Dimensions of early experience and neural development: deprivation and threat
Open accessAbstract
Over the past decade, a growing area of research has focused on adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and their impacts on neural and developmental outcomes. Work in the field to-date has generally conceptualized ACEs in terms of exposure to stress while overlooking the underlying dimensions of environmental experience that may distinctly impact neural development. Here, we propose a novel framework that differentiates between deprivation (absence of expected cognitive and social input) and threat (presence of a threat to one's physical integrity). We draw support for the neural basis of this distinction from studies on fear learning and sensory deprivation in animals to highlight potential mechanisms through which experiences of threat and deprivation could affect neural structure and function in humans.
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The developmental consequences of deprivation and threat are at least partially distinct.
“Although experiences of deprivation often co-occur with experiences of threat (i.e., abuse), the developmental consequences of deprivation and threat are at least partially distinct.(7–9)”
From Neglect as a violation of species-expectant experience: neurodevelopmental consequences (2017) · cites this paper as [9]
Deprivation is the core feature that distinguishes neglect from trauma and abuse.
“Deprivation is the core feature of neglect that distinguishes it from other forms of adversity, such as trauma and abuse, where the most prominent feature is harm or threat of harm to the child.”
From Neglect as a violation of species-expectant experience: neurodevelopmental consequences (2017) · cites this paper as [9]
Evidence is growing that ELA affects mental health by changing the developing brain.
“evidence is accumulating that ELA influences mental health by altering the developing brain in ways that contribute to the onset of psychopathology,1,17,18”
From Early life adversity and health-risk behaviors: Proposed psychological and neural mechanisms (2018) · cites this paper as [18]
Threat and deprivation are two dimensions of ELA that provide a framework for conceptualizing the neural impact of these experiences.
“Threat and deprivation are two dimensions of ELA that provide a framework for conceptualizing the neural impact of these experiences.17,18”
From Early life adversity and health-risk behaviors: Proposed psychological and neural mechanisms (2018) · cites this paper as [18]
Evidence is accumulating that different types of adversities have at least partially distinct associations with brain development.
“Evidence is accumulating that different types of adversities have at least partially distinct associations with brain development. Threat and deprivation are two dimensions of ELA that provide a framework for conceptualizing the neural impact of these experiences.17,18”
From Early life adversity and health-risk behaviors: Proposed psychological and neural mechanisms (2018) · cites this paper as [18]
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- Authors
- Sheridan, M. A., & McLaughlin, K. A.
- Affiliations
- Boston Children's Hospital (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- Venue
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-11
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 580-585
- ISSN
- 1364-6613 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4252647
- OpenAlex
- W2058778398
- Cited by
- 697
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 96 · 2025: 97 · 2024: 84 · 2023: 83 · 2022: 90 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 64 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 2.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (7r03da037405-02)
- National Institute of Mental Health (K01-MH092625, K01MH092555, K01MH092526, R01MH103291)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R03-DA037405)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- adverse childhood experiences, neural development, deprivation, threats, early life experience, fear learning, sensory deprivation, stress, bodily integrity, developmental outcomes
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Child, Child Abuse, Child Development, Child, Preschool, Fear, Humans, Psychosocial Deprivation, Neurogenesis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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