Diminished Cortical Thickness Is Associated with Impulsive Choice in Adolescence
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
Adolescence is characterized by both maturation of brain structure and increased risk of negative outcomes from behaviors associated with impulsive decision-making. One important index of impulsive choice is delay discounting (DD), which measures the tendency to prefer smaller rewards available soon over larger rewards delivered after a delay. However, it remains largely unknown how individual differences in structural brain development may be associated with impulsive choice during adolescence. Leveraging a unique large sample of 427 human youths (208 males and 219 females) imaged as part of the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort, we examined associations between delay discounting and cortical thickness within structural covariance networks. These structural networks were derived using non-negative matrix factorization, an advanced multivariate technique for dimensionality reduction, and analyzed using generalized additive models with penalized splines to capture both linear and nonlinear developmental effects. We found that impulsive choice, as measured by greater discounting, was most strongly associated with diminished cortical thickness in structural brain networks that encompassed the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, temporal pole, and temporoparietal junction. Furthermore, structural brain networks predicted DD above and beyond cognitive performance. Together, these results suggest that reduced cortical thickness in regions known to be involved in value-based decision-making is a marker of impulsive choice during the critical period of adolescence. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Risky behaviors during adolescence, such as initiation of substance use or reckless driving, are a major source of morbidity and mortality. In this study, we present evidence from a large sample of youths that diminished cortical thickness in specific structural brain networks is associated with impulsive choice. Notably, the strongest association between impulsive choice and brain structure was seen in regions implicated in value-based decision-making; namely, the ventromedial prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortices. Moving forward, such neuroanatomical markers of impulsivity may aid in the development of personalized interventions targeted to reduce risk of negative outcomes resulting from impulsivity during adolescence.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
A quality control procedure verified that participants' responses were influenced by task-relevant variables.
“To ensure that participants were not responding randomly, we conducted a quality control procedure69. We verified that participants’responses were influenced by task-relevant variables.”
From Temporal discounting predicts procrastination in the real world (2024) · cites this paper as [69]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing
Benjamini, Y., & Hochberg, Y. (1995) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology · doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x · Cited by 109,482 · see citing works
Power failure: why small sample size undermines the reliability of neuroscience
Button, K. S., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Mokrysz, C., Nosek, B. A., Flint, J., Robinson, E. S. J., & Munafò, M. R. (2013) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3475 · Cited by 7,641 · see citing works
Wood, S. N. (2011) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B (Statistical Methodology) · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9868.2010.00749.x · Cited by 7,451 · see citing works
Dissociable intrinsic connectivity networks for salience processing and executive control
Seeley, W. W., Menon, V., Schatzberg, A. F., Keller, J., Glover, G. H., Kenna, H., Reiss, A. L., & Greicius, M. D. (2007) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5587-06.2007 · Cited by 7,426 · see citing works
N4ITK: Improved N3 Bias Correction
Tustison, N. J., Avants, B., Cook, P. A., Zheng, Y., Egan, A., Yushkevich, P. A., & Gee, J. C. (2010) · IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging · doi:10.1109/tmi.2010.2046908 · Cited by 6,119 · see citing works
Self-citationBrain development during childhood and adolescence: a longitudinal MRI study
Giedd, J. N., Blumenthal, J., Jeffries, N. O., Castellanos, F. X., Liu, H., Zijdenbos, A., Paus, T., Evans, A. C., & Rapoport, J. L. (1999) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/13158 · Cited by 5,552 · see citing works
A reproducible evaluation of ANTs similarity metric performance in brain image registration
Avants, B. B., Tustison, N. J., Song, G., Cook, P. A., Klein, A., & Gee, J. C. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.09.025 · Cited by 4,796 · see citing works
Self-citationCluster failure: why fMRI inferences for spatial extent have inflated false-positive rates
