcohol or other drug use disorders (AUD/SUD).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    CBT in contrast to minimal treatment showed a moderate and significant effect size that was consistent across outcome type and follow-up.

    “CBT in contrast to minimal treatment showed a moderate and significant effect size that was consistent across outcome type and follow-up.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Two of 10 pooled effect sizes had sufficient systematic heterogeneity to warrant moderator analyses (I2 range 45-59%), and only one of these two subgroups had enough studies to provide variability in the covariates examined.

    “two out of 10 pooled effect sizes were determined to have sufficient systematic heterogeneity to warrant moderator analyses. Of these two estimates (I2 range = 45 – 59%), only one subgroup also contained a sufficient k number of studies to provide variability in the covariates examined.”
    • Also stated in: § Limitations · plain
      “In this study, two of 10 subgroup effect sizes showed greater than 40% systematics heterogeneity, and one of these two subgroups had a sufficient number of studies to allow multivariate moderator analysis.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    CBT effect sizes were small to non-significant in contrast to non-specific and specific therapies, respectively.

    “Consistent with a number of evidence-based addictions therapies, CBT effect sizes were small to non-significant in contrast to non-specific and specific therapies, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For non-specific therapy contrast conditions, the pooled effect size for frequency outcomes at early follow-up was small and statistically significant, g = .18 (95% CI .02, .35, p = .04; tau2 = .03; I2 = 45%; k = 9), with a success rate roughly 8% higher than the median within the contrast condition.

    “The pooled effect size for frequency outcomes at early follow-up was small and statistically significant (g = .18: 95% CI = .02, .35, p = .04; tau2 = .03, Q > .05, I2 = 45%; k = 9)6 with a success rate roughly 8% higher than the median within the contrast condition.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The derived effect sizes showed minimal heterogeneity, and when heterogeneity was observed, moderator analyses revealed few significant moderating factors, possibly due to low statistical power.

    “In summary, the derived effect sizes showed minimal heterogeneity, and when heterogeneity was observed, moderator analyses revealed few significant moderating factors possibly due to low statistical power.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Irvin et al. (1999) reported a small overall effect size (r = .14, p < .05) for relapse prevention.

    “They reported a small overall effect size (r = .14, p < .05), and suggested relapse prevention was more effective for alcohol use disorder than for other substances and when delivered in combination with a pharmacological intervention.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Irvin and colleagues (1999)

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    CBT is more effective than a no treatment, minimal treatment, or non-specific control.

    “The current meta-analysis shows that CBT is more effective than a no treatment, minimal treatment, or non-specific control.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In Magill and Ray (2009), effects for specific contrasts were small (g = .11, p < .05) and common (k = 17/53).

    “In comparison, effects for non-specific contrasts (i.e., a passive, but time-matched or usual care control condition; e.g., treatment as usual, supportive therapy, drug counseling) and specific contrasts (i.e., another manualized therapy condition; e.g., Motivational Interviewing, Contingency Management) were small and more common in the literature (g =.15, p < .005, k = 32/53; g =.11, p < .05, k”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Magill & Ray, 2009

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Addiction information, mutual support, and 12-step program involvement are established elements of community-based care and confer benefit in their own right.

    “These are established elements of community-based care and confer benefit in their own right (SAMHSA, 2017).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites SAMHSA, 2017

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In Magill and Ray (2009), effects for non-specific contrasts were small (g = .15, p < .005) and common (k = 32/53).

    “In comparison, effects for non-specific contrasts (i.e., a passive, but time-matched or usual care control condition; e.g., treatment as usual, supportive therapy, drug counseling) and specific contrasts (i.e., another manualized therapy condition; e.g., Motivational Interviewing, Contingency Management) were small and more common in the literature (g =.15, p < .005, k = 32/53; g =.11, p < .05, k”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Magill & Ray, 2009

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The cognitive-behavioral emphasis on relapse prevention suggests that CBT is well-suited to abstinence maintenance and long-term functioning.

    “The cognitive-behavioral emphasis on relapse prevention suggests this is a treatment well-suited to abstinence maintenance and long-term functioning.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    Publication bias was assessed using rank correlation and graphical methods.

