The DOI matches its Crossref record; 58 of the 58 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A circumplex model of affect.
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In the citing paper
“''Affective BCIs'' [97], [98] are often based on the so-called ''valence-arousal'' 2D space [99] to de ne emotional classes of interest.”
From Hands-Free Accessible Digital Musical Instruments: Conceptual Framework, Challenges, and Perspectives (2020) · cites this paper as [99]
In the citing paper
“One factor that has undoubtedly contributed to the poor characterization of PA’s role in smoking behavior and abstinence is that many EMA studies examining affect as a predictor of craving or smoking behavior subscribed to the circumplex model of emotion, which suggests that NA and PA are not independent factors of emotion and are, in fact, bipolar ends of the same affective dimension (Russell, 1”
From Modeling naturalistic craving, withdrawal, and affect during early nicotine abstinence: A pilot ecological momentary assessment study. (2015) · cites this paper as Russell, 1980
In the citing paper
“In other words, these pilot data were not consistent with the circumplex model of emotion often utilized in EMA smoking studies which posits that NA and PA represent opposing ends of the same affective dimension (Russell, 1980; Russell & Carroll, 1999; Shiffman, 2013)”
From Modeling naturalistic craving, withdrawal, and affect during early nicotine abstinence: A pilot ecological momentary assessment study. (2015) · cites this paper as Russell, 1980
In the citing paper
“Anxiety represents a state of high arousal and negative valence6 and results in enhanced vigilance in the absence of an immediate threat7.”
From Resolving the neural circuits of anxiety (2015) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“One alternative view, derived from studies of emotional language and supported by Russell and colleagues (Russell, 1980;Russell & Carroll, 1999), is that valence is a bipolar dimension bisected by intensity.Emotions are then distributed in a circle, or circumplex, around a neutral valence point and moderate intensity”
From Emotional Intensity Predicts Autobiographical Memory Experience (2004) · cites this paper as Russell, 1980
In the citing paper
“Others have extended this model to emotional memory for images, facial expressions, language, and experiences (Bradley, Codispoti, Cuthbert, & Lang, 2001;Osgood, 1966;Robinson, 1980;Russell, 1980).”
From Emotional Intensity Predicts Autobiographical Memory Experience (2004) · cites this paper as Russell, 1980
In the citing paper
“They found that the electrodermal activity (EDA) signal was the most beneficial, which is a measure of the eccrine sweat glands [14,15].”
From Food and Mood: Just-in-Time Support for Emotional Eating (2013) · cites this paper as [15]
Citations
Cites
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 1,101–1,134 of 1,134
Reranking partisan animosity in algorithmic social media feeds alters affective polarization
Piccardi, T., Saveski, M., Jia, C., Hancock, J., Tsai, J. L., & Bernstein, M. S. (2025) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adu5584 · Cited by 34
“We measured the inter-vention’s effect on affective polarization ( 43 ) and emotional experience ( 44 ).”
Emotion assessment using Machine Learning and low-cost wearable devices
Laureanti, R., Bilucaglia, M., Zito, M., Circi, R., Fici, A., Rivetti, F., Valesi, R., Oldrini, C., Mainardi, L. T., & Russo, V. (2020) · 2020 42nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc44109.2020.9175221 · Cited by 33
“In fact, according to the Russell’s circumplex model [9], the knowledge of both arousal and valence is a sufficient condition to uniquely identify the emotions.”
MethodAre people with social anxiety disorder happier alone?
Goodman, F. R., Rum, R., Silva, G., & Kashdan, T. B. (2021) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102474 · Cited by 33
Facing Sorrow as a Group Unites. Facing Sorrow in a Group Divides
Rennung, M., & Göritz, A. S. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0136750 · Cited by 33
Affective Intensity and Lability: Heritability in Adult Male Twins
Coccaro, E. F., Ong, A. D., Seroczynski, A. D., & Bergeman, C. S. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.06.042 · Cited by 29
Nazarov, A., Frewen, P., Oremus, C., Schellenberg, E. G., McKinnon, M. C., & Lanius, R. (2015) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12364 · Cited by 30
“Performance was lower (54%) for fearful-sounding stimuli, presumably because of confusions based on arousal level or valence (43) and associated acoustic cues (44).”