Eklund, A., Nichols, T. E., & Knutsson, H. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1602413113 · Cited by 3,487 · see citing works
Casey, B. J., Jones, R. M., & Hare, T. A. (2008) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1440.010 · Cited by 3,345 · see citing works
Marcus, D. S., Wang, T. H., Parker, J., Csernansky, J. G., Morris, J. C., & Buckner, R. L. (2007) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2007.19.9.1498 · Cited by 2,163 · see citing works
Stable and Efficient Multiple Smoothing Parameter Estimation for Generalized Additive Models
Wood, S. (2004) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1198/016214504000000980 · Cited by 2,046 · see citing works
Bartra, O., McGuire, J. T., & Kable, J. W. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.02.063 · Cited by 1,927 · see citing works
Self-citationThe neural correlates of subjective value during intertemporal choice
Kable, J. W., & Glimcher, P. W. (2007) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn2007 · Cited by 1,916 · see citing works
Self-citationYouth Risk Behavior Surveillance - United States, 2009
Eaton, D. K., Kann, L. K., Kinchen, S., Shanklin, S. L., Flint, K. H., Hawkins, J., Harris, W. A., Lowry, R., McManus, T., Chyen, D., et al. (2010) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e661322010-001 · Cited by 1,753 · see citing works
Longitudinal Mapping of Cortical Thickness and Brain Growth in Normal Children
Sowell, E. R., Thompson, P. M., Leonard, C. M., Welcome, S. E., Kan, E., & Toga, A. W. (2004) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1798-04.2004 · Cited by 1,481 · see citing works
Sexual dimorphism of brain developmental trajectories during childhood and adolescence
Lenroot, R. K., Gogtay, N., Greenstein, D. K., Wells, E. M., Wallace, G. L., Clasen, L. S., Blumenthal, J. D., Lerch, J., Zijdenbos, A. P., Evans, A. C., et al. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.03.053 · Cited by 1,309 · see citing works
Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance--United States, 1995.
Kann, L., Warren, C., Harris, W., Collins, J. L., Williams, B., Ross, J., & Kolbe, L. (1996) · MMWR CDC Surveillance Summaries · doi:10.1037/e641342009-001 · Cited by 1,266 · see citing works
Age differences in future orientation and delay discounting
Steinberg, L., Graham, S., O’Brien, L., Woolard, J., Cauffman, E., & Banich, M. (2009) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01244.x · Cited by 1,237 · see citing works
A Population-Average, Landmark- and Surface-based (PALS) atlas of human cerebral cortex
Van Essen, D. C. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.06.058 · Cited by 1,151 · see citing works
An Integrated Software Suite for Surface-based Analyses of Cerebral Cortex
Essen, D. C. V., Drury, H. A., Dickson, J., Harwell, J., Hanlon, D., & Anderson, C. H. (2001) · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · doi:10.1136/jamia.2001.0080443 · Cited by 1,100 · see citing works
Imaging structural co-variance between human brain regions
Alexander-Bloch, A., Giedd, J. N., & Bullmore, E. (2013) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3465 · Cited by 1,064 · see citing works
WITHIN‐SUBJECT COMPARISON OF REAL AND HYPOTHETICAL MONEY REWARDS IN DELAY DISCOUNTING
Johnson, M. W., & Bickel, W. K. (2002) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1901/jeab.2002.77-129 · Cited by 991 · see citing works
Tjur, T. (2009) · The American Statistician · doi:10.1198/tast.2009.08210 · Cited by 916 · see citing works
Multi-Atlas Segmentation with Joint Label Fusion
Wang, H., Suh, J. W., Das, S. R., Pluta, J. B., Craige, C., & Yushkevich, P. A. (2013) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tpami.2012.143 · Cited by 796 · see citing works
The neural mechanisms of inter-temporal decision-making: understanding variability
Peters, J., & Büchel, C. (2011) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.03.002 · Cited by 693 · see citing works
Large-scale evaluation of ANTs and FreeSurfer cortical thickness measurements
Tustison, N. J., Cook, P. A., Klein, A., Song, G., Das, S. R., Duda, J. T., Kandel, B. M., van Strien, N., Stone, J. R., Gee, J. C., et al. (2014) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.05.044 · Cited by 670 · see citing works
Self-citationGur, R., Richard, J., Hughett, P., Calkins, M., Macy, L., Bilker, W., Brensinger, C., & Gur, R. E. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2009.11.017 · Cited by 578 · see citing works
Self-citationBickel, W. K., Miller, M. L., Yi, R., Kowal, B. P., Lindquist, D. M., & Pitcock, J. A. (2007) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.09.016 · Cited by 571 · see citing works
An Open Source Multivariate Framework for n-Tissue Segmentation with Evaluation on Public Data
Avants, B., Tustison, N. J., Wu, J., Cook, P. A., & Gee, J. C. (2011) · Neuroinformatics · doi:10.1007/s12021-011-9109-y · Cited by 559 · see citing works
