Predicting cyberbullying from anonymity.
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Anonymity feeds into the disinhibitory effect and is linked to increased cyberbullying perpetration.
“Thus, anonymity feeds into the disinhibitory effect (32) and consistent with previous research is linked to increased cyberbullying perpetration (22, 33–36, 38, 106).”
From A thematic analysis of adolescents’ perceptions of cyberbullying and cyberaggression: definitional distinctions and educational gaps (2026) · cites this paper as [38]
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“consideration), and three of these offered only a binary representation of anonymity, which focused on lack of identification (yes/no) (Barlett et al. 2014; Varjas et al. 2010; Wright 2014).”
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“They also offer the opportunity to choose with whom one wishes to interact, enabling the formation of groups or communities with similar characteristics [17–19], which can foster negativity against what is different, which can be particularly relevant in phenomena such as cyberbullying, which has been linked to time s…”
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“Third, akin to other studies that has used the measured outlined by Barlett and Gentile (2012), lower than optimal reliabilities were observed (see Barlett et al., 2016).”
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“Several studies have longitudinally shown that anonymity perceptions (Barlett, 2015; Barlett et al., 2016) or the belief that muscularity is irrelevant online (Barlett et al., in press) predicts cyberbullying through cyberbullying attitudes.”
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“For example, the sense of anonymity online (Barlett et al., 2016) coupled with particular personality characteristics seems to contribute to cyberbullying.”
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“The BGCM posits that perceptions of anonymity in online interactions facilitate aggressive online behaviors [52].”
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“Anonymity eliminates inhibitions that would otherwise prevent people from harming others (Ang, 2016; Barlett et al., 2014; Postorino, 2015).”
BackgroundBarlett, C. P., DeWitt, C. C., Maronna, B., & Johnson, K. (2018) · Violence and Gender · doi:10.1089/vio.2017.0057 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“…supported the anonymity tenets of the BGCM using correlational (Barlett and Gentile 2012; Barlett 2015a) and longitudinal research designs (Barlett 2015b; Barlett et al. 2016; Barlett et al. 2017) on both college-aged samples (e.g., Barlett et al. 2017) and youth (e.g., Barlett 2015b; Wright 2013).”
Self-citationKordyaka, B., Laato, S., Jahn, K., Hamari, J., & Niehaves, B. (2023) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3611043 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“Theories of toxic behavior are rooted in theories of cyberbullying [11, 13, 20, 62], though toxic behavior possesses several unique characteristics compared with older and better-understood concepts (e.g., cyberbullying) that make it a particularly interesting research topic for HCI research.”
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“…outcomes of traditional bullying, it has own unique typical characteristics that clearly distinguish it from face-to-face bullying, including anonymity, the duration of bullying episodes, difficulty to detect who the bully is, etc (Barlett et al., 2016; Campbell et al., 2013; Park et al., 2014).”
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An empirical examination of the strength differential hypothesis in cyberbullying behavior.
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“These attitudes are hypothesized to directly predict cyberbullying behavior, a finding that has been reliably shown in several studies (Barlett, 2013; Barlett, Gentile, & Chew, in press; Barlett et al., 2014; Doane, Pearson, & Kelley, 2014).”
ResultSelf-citationThe development of a new cyberbullying attitude measure
Barlett, C. P., Helmstetter, K. M., & Gentile, D. A. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.08.013 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Although Barlett et al. (2016) showed that the correlation between early cyberbullying attitudes and later cyberbullying behavior was significant e showing predictive validity e there are several limitations with this measure.”
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“Research has shown that scores on this measure correlate with cyberbullying behavior (Barlett and Gentile, 2012; Barlett et al., 2016), showing its validity.”
Self-citationAnalysis of Moral Disengagement as a Modulating Factor in Adolescents’ Perception of Cyberbullying
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“One such behavioral issue that has been gaining greater attention over the last decade is toxic behavior (TB), which is related to wellunderstood concepts such as social exclusion [9], loneliness [43], hate speech [19], and cyberbullying [6] and can be viewed as behavior that leads to anger and frustration among playe…”
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“…student samples (e.g., Barlett & Wright, 2018; Gamez-Guadix et al., 2013; Holfeld & Mishna, 2019; Yang et al., 2013), limited numbers of predictors and outcome variables (e.g., Wright, 2016), or focused on only traditional bullying or cyberbullying (e.g., Barlett, 2015; Barlett et al., 2016).”
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“Involvement in social media activities also has its consequences, such as negative judgment [6], which can lead to verbal aggression or also known as cyberbullying [7].”
BackgroundUnderstanding Teenage Perceptions and Configurations of Privacy on Instagram
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Personal attacks decrease user activity in social networking platforms
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“Furthermore, felt anonymity positively predicts cyberbullying behavior (33).”
Background"People Are Either Too Fake or Too Real"
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“A type of cyber-aggression that is less well represented in the traditional aggression literature is the use of deception to aggress against others, because the anonymity afforded by online communication can foster aggressive behaviors (Barlett et al., 2016; Wright, 2013).”
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“Anonymity has been proven to promote some negative online behavior [67].”