    “Finally, to test for potential publication bias, the relationship between error and effect size was assessed using rank correlation (Begg & Mazumdar, 1994) and graphical methods (Egger, Smith, Schneider, & Minder, 1997).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Begg & Mazumdar, 1994

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Egger, Smith, Schneider, & Minder, 1997

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationown data

    Caution is warranted about the quantity-outcome pattern because relatively fewer primary studies contributed quantity outcome effect estimates.

    “but caution is warranted due to the relatively smaller number of primary studies contributing quantity outcome effect estimates.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Sensitivity analyses included tests of heterogeneity, study influence, and publication bias.

    “Sensitivity analyses included tests of heterogeneity, study influence, and publication bias.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    Abstract screening was performed by two raters.

    “Abstract screening occurred by two raters in ABSTRKR (Wallace, Small, Brodley, Lau, & Trikalinos, 2012).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Irvin et al. suggested relapse prevention was more effective for alcohol use disorder than for other substances.

    “They reported a small overall effect size (r = .14, p < .05), and suggested relapse prevention was more effective for alcohol use disorder than for other substances and when delivered in combination with a pharmacological intervention.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Irvin and colleagues (1999)

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Magill and Ray's findings related to superior effects with alcohol use disorder were not replicated.

    “In 2009, Magill and Ray followed up this work with a meta-analysis of 53 experimental CBT studies, reporting a similar overall effect size (g = .15, p < .005), although findings related to superior effects with alcohol use disorder were not replicated.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Magill & Ray, 2009

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    Trimmed estimates with influential studies removed were provided.

    “Trimmed estimates with influential studies removed (Baujat, Mahé, Pignon, & Hill, 2002) were also provided.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Baujat, Mahé, Pignon, & Hill, 2002

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    In this meta-analysis, two types of treatment outcomes were selected a priori: alcohol or other drug use frequency and quantity.

    “In this meta-analysis, we selected two types of treatment outcomes a priori. These were alcohol or other drug use frequency and quantity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    Study-level risk-of-bias was assessed using Higgins et al. (2011).

    “study-level risk-of-bias (Higgins et al., 2011).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Higgins et al., 2011

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Qualitative reviews reported mixed results on effect variability by primary drug type.

    “Further, qualitative reviews have concluded that CBT is more effective than no treatment, but have reported mixed results on key questions such as efficacy over another evidence-based therapy (Longabaugh & Morgenstern, 1999), effect variability by primary drug type (Mastroleo & Monti, 2013; McHugh, Hearon, & Otto, 2010), and the optimal timing of intervention effects (Carroll & Onken, 2005).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Mastroleo & Monti, 2013

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites McHugh, Hearon, & Otto, 2010

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    The figure follows QUORUM guidelines.

    “Figure 1 provides a visual representation of study inclusion for the present report on stand-alone CBT efficacy with adult AUD/SUD; the figure follows QUORUM guidelines (Moher et al., 1999).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Moher et al., 1999

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Optimal outcomes could vary as a function of intervention modality, including specific ingredients and purported mechanisms of action.

    “Further, optimal outcomes could vary as a function of intervention modality, including specific ingredients and purported mechanisms of action (Donovan et al., 2012).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Donovan et al., 2012

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Qualitative reviews reported mixed results on the optimal timing of intervention effects.

    “Further, qualitative reviews have concluded that CBT is more effective than no treatment, but have reported mixed results on key questions such as efficacy over another evidence-based therapy (Longabaugh & Morgenstern, 1999), effect variability by primary drug type (Mastroleo & Monti, 2013; McHugh, Hearon, & Otto, 2010), and the optimal timing of intervention effects (Carroll & Onken, 2005).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Carroll & Onken, 2005

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Heterogeneity and moderator analyses were considered two primary methods for examining effect size validity.

    “We conducted sensitivity analyses throughout data analysis and considered heterogeneity and moderator analyses as two primary methods for examining effect size validity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    A trade-off of the meta-analysis was that some effect estimates were based on a small number of primary studies, which could result in underpowered moderator analysis if heterogeneity was present.