Self-citationGur, R. C., Richard, J., Calkins, M. E., Chiavacci, R., Hansen, J. A., Bilker, W. B., Loughead, J., Connolly, J. J., Qiu, H., Mentch, F. D., et al. (2012) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/a0026712 · Cited by 507 · see citing works
Self-citationNeuroimaging of the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort
Satterthwaite, T. D., Elliott, M. A., Ruparel, K., Loughead, J., Prabhakaran, K., Calkins, M. E., Hopson, R., Jackson, C., Keefe, J., Riley, M., et al. (2014) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.07.064 · Cited by 504 · see citing works
Self-citationAdolescent risky decision-making: Neurocognitive development of reward and control regions
Van Leijenhorst, L., Moor, B. G., Op de Macks, Z. A., Rombouts, S. A. R. B., Westenberg, P. M., & Crone, E. A. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.02.038 · Cited by 467 · see citing works
Shamosh, N. A., DeYoung, C. G., Green, A. E., Reis, D. L., Johnson, M. R., Conway, A. R. A., Engle, R. W., Braver, T. S., & Gray, J. R. (2008) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02175.x · Cited by 452 · see citing works
Dissociable neural representations of future reward magnitude and delay during temporal discounting
Ballard, K., & Knutson, B. D. (2008) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.11.004 · Cited by 450 · see citing works
Modeling Myopic Decisions: Evidence for Hyperbolic Delay-Discounting within Subjects and Amounts
Kirby, K. N., & Maraković, N. N. (1995) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1006/obhd.1995.1086 · Cited by 448 · see citing works
Quantitative Assessment of Structural Image Quality
Rosen, A. F. G., Roalf, D., Ruparel, K., Blake, J., Seelaus, K., Villa, L., Ciric, R., Cook, P. A., Davatzikos, C., Elliott, M., et al. (2017) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.12.059 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
Self-citationBeyond stereotypes of adolescent risk taking: Placing the adolescent brain in developmental context
Römer, D., Reyna, V. F., & Satterthwaite, T. D. (2017) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2017.07.007 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
Self-citationNetwork-level structural covariance in the developing brain
Zielinski, B. A., Gennatas, E. D., Zhou, J., & Seeley, W. W. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1003109107 · Cited by 405 · see citing works
Does delay discounting play an etiological role in smoking or is it a consequence of smoking?
Audrain-McGovern, J., Rodriguez, D., Epstein, L. H., Cuevas, J., Rodgers, K., & Wileyto, E. P. (2009) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.12.019 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
Delay discounting and intelligence: A meta-analysis
Shamosh, N. A., & Gray, J. R. (2007) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2007.09.004 · Cited by 376 · see citing works
Unraveling the Miswired Connectome: A Developmental Perspective
Martino, A. D., Fair, D. A., Kelly, C. A. M., Satterthwaite, T. D., Castellanos, F. X., Thomason, M. E., Craddock, R. C., Luna, B., LEVENTHAL, B. L., Zuo, X., et al. (2014) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.08.050 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Self-citationSatterthwaite, T. D., Connolly, J. J., Ruparel, K., Calkins, M. E., Jackson, C., Elliott, M. A., Roalf, D. R., Hopson, R., Prabhakaran, K., Behr, M., et al. (2016) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.03.056 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Self-citationScheres, A., Dijkstra, M., Ainslie, E., Balkan, J., Reynolds, B., Sonuga-Barke, E., & Castellanos, F. X. (2006) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.10.012 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Psychometric Properties of the Penn Computerized Neurocognitive Battery
Moore, T. M., Reise, S. P., Gur, R. E., Hakonarson, H., & Gur, R. C. (2015) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/neu0000093 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
Self-citationDelay discounting and the alcohol Stroop in heavy drinking adolescents
Field, M., Christiansen, P., Cole, J. C., & Goudie, A. J. (2007) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.01743.x · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Bickel, W. K., Pitcock, J. A., Yi, R., & Angtuaco, E. J. C. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5319-08.2009 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Adolescents, adults and rewards: Comparing motivational neurocircuitry recruitment using fMRI
Bjork, J. M., Smith, A. R., Chen, G., & Hommer, D. W. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011440 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Evaluation of volume-based and surface-based brain image registration methods
Klein, A., Ghosh, S. S., Avants, B., Yeo, B. T. T., Fischl, B., Ardekani, B., Gee, J. C., Mann, J. J., & Parsey, R. V. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.01.091 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Registration based cortical thickness measurement