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“The recent literature has highlighted the role of fake profiles in cyberbullying (Liyanage et al., 2021; Whittaker & Kowalski, 2015; Barlett et al., 2016); however, such studies remain limited.”
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“…example, while anonymity can enable hate speech, manipulation, the spread of fake news and reduce the trustworthiness of information exchange (e.g., Barlett et al., 2016; Nitschinsk et al., 2022), it can also support users’ ability to exert information control and address self-presentation…”
The masked demos: Associational anonymity and democratic practice
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“course is produced by pseudonymous and anonymous accounts (Barlett and Chew 2016; Brown 2018; Gagliardone et al. 2015; Sticca and Perren 2013).”
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“Owing to online anonymity, cyberbullying can yield a great deal of harm to individuals and bring adverse implications to them (Barlett et al., 2016; Campbell et al., 2012; You & Lee, 2019).”
BackgroundWhen cyberbullies meet gamers: what do young adults think?
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“Barlett, Gentile, and Chew (2014) examined the effect of perceived anonymity on cyberbullying behaviours.”
BackgroundPredicting Cyberbullying Behavior From Attitudes
Barlett, C. P., Gentile, D. A., Li, D., & Khoo, A. (2017) · Journal of Media Psychology Theories Methods and Applications · doi:10.1027/1864-1105/a000231 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Drawing upon the theoretical postulates of the BGCM (Barlett & Gentile, 2012) and past longitudinal work (Barlett, 2015; Barlett et al., 2016), we hypothesized that early cyberbullying behaviors will cause later positive Table 3.”
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“Indeed, prior research has documented the negative outcomes associated with anonymity on social media including cyberbullying (Barlett & Gentile, 2012; Barlett et al., 2016), trolling (Diakopoulos & Naaman, 2011), or hostile commenting (LapidotLefler & Barak, 2012).”
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“Research shows that aggressor-perceived anonymity is correlated with aggressive online behavior (Barlett & Gentile, 2016).”
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Content Effects: Violence in the Media
Prot, S., Anderson, C. A., Barlett, C. P., Coyne, S. M., & Saleem, M. (2017) · The International Encyclopedia of Media Effects · doi:10.1002/9781118783764.wbieme0121 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“For instance, Barlett, Gentile, and Chew (2016) longitudinally showed that perceived anonymity at wave 1 predicted positive attitudes toward cyberbullying at wave 2, which predicted cyberbullying frequency at wave 3—a process that demonstrates the mediated learning effect—in an emerging adult…”
BackgroundSelf-citationBansal, S., Garg, N., & Singh, J. (2023) · Library Hi Tech · doi:10.1108/lht-06-2023-0265 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Psychometric Parameters of the Cyberbullying Attitude Scale in Brazil
Cavalcanti, J. G., Pinto, A. V. D. L., ́Pimentel, C. E., & de Melo, L. M. F. (2019) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-019-00326-6 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“This is consistent with the original study (Barlett et al. 2016a, b) indicating that the CBAS shows evidence of construct validity as the observed factors are consistent with what was expected (Pacico and Hutz 2015).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialMussap, A. J., Clancy, E. M., & Klettke, B. (2022) · Gender Issues · doi:10.1007/s12147-022-09304-y · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Several items were adapted from the original to refer to contemporary social media sites: Instagram, Snapchat, WhatsApp and Facebook [9].”
BackgroundMussap, A. J., Clancy, E. M., & Klettke, B. (2023) · Journal of LGBTQ Issues in Counseling · doi:10.1080/26924951.2023.2227020 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Exploring the effects of personal and situational factors on cyber aggression
Tennakoon, H., Betts, L. R., Chandrakumara, A., Saridakis, G., & Hand, C. (2024) · Cyberpsychology Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace · doi:10.5817/cp2024-3-7 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Another study reveals that “ aggressor-perceived anonymity is an important risk factor for later cyberbullying behaviour ” (Barlett et al., 2016, p. 171).”
BackgroundRaza, M. O., Meghji, A. F., Mahoto, N. A., Reshan, M. S. A., Abosaq, H. A., Sulaiman, A. A., & Shaikh, A. (2024) · International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems · doi:10.1007/s44196-024-00580-y · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Due to the anonymity offered in the online world, people often indulge in the use of speech that would be considered crude or vile in offline, face-to-face interactions [6].”
BleacherBot: AI Agent as a Sports Co-Viewing Partner
Kim, K., Song, H., Ryu, J., Oh, C., & Suh, B. (2025) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3714178 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“To further enhance psychological comfort in co-viewing scenarios, AI agent prompt designs should avoid making evaluative or presumptive statements about users [5].”
Arvanitidis, T. (2016) · Canadian Graduate Journal of Sociology and Criminology · doi:10.15353/cgjsc-rcessc.v5i1.142 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
What makes locked-down students happy: The sense of mattering and subjective well-being
Wang, H., & Prihadi, K. D. (2022) · International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE) · doi:10.11591/ijere.v11i1.22578 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Cyberbullying: A Review of the LiteraturePreprint
Chakraborty, S., Bhattacherjee, A., & Onuchowska, A. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3799920 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Exploring the influence of user characteristics on verbal aggression towards social chatbots
Chin, H., & Yi, M. Y. (2024) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2024.2362957 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“For instance, prior research consistently demonstrates that individuals perceiving higher anonymity are more inclined to engage in cyber-aggression (Barlett 2015; Barlett, Gentile, and Chew 2016), thereby contributing to the promotion of online violence (Moore et al. 2012).”