    “The trade-off was that some effect estimates were comprised of a small number of primary studies, which could result in underpowered moderator analysis if heterogeneity was present in these pooled effects.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Analyses of CBT in contrast to a non-specific therapy showed three influential studies; when these were removed, the overall effect size became non-significant (trimmed g approximately .07 to .26).

    “Analyses of CBT in contrast to a non-specific therapy showed three influential studies that, when removed, the overall effect size became non-significant (gtrimmed ~ .07 to .26).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Analyses of CBT in contrast to another specific therapy showed no influential studies and no evidence of publication bias (τ = .00, p = .500).

    “Analyses of CBT in contrast to another specific therapy showed no influential studies and no evidence of publication bias (Figure 4; τ = .00, p = .500).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In Magill and Ray (2009), the effect of CBT over no treatment was large (g = .79, p < .005) but rare (k = 6/53).

    “Specifically, the effect of CBT over no treatment was large (g =.79, p < .005), but this type of contrast was rare (k = 6/53).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Magill & Ray, 2009

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Qualitative reviews reported mixed results on CBT efficacy over another evidence-based therapy.

    “Further, qualitative reviews have concluded that CBT is more effective than no treatment, but have reported mixed results on key questions such as efficacy over another evidence-based therapy (Longabaugh & Morgenstern, 1999), effect variability by primary drug type (Mastroleo & Monti, 2013; McHugh, Hearon, & Otto, 2010), and the optimal timing of intervention effects (Carroll & Onken, 2005).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Longabaugh & Morgenstern, 1999

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Irvin et al. suggested relapse prevention was more effective when delivered in combination with a pharmacological intervention.

    “They reported a small overall effect size (r = .14, p < .05), and suggested relapse prevention was more effective for alcohol use disorder than for other substances and when delivered in combination with a pharmacological intervention.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Irvin and colleagues (1999)

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Meta-analyses of alcohol or other drug treatments generally show effect sizes in the small to moderate range.

    “Meta-analyses of alcohol or other drug treatments generally show effect sizes in the small to moderate range”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Bertholet, Daeppen, Wietlisbach, Fleming, & Burnand, 2005

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Lundahl, Kunz, Brownell, Tollefson, & Burke, 2010

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Prendergast et al., 2002

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Data extraction was conducted in two independent passes by trained raters, with 95.3% between-rater agreement.

    “Data were extracted in two independent passes conducted by trained raters (i.e., fourth and fifth authors), and showed a between-rater agreement rate of 95.3%.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
35 of 35

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    No CBT meta-analysis across substances or for individual substances had been conducted since Magill and Ray (2009).

    “To our knowledge, this was the last CBT meta-analysis across substances, or for individual substances, conducted to date.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Small sample and small effect studies characterize unpublished research.

    “Here, small sample/small effect studies are assumed to characterize unpublished research, resulting in a significant and negative relationship, thus an asymmetrical funnel plot, when publication bias is present.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The population effect size has an assumed distribution with both systematic and random sources of variability.

    “In this approach, there is an assumed distribution for the population effect size with both systematic and random sources of variability (Hedges & Vevea, 1998).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    This is the first meta-analysis of CBT efficacy for adults with alcohol and other drug use disorders conducted in 10 years.

    “To our knowledge, this is the first meta-analysis of CBT efficacy for adults with alcohol and other drug use disorders conducted in 10 years, despite ongoing research and utilization of the CBT approach.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Studies using a no treatment or minimal treatment contrast provide the optimal conditions for examining the durability of treatment effect.

    “Studies using a no treatment or a minimal treatment contrast provide the optimal conditions for examining the durability of treatment effect.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There is limited evidence for differential efficacy between specific therapies (the dodo bird effect).

    “despite the known phenomenon of limited evidence for differential efficacy between specific therapies (i.e., the dodo bird effect).”
6 of 6

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Evidence-based strategies including contingency management, cognitive-behavioral therapy, dialectical behavior therapy, motivational interviewing, acceptance and commitment therapy, and family-based interventions have demonstrated effectiveness in reducing substance use and enhancing treatment outcomes.

