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A circumplex model of affect.
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“''Affective BCIs'' [97], [98] are often based on the so-called ''valence-arousal'' 2D space [99] to de ne emotional classes of interest.”
From Hands-Free Accessible Digital Musical Instruments: Conceptual Framework, Challenges, and Perspectives (2020) · cites this paper as [99]
In the citing paper
“One factor that has undoubtedly contributed to the poor characterization of PA’s role in smoking behavior and abstinence is that many EMA studies examining affect as a predictor of craving or smoking behavior subscribed to the circumplex model of emotion, which suggests that NA and PA are not independent factors of emotion and are, in fact, bipolar ends of the same affective dimension (Russell, 1”
From Modeling naturalistic craving, withdrawal, and affect during early nicotine abstinence: A pilot ecological momentary assessment study. (2015) · cites this paper as Russell, 1980
In the citing paper
“In other words, these pilot data were not consistent with the circumplex model of emotion often utilized in EMA smoking studies which posits that NA and PA represent opposing ends of the same affective dimension (Russell, 1980; Russell & Carroll, 1999; Shiffman, 2013)”
From Modeling naturalistic craving, withdrawal, and affect during early nicotine abstinence: A pilot ecological momentary assessment study. (2015) · cites this paper as Russell, 1980
In the citing paper
“Anxiety represents a state of high arousal and negative valence6 and results in enhanced vigilance in the absence of an immediate threat7.”
From Resolving the neural circuits of anxiety (2015) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“One alternative view, derived from studies of emotional language and supported by Russell and colleagues (Russell, 1980;Russell & Carroll, 1999), is that valence is a bipolar dimension bisected by intensity.Emotions are then distributed in a circle, or circumplex, around a neutral valence point and moderate intensity”
From Emotional Intensity Predicts Autobiographical Memory Experience (2004) · cites this paper as Russell, 1980
In the citing paper
“Others have extended this model to emotional memory for images, facial expressions, language, and experiences (Bradley, Codispoti, Cuthbert, & Lang, 2001;Osgood, 1966;Robinson, 1980;Russell, 1980).”
From Emotional Intensity Predicts Autobiographical Memory Experience (2004) · cites this paper as Russell, 1980
In the citing paper
“They found that the electrodermal activity (EDA) signal was the most beneficial, which is a measure of the eccrine sweat glands [14,15].”
From Food and Mood: Just-in-Time Support for Emotional Eating (2013) · cites this paper as [15]
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“On the other hand, the arousal scale captures the feeling of active to inactive (Russell, 1980), as shown in Fig.”
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“Affective state was measured along the two dimensions of the circumplex model of affect [70]: valence (7-point scale; negative to positive) and arousal (7-point scale; low energy to high energy).”
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“FLEs’ efforts to respond to customer expectations while also becoming recipient of uncivil behaviours from the very same customers which they must serve, leads to increased levels of arousal combined with low levels of pleasure, a condition of distress (Russell, 1980).”
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“Finally, there may be valence by arousal interactions—anger and disgust are both higharousal negative emotions (J. A. Russell, 1980)—which is why it is important to match both dimensions in studies examining these two emotions.”
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“First, we tested the possibility 137 that EmoNet is tracking a lower-dimensional space, such as one organized by valence and arousal (Russell 1980), 138 rather than a rich category-specific representation.”
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“Most work assumes a dimensional model in which emotions are defined primarily by valence/polarity and arousal/intensity (Russell, 1980; Feldman Barrett and Russell, 1998; Rubin and Talerico, 2009), and the dominant application is predicting the valence of product, company, and service reviews.”
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“This memory facilitation effect is related to emotional dimensions including valence, arousal and relevance (Hamann, 2001; Kensinger, 2009; Mather et al. 2016; McGaugh, 2000; Montagrin & Sander, 2016; Montagrin, Brosch, & Sander, 2013; Russell, 1980; Sander, Grandjean, & Scherer, 2005).”
BackgroundSeen and Unseen Emotional Style Transfer for Voice Conversion with A New Emotional Speech Dataset
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“On the other hand, emotions and moods can be conceptualised as dimensional, and hence classified and quantified along two or more continuous, dimensional scales such as valence (pleasant/unpleasant or positive/negative) and arousal (activation) (Russell, 1980; Wundt, 1896, in Ekman, 2016).”
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“The previous example relates to the important, yet unresolved, aspect of admiration’s definition: its level of arousal and approach function (Russell, 1980).”
BackgroundThe bored mind is a guiding mind: toward a regulatory theory of boredom
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“Working from circumplex models of affect (Russell, 1980), we selected these items to represent both low-arousal (sad, depressed, lonely) and high-arousal (angry, anxious, stressed) negative affect (and checked item fit with Dutchlanguage valence and arousal norms; Moors et al., 2013).”