BackgroundSelf-talk and emotions in tennis players during competitive matches
Fritsch, J., Jekauc, D., Elsborg, P., Latinjak, A. T., Reichert, M., & Hatzigeorgiadis, A. (2022) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413200.2020.1821406 · Cited by 30
“’s (2017) study, revealing that athletes report more spontaneous than goal-directed self-talk in situations in which they experience anger or anxiety, which are both considered to be high intensity emotions (Russell, 1980).”
BackgroundBrush, C. J., Foti, D., Bocchine, A. J., Muniz, K. M., Gooden, M. J., Spaeth, A. M., Miller, M. W., & Alderman, B. L. (2020) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2020.100339 · Cited by 29
Available alternative incentives modulate anticipatory nucleus accumbens activation
Cooper, J. C., Hollon, N. G., Wimmer, G. E., & Knutson, B. (2009) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsp031 · Cited by 27
I see neither your Fear, nor your Sadness – interoception in adolescents
Georgiou, E., Mai, S., Fernandez, K. C., & Pollatos, O. (2018) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2018.02.011 · Cited by 25
Involving Users to Improve the Collaborative Logical Framework
Santos, O. C., & Boticario, J. G. (2014) · The Scientific World Journal · doi:10.1155/2014/893525 · Cited by 25
Boyle, H. K., Dunsiger, S. I., Bohlen, L. C., Emerson, J. A., Lee, H. H., Stevens, C. J., & Williams, D. M. (2020) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-019-00118-0 · Cited by 20
“…used the Feeling Scale (Hardy & Rejeski, 1989) to assess the global domain of core affective valence (i.e., good/pleasure versus bad/displeasure) (Russell, 1980) in response to PA rather than assessing more specific affective states (e.g., depressed, anxious, excited, energized) (see Ekkekakis &…”
MethodInteractive emotional content communications system using portable wireless biofeedback device
Kim, D., Kim, J., Lee, E., Whang, M., & Cho, Y. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics · doi:10.1109/tce.2011.6131173 · Cited by 22
Izhar, L. I., Babiker, A., Rizki, E. E., Lu, C.-K., & Abdul Rahman, M. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22072703 · Cited by 21
“According to the Circumplex Model of Affect [77], the video stimulus is defined as ‘happy’ when the levels of valence and arousal are above 5.”
MethodBryan, A. D., Magnan, R. E., Hooper, A. E., Ciccolo, J. T., Marcus, B., & Hutchison, K. E. (2013) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/1479-5868-10-139 · Cited by 21
Identification of affective state change in adults with aphasia using speech acoustics
Gillespie, S., Laures-Gore, J., Moore, E., Farina, M., Russell, S., & Haaland, B. (2018) · Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2018_jslhr-s-17-0057 · Cited by 20
“Valence, or pleasure, and arousal have endured a long history of cohabitation within the emotion literature (e.g., Russell, 1980).”
BackgroundGendron, M., Mesquita, B., & Barrett, L. F. (2020) · Culture, Mind, and Brain · doi:10.1017/9781108695374.010 · Cited by 20
Kim, S., & Kwon, J.-H. (2020) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-019-10045-8 · Cited by 17
“2005; Russell 1980).”
Performance, Workload, Emotion, and Self-Efficacy of Novice Programmers Using AI Code Generation
Gardella, N., Pettit, R., & Riggs, S. L. (2024) · Proceedings of the 2024 on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education V. 1 · doi:10.1145/3649217.3653615 · Cited by 15
“C+ to B) and a self-grade of eight, for example, corresponds to a B. Figure 2: Exact questions asked to participants about their emotional affect alongside a complimentary visualization based on the Russell [33] circumplex of affect model.”
InfluentialDavanzo, N., & Avanzini, F. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.3019978 · Cited by 16
“‘‘Affective BCIs’’ [97], [98] are often based on the so-called ‘‘valence-arousal’’ 2D space [99] to define emotional classes of interest.”
Continuous Organismic Sentience as the Integration of Core Affect and Vitality
Cea, I., & Martínez-Pernía, D. (2023) · Journal of Consciousness Studies · doi:10.53765/20512201.30.3.007 · Cited by 15
“The first is the notion of core affect from experimental psychologist James Russell and colleagues (Russell, 1980; 2003; 2005; 2017; Russell and Barrett, 1999; Yik, Russell and Steiger, 2011).”
