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A circumplex model of affect.
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“''Affective BCIs'' [97], [98] are often based on the so-called ''valence-arousal'' 2D space [99] to de ne emotional classes of interest.”
From Hands-Free Accessible Digital Musical Instruments: Conceptual Framework, Challenges, and Perspectives (2020) · cites this paper as [99]
In the citing paper
“One factor that has undoubtedly contributed to the poor characterization of PA’s role in smoking behavior and abstinence is that many EMA studies examining affect as a predictor of craving or smoking behavior subscribed to the circumplex model of emotion, which suggests that NA and PA are not independent factors of emotion and are, in fact, bipolar ends of the same affective dimension (Russell, 1”
From Modeling naturalistic craving, withdrawal, and affect during early nicotine abstinence: A pilot ecological momentary assessment study. (2015) · cites this paper as Russell, 1980
In the citing paper
“In other words, these pilot data were not consistent with the circumplex model of emotion often utilized in EMA smoking studies which posits that NA and PA represent opposing ends of the same affective dimension (Russell, 1980; Russell & Carroll, 1999; Shiffman, 2013)”
From Modeling naturalistic craving, withdrawal, and affect during early nicotine abstinence: A pilot ecological momentary assessment study. (2015) · cites this paper as Russell, 1980
In the citing paper
“Anxiety represents a state of high arousal and negative valence6 and results in enhanced vigilance in the absence of an immediate threat7.”
From Resolving the neural circuits of anxiety (2015) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“One alternative view, derived from studies of emotional language and supported by Russell and colleagues (Russell, 1980;Russell & Carroll, 1999), is that valence is a bipolar dimension bisected by intensity.Emotions are then distributed in a circle, or circumplex, around a neutral valence point and moderate intensity”
From Emotional Intensity Predicts Autobiographical Memory Experience (2004) · cites this paper as Russell, 1980
In the citing paper
“Others have extended this model to emotional memory for images, facial expressions, language, and experiences (Bradley, Codispoti, Cuthbert, & Lang, 2001;Osgood, 1966;Robinson, 1980;Russell, 1980).”
From Emotional Intensity Predicts Autobiographical Memory Experience (2004) · cites this paper as Russell, 1980
In the citing paper
“They found that the electrodermal activity (EDA) signal was the most beneficial, which is a measure of the eccrine sweat glands [14,15].”
From Food and Mood: Just-in-Time Support for Emotional Eating (2013) · cites this paper as [15]
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“, happily surprised), continuous valence (positivenegative) and arousal (relaxed-intensive) values [71], or Facial Action Units (FACS) activations [25], where each action unit (AU) corresponds to a particular emotion-related facial muscle movement.”
BackgroundDeeply Felt Affect: The Emergence of Valence in Deep Active Inference
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“Some perspectives in emotion research and associated neuroscience research posit that valence is unidimensional (Russell, 1980; Barrett & Russell, 1999) and assume (for example) that a single neural system should increase (or decrease) in activity as valence changes along this dimension.”
BackgroundRULER: A Theory-Driven, Systemic Approach to Social, Emotional, and Academic Learning
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“The second Anchor tool, the Mood Meter (Brackett, Caruso, & Stern, 2006; Caruso & Salovey, 2004), is RULER’s signature tool, which is based on the circumplex model of affect (Russell, 1980).”
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“(2) Inclusion of the valence dimension: as well as the ‘‘positive activation’’ and ‘‘negative activation’’ scales measured by the PANAS, the PANAVA-KS additionally contains valence (pleasantness, Russell, 1980) as a third dimension.”
MethodReal‐Time EEG‐Based Happiness Detection System
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“, 1997; Schümmer, 2007) with emotions such as pleasure (Russell, 1980; Watson & Tellegen, 1985), joy, and surprise (Oliver et al.”
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“We follow Ettema and colleagues (2010) in drawing on the core affect approach developed by Russell (1980, 2003).”
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“The PAAS consists of 12 items corresponding to different emotions (e.g., “energetic,” “calm,” “miserable,” and “tired”) and placed them within four quadrants, in line with Russell’s circumplex model of affect and arousal (Russell, 1980): positive affect, tranquility, negative affect, and fatigue.”
BackgroundUtilizing Deep Learning Towards Multi-Modal Bio-Sensing and Vision-Based Affective Computing
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“Aside from Ekman’s theory other emotional theories could have been the focus of the present work such as Russell’s circumplex model (Russell, 1980), which has been contrasted with Panksepp’s work in Zachar and Ellis (2012) or other theorists such as Cal Izard (e.”
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“…finding more deeply, Cloude et al. (2021a,b) studied the relation between emotional dynamics and its impact on cognition and learning with MetaTutor by multiple components using Plass and Kaplan’s (2016) Cognitive-Affective Model of Multimedia learning and Russell (1980) Circumplex Model of Affect.”
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“…as happiness, anger, and sadness (Ekman, 1999; Izard, 2007; Tomkins, 1962), or as phenomena that are reducible to more primitive dimensions, such as valence (i.e., degree of positivity vs. negativity) and arousal (Russell, 1980) or positive and negative activation (Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988).”
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“According to the circumplex model of emotions, each basic emotion is postulated to be a combination of these two domains, in differing degrees (Russell, 1980; Zald, 2003; Posner et al., 2009).”