Das, S. R., Avants, B., Grossman, M., & Gee, J. C. (2008) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.12.016 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Impact of puberty on the evolution of cerebral perfusion during adolescence
Satterthwaite, T., Shinohara, R., Wolf, D., Hopson, R., Elliott, M., Vandekar, S., Ruparel, K., Calkins, M., Roalf, D., Gennatas, E. D., et al. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.1400178111 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Self-citationMyopic Discounting of Future Rewards after Medial Orbitofrontal Damage in Humans
Sellitto, M., Ciaramelli, E., & di Pellegrino, G. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2516-10.2010 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Cross-hemispheric functional connectivity in the human fetal brain
Thomason, M. E., Dassanayake, M. T., Shen, S., Katkuri, Y., Alexis, M., Anderson, A. L., Yeo, L., Mody, S., Hernandez-Andrade, E., Hassan, S. S., et al. (2013) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3004978 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Multiple behavioural impulsivity tasks predict prospective alcohol involvement in adolescents
Fernie, G., Peeters, M., Gullo, M. J., Christiansen, P., Cole, J. C., Sumnall, H., & Field, M. (2013) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.12283 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Dombrovski, A. Y., Siegle, G. J., Szántó, K., Clark, L., Reynolds, C. F., & Aizenstein, H. J. (2011) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291711002133 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Social discounting involves modulation of neural value signals by temporoparietal junction
Strombach, T., Weber, B., Hangebrauk, Z., Kenning, P. H., Karipidis, I. I., Tobler, P. N., & Tobias Kalenscher, A. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1414715112 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Olson, E. A., Collins, P. F., Hooper, C. J., Muetzel, R., Lim, K. O., & Luciana, M. (2009) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21107 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Neuroanatomical Correlates of the Income-Achievement Gap
Mackey, A. P., Finn, A. S., Leonard, J. A., Jacoby-Senghor, D. S., West, M. R., Gabrieli, C. F. O., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2015) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797615572233 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Schwartz, D. L., Mitchell, A. D., Lahna, D. L., Luber, H. S., Huckans, M. S., Mitchell, S. H., & Hoffman, W. F. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.01.056 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Finding imaging patterns of structural covariance via Non-Negative Matrix Factorization
Sotiras, A., Resnick, S. M., & Davatzikos, C. A. (2014) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.11.045 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Self-citationMorphometric Correlation of Impulsivity in Medial Prefrontal Cortex
Cho, S. S., Pellecchia, G., Aminian, K., Ray, N. J., Segura, B., Obeso, I., & Strafella, A. P. (2012) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-012-0270-x · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Sotiras, A., Toledo, J. B., Gur, R. E., Gur, R. C., Satterthwaite, T. D., & Davatzikos, C. A. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1620928114 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Self-citationBrain stimulation reveals crucial role of overcoming self-centeredness in self-control
Soutschek, A., Ruff, C. C., Strombach, T., Tobias Kalenscher, A., & Tobler, P. N. (2016) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.1600992 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Delay Discounting Correlates with Proportional Lateral Frontal Cortex Volumes
Bjork, J. M., Momenan, R., & Hommer, D. W. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.11.023 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Dissociated neural substrates underlying impulsive choice and impulsive action
Wang, Q., Chen, C., Cai, Y., Li, S., Zhao, X. Q., Li, Z., Zhang, H., Liu, J., Chen, C., & Xue, G. (2016) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.04.010 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Dimensions of impulsive behavior in obese, overweight, and healthy-weight adolescents
Fields, S. A., Sabet, M., & Reynolds, B. A. (2013) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2013.06.089 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Topologically dissociable patterns of development of the human cerebral cortex
Vandekar, S. N., Shinohara, R. T., Raznahan, A., Roalf, D. R., Ross, M., DeLeo, N., Ruparel, K., Verma, R., Wolf, D. H., Gur, R. C., et al. (2015) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3628-14.2015 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Self-citationDo high rates of cigarette consumption increase delay discounting?