    “Evidence-based strategies, including contingency management (CM), cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), motivational interviewing (MI), acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), and family-based interventions, have demonstrated their effectiveness in reducing substance use and enhancing treatment outcomes”

    From Navigating the Complex Intersection of Substance Use and Psychiatric Disorders: A Comprehensive Review (2024) · cites this paper as [49]

    Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • When contrasted with any specific therapy, CBT's effects were consistently non-significant across outcomes and follow-up time points.

    “However, when contrasted with any spe cific therapy, CBT's effects were consistently non- significant a- cross outcomes and follow- up time points 235 .”

    From Substance use disorders: a comprehensive update of classification, epidemiology, neurobiology, clinical aspects, treatment and prevention (2023) · cites this paper as [235]

  • A meta-analysis of 30 randomized controlled trials found that CBT demonstrated a moderate and significant effect size compared to minimal treatment consistently across outcome types and follow-up periods.

    “Compared to minimal treatment (waitlist, brief psychoeducation), CBT demonstrated a moderate and significant effect size consistently across outcome types and follow-up periods.”

    From A Narrative Review of Current and Emerging Trends in the Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder (2024) · cites this paper as [120]

  • In that meta-analysis, CBT compared to non-specific therapy showed significant effects on consumption frequency and quantity at early follow-up, but not at late follow-up.

    “Contrast with non-specific therapy (supportive therapy, drug counseling) showed significant effects on consumption frequency and quantity at early follow-up, but not at late follow-up.”

    From A Narrative Review of Current and Emerging Trends in the Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder (2024) · cites this paper as [120]

  • In that meta-analysis, CBT effects compared to specific therapy (motivational interviewing, contingency management) were consistently non-significant across outcomes and follow-up times.

    “However, CBT effects compared to specific therapy (motivational interviewing, contingency management) were consistently non-significant across outcomes and follow-up times”

    From A Narrative Review of Current and Emerging Trends in the Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder (2024) · cites this paper as [120]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Early minimal-follow-up k differs within Results and Discussion

    Minor

    One part of the paper reports 4 early minimal-contrast frequency studies, while another says frequency outcomes at early follow-up for no/minimal contrast came from 5 studies. These are the same contrast and outcome/timepoint description, so the counts do not match.

  • No treatment/minimal count stated as seven in Discussion but five in Abstract

    Minor

    The Discussion says estimates were sizable only among seven studies contrasting CBT with a minimal comparison, whereas the Abstract lists minimal contrast as k = 5. The paper does not explain this change in denominator or whether one refers to studies and the other to study sites.

  • Minimal-comparison study counts change in the discussion

    Minor

    The results report four early and two late studies for frequency outcomes with a minimal-treatment comparison. The discussion reports five early and four late studies for the same outcomes and comparison.

  • Outcome-type and follow-up totals differ

    Minor

    The abstract reports 41 early and 26 late effect sizes, totaling 67. The discussion reports 19 quantity and 47 frequency effect sizes, totaling 66, although these are the two stated ways of dividing the effect sizes.

4 of 4

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

2 of the 71 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Magill, M., Ray, L., Kiluk, B., Hoadley, A., Bernstein, M., Tonigan, J. S., & Carroll, K.
Affiliations
  • University of California, Los Angeles (US)
  • Yale University (US)
  • University of New Mexico (US)
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
Publisher
American Psychological Association (APA)
Published
2019-12
Volume
87
Issue
12
Pages
1093-1105
ISSN
  • 0022-006X (ISSN-L)
  • 1939-2117
DOI
10.1037/ccp0000447
PMC
PMC6856400
OpenAlex
W2980109357
Semantic Scholar
aede69e634a288213fe3b8142a863f778b2960f2
Cited by
315
References
71
Citations by year
2026: 55 · 2025: 54 · 2024: 57 · 2023: 62 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 20
FWCI
3.16
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Funders
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (AA026006)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords
cognitive behavioral therapy, alcoholism, substance use disorders, treatment efficacy, drinking frequency, alcohol consumption quantity, evidence-based treatment
MeSH terms
Alcoholism, Humans, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Substance-Related Disorders

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-09-28.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-09-28.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review