Cooper, S. E., Miranda, R., & Mennin, D. S. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.033512 · Cited by 15
Decoding episodic autobiographical memory in naturalistic virtual reality
Lenormand, D., Mentec, I., Gaston-Bellegarde, A., Orriols, E., & Piolino, P. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-76944-3 · Cited by 12
Budzynski-Seymour, E., Wade, M., Lawson, R., Lucas, A., & Steele, J. (2019) · The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness · doi:10.23736/s0022-4707.18.09351-9 · Cited by 8
“Affective responses were also considered through the circumplex model.(18) Valence was measured using the Children’s Feeling Scale (CFS) and”
MethodZhao, F., Li, Y., Hu, W., Zhang, H., Wu, H., & Fan, Q. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06670-6 · Cited by 7
“Arousal dimension refers to state levels of heightened physiological activity (Russell et al., 1980).”
Anhedonia in trauma related disorders: the good, the bad, and the shut-down
DePierro, J. M., D’Andrea, W., & Frewen, P. (2014) · Anhedonia: A Comprehensive Handbook Volume II · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-8610-2_7 · Cited by 7
Lee, S. J., Paas, L., & Ahn, H. S. (2024) · International Journal of Market Research · doi:10.1177/14707853241261248 · Cited by 6
“Other notable emotion models include Plutchik ’ s Wheel of Emotions (Plutchik & Kellerman, 1980), which identi fi es eight primary emotions and their varying intensities, and Russell ’ s circumplex model (Russell, 1980), which arranges emotions along the dimensions of arousal and valence.”
Emotionally based strategic communications as a new tool in defensive cognitive warfare
Ćosić, K., Popović, S., & Wiederhold, B. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1751406 · Cited by 4
“…emotions such as fear, anger, humiliation, sadness, and frustration (Ekman, 1992; Roseman, 1991; Demszky et al., 2020), which occupy unpleasant/high-arousal region in the valence–arousal space of dimensional emotion models (Russell, 1980; Barrett, 1998; Posner et al., 2005; Buechel and Hahn, 2017).”
The InBoard Emotional Contagion Model
Haag, C., & Getz, I. (2016) · Emotions and Organizational Governance · doi:10.1108/s1746-979120160000012005 · Cited by 4
Towards a Human-Centered Approach for VRET Systems: Case Study for Acrophobia
Bălan, O., Cristea, Ș., Moldoveanu, A., Moise, G., Leordeanu, M., & Moldoveanu, F. (2020) · Lecture Notes in Information Systems and Organisation · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-49644-9_11 · Cited by 3
Moussaoui, K., & Farah, M. (2024) · 2024 IEEE 7th International Conference on Advanced Technologies, Signal and Image Processing (ATSIP) · doi:10.1109/atsip62566.2024.10638977 · Cited by 2
“For example, Ekman et al. [3] identified six primary emotions, Plutchik [4] introduced the emotion wheel, and Russell developed the valence-arousal scale [5].”
Chesnais, N., Cabagno, G., & Verret, C. (2023) · Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs · doi:10.1111/1471-3802.12587 · Cited by 3
Lingelbach, K., Tagalidou, N., Markey, P. S., Föll, B., Peissner, M., & Vukelić, M. (2022) · Mensch und Computer 2022 · doi:10.1145/3543758.3543771 · Cited by 2
“The circumplex model of affect [63] suggests that affective states are composed by two diametric neurophysiological systems, namely (a) valence (i.e., continuous evaluation of pleasant vs. un-pleasant states) and, (b) arousal (i.e., continuous measure of physical activation; see [59], for a review).”
BackgroundBirch, J. (2024) · The Edge of Sentience · doi:10.1093/9780191966729.003.0003 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Russell, J. A.
- Corresponding author
- Russell, James A.
- ORCID
- Russell, James A.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1980-12
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1161-1178
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2149628368
- Cited by
- 16,334
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1046 · 2025: 1188 · 2024: 1163 · 2023: 1110 · 2022: 1098 · 2021: 1182 · 2020: 1089 · 2019: 967 · 2018: 794 · 2017: 698 · 2016: 698 · 2015: 698 · 2014: 690 · 2013: 630 · 2012: 489
- FWCI
- 8.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- affect, circumplex model, emotions, valence, arousal, affective domain
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