Reynolds, B. (2004) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2004.08.006 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Bernhardt, B. C., Smallwood, J., Tusche, A., Ruby, F. J. M., Engen, H. G., Steinbeis, N., & Singer, T. (2014) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.12.040 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Khurana, A., Romer, D., Betancourt, L. M., Brodsky, N. L., Giannetta, J. M., & Hurt, H. (2012) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0027491 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Stanger, C., Elton, A., Ryan, S. R., James, G. A., Budney, A. J., & Kilts, C. D. (2013) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.04.013 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Cooper, N., Kable, J. W., Kim, B. K., & Zauberman, G. S. (2013) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0400-13.2013 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationNeuroeconomic dissociation of semantic dementia and behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia
Chiong, W., Wood, K., Beagle, A. J., Hsu, M., Kayser, A. S., Miller, B. L., & Kramer, J. H. (2015) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awv344 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Normative arguments from experts and peers reduce delay discounting
Senecal, N., Wang, T., Thompson, E., & Kable, J. W. (2012) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s1930297500006306 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationValuation, Intertemporal Choice, and Self-Control
Kable, J. W. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-416008-8.00010-3 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationNeural markers of individual differences in decision-making
Kable, J. W., & Levy, I. (2015) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2015.08.004 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Mazur JE (1987) An adjusting procedure for studying delayed reinforce- ment. In: Quantitative analyses of behavior, Vol. 5: the effect of delay and of intervening events on reinforcement value (Commons ML, Mazur JE, Nevin JA, eds) pp 55-73. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
- Rosen A, Roalf DR, Ruparel K, Blake J, Seelaus K, Villa LP, Ciric R, Cook PA, Davatzikos C, Elliott MA, Garcia De La Garza A, Gennatas ED, Quarmley M, Schmitt JE, Shionhara RT, Tisdall MD, Craddock RC, Gur RE, Gur RC, Satterthwaite TD (2017) CrossRef Medline · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Associations between brain structure and sleep patterns across adolescent development
Jalbrzikowski, M., Hayes, R. A., Scully, K. E., Franzen, P. L., Hasler, B. P., Siegle, G. J., Buysse, D. J., Dahl, R. E., Forbes, E. E., Ladouceur, C. D., et al. (2021) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsab120 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
An fMRI-Based Brain Marker of Individual Differences in Delay Discounting
Koban, L., Lee, S., Schelski, D. S., Simon, M., Lerman, C. E., Weber, B., Kable, J. W., & Plaßmann, H. (2023) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1343-22.2022 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationBrain functional connectome-based prediction of individual decision impulsivity
Cai, H., Chen, J., Liu, S., Zhu, J., & Yu, Y. (2020) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2020.01.022 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Kaczkurkin, A., Moore, T. M., Sotiras, A., Xia, C., Shinohara, R., & Satterthwaite, T. (2019) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.12.015 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationLempert, K. M., Mechanic-Hamilton, D. J., Xie, L., Wisse, L. E. M., de Flores, R., Wang, J., Das, S. R., Yushkevich, P. A., Wolk, D. A., & Kable, J. W. (2020) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107549 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationAchterberg, M., Becht, A., van der Cruijsen, R., van de Groep, I. H., Spaans, J. P., Klapwijk, E., & Crone, E. A. (2022) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2022.101088 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Wang, L., Zhou, X., Song, X., Gan, X., Zhang, R., Liu, X., Xu, T., Jiao, G., Ferraro, S., Bore, M. C., et al. (2023) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107709 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Hubbard, N., Siless, V., Frosch, I. R., Goncalves, M., Lo, N., Wang, J., Bauer, C. C., Conroy, K., Cosby, E., Hay, A., et al. (2020) · NeuroImage: Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102240 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Wadsley, M. G., & Ihssen, N. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13050787 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Adolescent Neurodevelopment Within the Context of Impulsivity and Substance Use
Green, R., Meredith, L. R., Mewton, L. R., & Squeglia, L. M. (2023) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-023-00485-4 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Structural brain networks in remitted psychotic depression
Neufeld, N. H., Kaczkurkin, A. N., Sotiras, A., Mulsant, B. H., Dickie, E. W., Flint, A. J., Meyers, B. S., Alexopoulos, G. S., Rothschild, A. J., Whyte, E. M., et al. (2020) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-020-0646-7 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationSoutschek, A., Moisa, M., Ruff, C. C., & Tobler, P. N. (2020) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000800 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Parr, A. C., Calabro, F. J., Tervo‐Clemmens, B., Larsen, B., Foran, W., & Luna, B. (2022) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2022.101100 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Zhao, Y., Paulus, M. P., & Potenza, M. N. (2023) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2023.00006 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Neural mediation of greed personality trait on economic risk-taking