BackgroundGao, T., Zhang, T., Zhu, L., Gao, Y., & Qiu, L. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16173102 · Cited by 223
“This finding advocated the speculation that a good experience of aesthetic preference associated with nature may improve individuals’ positive moods [45], although negative mood, attention, and physiological stress were not strongly statistically associated, perhaps due to the limited samples.”
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“…can be arranged in a circle controlled by two independent dimensions: hedonic (pleasure-displeasure) and arousal (rest-activated) (Figure 1, left) (Russell, 1980; Russell and Barrett, 1999; Posner et al., 2005; Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org 2 April 2019 | Volume 10 | Article…”
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“Emotions are expressed in terms of arousal and valence levels according to the Russel’s circumplex model of affect [2], whereas the cardiovascular dynamics is estimated through standard and nonlinear HRV measures, which have been demonstrated to be effective quantifiers of the ANS activity on the…”
MethodLitter impacts on scenery and tourism on the Colombian north Caribbean coast
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“…perspective, a dimensionalist perspective (e.g., examining emotions at the level of positive and negative affect or valence and arousal; Russell, 1980; Watson & Tellegen, 1985), or a social or psychological constructivist perspective (i.e., treating distinct emotions as cognitively…”
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“These analysts have been influenced by work that maps SWB along two dimensions: positive versus negative affect (indicating the degree of pleasure or displeasure) and high versus low mental arousal (indicating the extent of mental activation) (Russell, 1980, 2003; Warr, 2007; Warr et al., 2013).”
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Generativity in Midlife and Young Adults: Links to Agency, Communion, and Subjective Well-Being
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Self-Report Measures of Boredom: An Updated Review of the Literature
Vodanovich, S. J., & Watt, J. D. (2015) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2015.1074531 · Cited by 237
“Last, boredom has commonly been discussed as a combination of low arousal and dissatisfaction or displeasure (e.g., K. Daniels, 2000; Mikulas & Vodanovich, 1993; Pekrun, 1992; Russell, 1980; Warr, 1987).”
BackgroundAffective Determinants of Physical Activity: A Conceptual Framework and Narrative Review
Stevens, C. J., Baldwin, A. S., Bryan, A. D., Conner, M. T., Rhodes, R. E., & Williams, D. M. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.568331 · Cited by 243
“To summarize briefly, Russell (1980) proposed a circumplex model to describe core affect whereby two neurophysiological systems, valence (pleasure-displeasure) and arousal (energy-lethargy), give rise to all other feeling-based experiences (see Figure 2).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSaganowski, S., Perz, B., Polak, A. G., & Kazienko, P. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/taffc.2022.3176135 · Cited by 236
International Affective Picture System
Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_42 · Cited by 215
The development of emotion perception in face and voice during infancy
Grossmann, T. (2010) · Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience · doi:10.3233/rnn-2010-0499 · Cited by 230
Toward a Minimal Representation of Affective Gestures
Glowinski, D., Dael, N., Camurri, A., Volpe, G., Mortillaro, M., & Scherer, K. R. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/t-affc.2011.7 · Cited by 222
Deep learning-based late fusion of multimodal information for emotion classification of music video
Pandeya, Y. R., & Lee, J. (2020) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-020-08836-3 · Cited by 236
“The dimensional model defines emotion as numerical values over several emotion dimensions (e.g., valence and arousal [48, 54]).”
BackgroundThe Circumplex Model: Methods and Research Applications
Gurtman, M. B., & Pincus, A. L. (2003) · Handbook of Psychology · doi:10.1002/0471264385.wei0216 · Cited by 213
Díaz-García, A., González-Robles, A., Mor, S., Mira, A., Quero, S., García-Palacios, A., Baños, R. M., & Botella, C. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-2472-1 · Cited by 207
The impact of affect on service quality and satisfaction: the moderation of service contexts
Jiang, Y., & Wang, C. L. (2006) · Journal of Services Marketing · doi:10.1108/08876040610674562 · Cited by 214
The psychology of appraisal: : Specific emotions and decision-making
So, J., Achar, C., Han, D., Agrawal, N., Duhachek, A., & Maheswaran, D. (2015) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2015.04.003 · Cited by 207
“Based on research distinguishing guilt and shame based on individuals' concerns vis-à-vis others (Lindsay-Hartz, De Rivera, & Mascolo, 1995; Tangney, 1995), Agrawal and Duhachek (2010) examined the effect of guilt and shame on individuals' responses toward anti-drinking ad messages.”
BackgroundFour not six: Revealing culturally common facial expressions of emotion.
Jack, R. E., Sun, W. P., Delis, I., Garrod, O., & Schyns, P. G. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000162 · Cited by 226
Subject independent emotion recognition from EEG using VMD and deep learning
Pandey, P., & Seeja, K. R. (2019) · Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jksuci.2019.11.003 · Cited by 213
“With this valence–arousal model (Russell, 1980), emotions can be classified as shown in Table 4.”
Metadata
- Authors
- Russell, J. A.
- Corresponding author
- Russell, James A.
- ORCID
- Russell, James A.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1980-12
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1161-1178
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2149628368
- Cited by
- 16,334
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1046 · 2025: 1188 · 2024: 1163 · 2023: 1110 · 2022: 1098 · 2021: 1182 · 2020: 1089 · 2019: 967 · 2018: 794 · 2017: 698 · 2016: 698 · 2015: 698 · 2014: 690 · 2013: 630 · 2012: 489
- FWCI
- 8.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- affect, circumplex model, emotions, valence, arousal, affective domain
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