MethodArtificial Emotional Intelligence in Socially Assistive Robots for Older Adults: A Pilot Study
Abdollahi, H., Mahoor, M. H., Zandie, R., Siewierski, J., & Qualls, S. H. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/taffc.2022.3143803 · Cited by 209
“There are several models of emotions in the literature [51], where Russell’s [52] and Ekman’s [53] are the most common models used in HRI studies [54], [55].”
MethodCognitive load theory and its relationships with motivation: A self-determination theory perspective
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“Circumplex models are often used in other areas of psychological research to study the structure of affect (Russell, 1980), personality (Plut-chik & Conte, 1997), and leadership styles (Redeker et al., 2014).”
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“Mapping of the categorical emotions in valence-arousal space [36]. continuous scores may not be meaningful due to lack of agreed-upon standards for subjective emotion rating.”
BackgroundChildren's Knowledge of the Situations that Provoke Emotion
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Emotion and Motivation: Measuring Affective Perception
Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (1998) · Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1097/00004691-199809000-00004 · Cited by 193
Mehrabian, A. (1997) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/bf02229025 · Cited by 194
Why we like to watch sad films. The pleasure of being moved in aesthetic experiences.
Hanich, J., Wagner, V., Shah, M., Jacobsen, T., & Menninghaus, W. (2014) · Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts · doi:10.1037/a0035690 · Cited by 194
Affective neurolinguistics: towards a framework for reconciling language and emotion
Hinojosa, J. A., Moreno, E. M., & Ferré, P. (2019) · Language Cognition and Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/23273798.2019.1620957 · Cited by 200
Facial Expression Recognition: A Survey
Huang, Y., Chen, F., Lv, S., & Wang, X. (2019) · Symmetry · doi:10.3390/sym11101189 · Cited by 195
“In the decades of studying FER, Action Units (AUs) [11] and the Valence–Arousal space (V–A space) [12] are two popular models.”
BackgroundState mood, task performance, and behavior at work: A within-persons approach
Miner, A. G., & Glomb, T. M. (2010) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2009.11.009 · Cited by 202
Burn, C. C. (2017) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.06.006 · Cited by 193
“Increasingly in animal studies (Mendl, Burman, & Paul, 2010), emotions are classified according to a ‘dimensional model’, each usually described in terms of valence (pleasantness) and arousal (Russell, 1978; Russell, 1980).”
BackgroundAsselbergs, J., Ruwaard, J., Ejdys, M., Schrader, N., Sijbrandij, M., & Riper, H. (2016) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.5505 · Cited by 192
“As in the study by LiKamWa et al [13], we assessed mood through the circumplex model of affect [18], which conceptualizes mood as a two-dimensional construct comprising different levels of valence (positive/negative affect) and arousal.”
What reported food-evoked emotions may add: A model to predict consumer food choice
Gutjar, S., Dalenberg, J. R., de Graaf, C., de Wijk, R. A., Palascha, A., Renken, R. J., & Jager, G. (2015) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2015.06.008 · Cited by 192
Shopping under the influence of curiosity: How retailers use mystery to drive purchase motivation
Hill, K. M., Fombelle, P. W., & Sirianni, N. J. (2015) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.08.015 · Cited by 191
“” These loadings corresponded to the quadrants of the circumplex model of affect (Russell, 1980).”
BackgroundInfluentialEvoked Emotions Predict Food Choice
Dalenberg, J. R., Gutjar, S., Horst, G. J. T., de Graaf, K. C., Renken, R. J., & Jager, G. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0115388 · Cited by 203
“These can be mapped in an affective space comprised of two orthogonal axes, ranging from unpleasant to pleasant and from calm to excitement, for valence and arousal, respectively [18–21].”
BackgroundGrewe, O., Nagel, F., Kopiez, R., & ALTENMÜLLER, E. O. (2007) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.7.4.774 · Cited by 191
Beauty as an Emotion: The Exhilarating Prospect of Mastering a Challenging World
Armstrong, T., & Detweiler-Bedell, B. T. (2008) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0012558 · Cited by 202
When a Car Makes You Smile: Development and Application of an Instrument to Measure Product Emotions
Desmet, P., Hekkert, P., & Jacobs, J. J. (2000) · ACR North American Advances · Cited by 190
Metadata
- Authors
- Russell, J. A.
- Corresponding author
- Russell, James A.
- ORCID
- Russell, James A.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1980-12
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1161-1178
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2149628368
- Cited by
- 16,334
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1046 · 2025: 1188 · 2024: 1163 · 2023: 1110 · 2022: 1098 · 2021: 1182 · 2020: 1089 · 2019: 967 · 2018: 794 · 2017: 698 · 2016: 698 · 2015: 698 · 2014: 690 · 2013: 630 · 2012: 489
- FWCI
- 8.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- affect, circumplex model, emotions, valence, arousal, affective domain
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