Li, W., Wang, H., Xie, X., & Li, J. (2019) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.45093 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Qi, H., Kang, Q., & Bi, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.886168 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Abnormal organization of inhibitory control functional networks in future binge drinkers
Antón‐Toro, L. F., Bruña, R., Suárez‐Méndez, I., Correas, Á., García‐Moreno, L. M., & Maestú, F. (2020) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108401 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Lee, S., Parthasarathi, T., Cooper, N., Zauberman, G. S., Lerman, C. E., & Kable, J. W. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2214072119 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationHou, J., Huibregtse, M. E., Alexander, I. L., Klemsz, L. M., Fu, T., Rosenberg, M. S., Fortenberry, J. D., Herbenick, D., & Kawata, K. (2023) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.3160 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Yang, D., Zhang, W., Zhu, Y., Liu, P., Bo, T., Fu, Y., Chen, Y., Zhou, L., Liu, L., Gao, X., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00332 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Manuel, A. L., Roquet, D., Landín-Romero, R., Kumfor, F., Ahmed, R. M., Hodges, J. R., & Piguet, O. (2020) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsaa085 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Association of Prefrontal Cortex Thinning with High Impulsivity in Healthy Adults
Lim, J., Kim, S., Seo, S., Kang, W., Kim, A., Kang, Y., Choi, K. W., Tae, W., Ham, B., & Han, K. (2021) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2020.0404 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Garzón, B., Kurth-Nelson, Z. L., Bäckman, L., Nyberg, L. H., & Guitart‐Masip, M. (2022) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhac164 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Hormozi, H. K., Patel, R., Dai, A., Ziolkowski, J., Dong, H.-M., Holmes, A. J., Raznahan, A., Devenyi, G. A., & Chakravarty, M. M. (2023) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.119885 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Impulsive decision making, brain cortical thickness and familial schizophrenia risk
Barry, A. B., Koeppel, J. A., & Ho, B. (2020) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2020.03.072 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Mehta, K., Pines, A., Adebimpe, A., Larsen, B., Bassett, D., Calkins, M., Baller, E. B., Gell, M., Patrick, L. M., Shafiei, G., et al. (2023) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2023.101265 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationCerebral microstructural abnormalities in impulsivity: a magnetic resonance study
Alfano, V., Longarzo, M., Aiello, M., Soricelli, A., & Cavaliere, C. (2020) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-020-00261-2 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Yang, J., Huggins, A. A., Sun, D., Baird, C. L., Haswell, C. C., Frijling, J. L., Olff, M., van Zuiden, M., Koch, S. B. J., Nawijn, L., et al. (2023) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-023-01763-5 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationMiller, A. P., & Gizer, I. R. (2024) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.13365 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Godefroy, V., Sezer, I., Bouzigues, A., Montembeault, M., Koban, L., Plaßmann, H., & Migliaccio, R. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105048 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Ruiz-Sáez, B., García, M. M.-B., de Aragón, A. M., Gil-Correa, M., Melero, H., Malpica, N., de Ory, S. J., Zamora, B., Guillén, S., Rojo, P., et al. (2021) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000025403 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Temporal discounting predicts procrastination in the real world
Zhang, P. Y., & Ma, W. J. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-65110-4 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Schuttenberg, E. M., Sneider, J., Rosmarin, D., Cohen-Gilbert, J., Oot, E., Seraikas, A., Stein, E. R., Maksimovskiy, A., Harris, S., & Silveri, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2022.782893 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Timmer, A., Antonaccio, O., French, M. T., & Botchkovar, E. V. (2022) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/00111287221102057 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Xu, H., MacKillop, J. M., & Owens, M. M. (2023) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.25185 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Yoon, Y. B., & Jung, W. H. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-13599-8 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Deciding to commit crime in adolescence: do moral beliefs matter?
Timmer, A., Antonaccio, O., Botchkovar, E. V., & Hughes, L. A. (2023) · Journal of Crime and Justice · doi:10.1080/0735648x.2023.2241442 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Cross-national harmonization of neurocognitive assessment across five sites in a global study.
Batistuzzo, M. C., Sheshachala, K., Alschuler, D. M., Hezel, D. M., Lewis-Fernández, R., de Joode, N. T., Vriend, C., Lempert, K. M., Narayan, M., Marincowitz, C., et al. (2023) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/neu0000838 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Guo, Y., Dong, D., Wu, H., Xue, Z., Zhou, F., Zhao, L., Li, Z., & Feng, T. (2023) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhad028 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Jung, W. H., & Kim, E. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1210652 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Bounoua, N., Church, L. D., Matyi, M. A., Rudoler, J., Wieand, K., & Spielberg, J. M. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0291868 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The sooner the better: clinical and neural correlates of impulsive choice in Tourette disorder
Atkinson-Clément, C., de Liege, A., Klein-Koerkamp, Y., Béranger, B., Valabrègue, R., Delorme, C., Roze, E. F., Fernández-Egea, E., Hartmann, A., Robbins, T. W., et al. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01691-2 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
An fMRI-based brain marker predicts individual differences in delay discountingPreprint
Koban, L., Lee, S., Schelski, D. S., Simon, M., Lerman, C. E., Weber, B., Kable, J. W., & Plaßmann, H. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-538708/v1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, M., Zeng, N., Zheng, H., Cui, S., Xu, X., Luo, X., & Dong, G. (2025) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2025.08.011 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Nagata, J. M., Bao, K. H., Murray, S. B., Nedelec, P., Richardson, R. A., Nayak, S., Li, E. J., Wong, J. H., Müller‐Oehring, E. M., Scheffler, A. W., et al. (2026) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2026.121860 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Zhou, L., Chen, T., Wang, Y., Fu, Y., Xie, X., Liu, X., Chen, W., Yan, Z., & Liu, P. (2020) · International Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/00207454.2020.1763342 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Mackavey, C. L., & Kearney, K. (2020) · The Nurse Practitioner · doi:10.1097/01.npr.0000660340.58708.34 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Kochvar, A. P., Laviolette, S. R., Khan, A. S., Grin, B. M., & Dai, H. D. (2025) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115741 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Neuroanatomy reflects individual variability in impulsivity in youth
Dhamala, E., Christensen, E., Hanson, J. L., Ricard, J. A., Arcaro, N., Bhola, S., Wiersch, L., Brosch, K., Yeo, B. T. T., Holmes, A. J., et al. (2026) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-026-03526-2 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Mas‐Cuesta, L., Baltruschat, S., Cándido, A., & Catena, A. (2022) · Behavioural Neurology · doi:10.1155/2022/1775777 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Bergström, F., Lerman, C. E., & Kable, J. W. (2024) · Imaging Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/imag_a_00143 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationLempert, K. M., Huber, B., Batistuzzo, M., Sheshachala, K., Hezel, D. M., de Joode, N. D., Marincowitz, C., Lochner, C., Stein, D., Narayanaswamy, J., et al. (2024) · Clinical psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026241289927 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
van Geen, C., Chen, Y., Kazinka, R., Vaidya, A. R., Kable, J. W., & McGuire, J. T. (2024) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0068-24.2024 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationGoullé, J., & Morel, F. (2019) · Bulletin de l Académie Nationale de Médecine · doi:10.1016/j.banm.2019.11.007 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Patterns of reduced cortical thickness and striatum pathological morphology in cocaine addictionPreprint
Garza‐Villarreal, E. A., Alcalá‐Lozano, R., Balducci, T., Ángeles-Valdéz, D., Chakravarty, M. M., Devenyi, G. A., & Gonzalez-Olvera, J. J. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/306068 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Bergström, F., Lerman, C. E., & Kable, J. W. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.09.12.557368 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationBergström, F., Schu, G. G., Lee, S., Lerman, C. E., & Kable, J. W. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.07.04.602046 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationGodefroy, V., Durand, A., Simon, M., Weber, B., Kable, J. W., Lerman, C. E., Bergström, F., Luijten, M., Groefsema, M., Sescousse, G., et al. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.09.12.612706 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationMoberget, T., van der Meer, D., Bahrami, S., Roelfs, D., Frei, O., Tobias, K., Fernández‐Cabello, S., Kim, M., Wolfers, T., Diedrichsen, J., et al. (2026) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-026-09664-1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Parr, A. C., Ojha, A., Petrie, D. J., Calabro, F. J., Tervo‐Clemmens, B., Foran, W., Fitzgerald, D., Tapert, S. F., Nooner, K. B., Thompson, W., et al. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-026-73611-1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Dissociable developmental trajectories of Orbitofrontal subregion grey matter volumePreprint
Gibbons, S. G., & Noonan, M. P. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.01.14.426730 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Lee, S., Parthasarathi, T., Cooper, N., Zauberman, G. S., Lerman, C. E., & Kable, J. W. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.02.13.431095 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationLempert, K. M., Wolk, D. A., & Kable, J. (2018) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/vb743 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationHormozi, H. K., Patel, R., Dai, A., Ziolkowski, J., Dong, H.-M., Holmes, A. J., Raznahan, A., Devenyi, G. A., & Chakravarty, M. M. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.07.21.501018 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mehta, K., Pines, A., Adebimpe, A., Larsen, B., Bassett, D., Calkins, M., Baller, E. B., Gell, M., Patrick, L. M., Gur, R. E., et al. (2023) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.01.25.525577 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationMoberget, T., van der Meer, D., Bahrami, S., Roelfs, D., Frei, O., Kaufmann, T., Fernández‐Cabello, S., Kim, M., Wolfers, T., Diedrichsen, J., et al. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.02.10.23285704 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Parr, A. C., Ojha, A., Petrie, D. J., Calabro, F. J., Tervo‐Clemmens, B., Foran, W., FitzGerald, D., Tapert, S. F., Nooner, K. B., Thompson, W. K., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.10.24.684358 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Baranger, D. A. A. (2018) · Open Scholarship Institutional Repository (Washington University in St. Louis) · doi:10.7936/2npp-kp25
Römer, D., Khurana, A., & Defoe, I. N. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-96023-6.00075-0
Screening for Drug Use and Misuse
Choudhury, S., & Ghosh, A. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-32046-0_136-1
Decoding the influence of emotional and attentional states on self-control using facial analysis
Aydogan, G., Kretschmer, J., Brewer, G. A., & McClure, S. M. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-73729-6
Linking temporal dynamics of children’s natural behavior to brain development
Koepp, A. E., Nishio, M., & Mackey, A. P. (2026) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2026.101742
Screening for Drug Use and Misuse
Choudhury, S., & Ghosh, A. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-73363-5_136
Subliminal beauty engages the brain’s valuation circuitsPreprint
Fernandes, P., Kable, J. W., Almeida, J. M., Tusche, A., Ruff, C. C., & Bergström, F. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.11.17.688735
Self-citationMapping the brain atrophy mediating increased impatience for reward in frontotemporal dementia
Godefroy, V., Durand, A., Lévy, R., Batrancourt, B. M., Schmidt, L., Koban, L., & Plaßmann, H. (2026) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-025-09450-5
Zhang, F., Shao, Y., Jia, Z., & Wang, X. (2026) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2026.111770
Dai, H. D., Kochvar, A. P., Tang, Z., & Doucet, G. E. (2026) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2026.116218
Bani, A., Ha, S. M., Earnest, T., Yang, B., Xiao, P., Lee, J., Bijsterbosch, J. D., & Sotiras, A. (2026) · Imaging Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/imag.a.1355
Self-citation
- Authors
- Pehlivanova, M., Wolf, D. H., Sotiras, A., Kaczkurkin, A. N., Moore, T. M., Ciric, R., Cook, P. A., Garcia de La Garza, A., Rosen, A. F. G., Ruparel, K., Sharma, A., Shinohara, R. T., Roalf, D. R., Gur, R. C., Davatzikos, C., Gur, R. E., Kable, J. W., & Satterthwaite, T. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2018-02-12
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 2471-2481
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC5858592
- OpenAlex
- W2773525895
- Cited by
- 79
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 3
- FWCI
- 3.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
- University of Pennsylvania (AG014971, MH089983, RF1-AG054409, MH089924, R01NS085211)
- University of Pennsylvania Health System
- National Institutes of Health (5r01mh107235-03)
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG021910, R01AG014971, P50AG005681, P01AG003991, RF1AG054409)
- National Institute of Mental Health (RC2MH089983, P20MH071616, P50MH096891, R01-MH-107235, MH089983, P50MH071616, R01MH112070, AG014971, R01MH101111, K01MH102609, MH089924, RC2MH089924, MH098899, R01MH107703, R01MH098899, MH071616)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA029149)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS085211)
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (R01EB022573)
- National Center for Research Resources (U24RR021382)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- impulsive choice, delay discounting, cortical thickness, adolescence, structural brain networks, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, temporal pole, temporoparietal junction, value-based decision making, brain development, Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort, impulsivity, risk-taking
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Cerebral Cortex, Child, Cognition, Decision Making, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Impulsive Behavior, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Nerve Net, Neuropsychological Tests, Psychomotor Performance, Reward, Prefrontal Cortex, Young Adult, Delay Discounting
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