The moderating role of dispositional fear of retaliation in cyberbullying perpetration processes
Barlett, C. P., Seyfert, L. W., Rinker, A. M., & Roth, B. R. (2022) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2022.111731 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationReynard, L. J. (2019) · Advances in media, entertainment and the arts (AMEA) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-8535-0.ch021 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Schuster, J., & Weichselbaumer, D. (2021) · Ethnic and Racial Studies · doi:10.1080/01419870.2021.1991969 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Online, users may remain anonymous, which can lower one’s inhibition to engage in cyberbullying (Barlett, Gentile, and Chew 2016).”
BackgroundGarcía, A. G. (2016) · IDP Revista de Internet Derecho y Política · doi:10.7238/idp.v0i22.2971 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Han, J., Sun, Y. C., Ppali, S., Covaci, A., & Moere, A. V. (2025) · Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/3715336.3735772 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Effects of Anonymity, Ephemerality, and System Routing on Cost in Social Question Asking
Ma, H., Cheng, H.-F., Yu, B., & Zhu, H. (2019) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3361119 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“We choose these three affordances because previous studies showed that different social computing systems make drastically different choices regarding each of the three affordances, which greatly influences user experience and user behaviors [10, 19, 26, 43, 55, 70, 72, 82, 83, 85, 89, 95].”
MethodFinding uncommon ground: Extremist online forum engagement predicts integrative complexity
Gregory, A. L., & Piff, P. K. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0245651 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Anonymity and deindividuation— the loss of individualism that occurs under conditions of anonymity—can lead individuals to engage in antisocial behavior like cyberbullying [17], aggression [18], and out-group discrimination [19].”
Febriana, S. K. T., & Fajrianthi (2019) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1175/1/012238 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Furthermore related to the role of anonymity in cyber incivility, a longitudional study (16) proves that in an anonymous situation a person is more at risk for cyberbullying.”
BackgroundAdolescent cyberstanders’ experience of cyberbullying in the era of Covid-19 in South Africa
Adewoye, S. E. (2022) · International Journal of Emotional Education · doi:10.56300/ldhk3526 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Liu, C., Yuan, G. F., Fung, H. W., Zhao, J., Shi, W. X., An, Y., & Liu, J. (2023) · Journal of School Violence · doi:10.1080/15388220.2023.2266800 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“…bullying (Kowalski & Limber, 2013; Kowalski et al., 2014), it also has unique characteristics that set it apart from in-person bullying, such as anonymity, prolonged bullying episodes, and difficulty identifying the perpetrator (Barlett et al., 2016; Campbell et al., 2013; Park et al., 2014).”
BackgroundKordyaka, B., Stelter, A., Laato, S., & Niehaves, B. (2023) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.24251/hicss.2023.676 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Accordingly, negative phenomena such as techno-stress [3, 4] or cyberbullying [5] enjoy heightened attention in research and practice.”
Panggabean, W., Hastuti, D., & Herawati, T. (2022) · Jurnal Ilmu Keluarga dan Konsumen · doi:10.24156/jikk.2022.15.1.63 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Kennedy, R., Bryson, S. L., Ellsworth, K., & Kapur, I. (2025) · International Journal of Bullying Prevention · doi:10.1007/s42380-025-00295-4 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Moreover, Barlett et al. (2016) conducted a longitudinal study on college students assessing the impact of anonymity on cyberbullying perpetration.”
Anonymity and Gender Effects on Online Trolling and Cybervictimization
Lee, G., & Soonah, A. (2023) · Journal of Cybersecurity Education Research and Practice · doi:10.32727/8.2023.14 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Perceived anonymity and cyberbullying
Vrselja, I., Lacković, D., & Rihtarić, M. L. (2023) · Hrvatska revija za rehabilitacijska istraživanja · doi:10.31299/hrri.59.2.3 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“According to this model, positive attitudes toward cyberbullying are ultimately a significant predictor of cyberbullying (Barlett and Gentile, 2012; Bar-lett, 2015; Barlett, 2017; Barlett et al., 2016).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialEthnic-based cyberbullying: The role of adolescents’ and their peers’ attitudes towards immigrants
Ergin, D. A., Akgül, G., & Karaman, N. G. (2021) · Turkish Journal of Education · doi:10.19128/turje.879347 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Parental psychological control and cyberbullying tendency in adolescents from the perpetrator side
Rahmaputri, A. Y., Setiasih, S., & Kesumaningsari, N. P. A. (2022) · Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi Terapan · doi:10.22219/jipt.v10i2.21370 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Khaskheli, A., Jiang, Y., Raza, S. A., & Yousufi, S. Q. (2022) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2022.2133145 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Prior studies have used the term online disinhibition e ff ect to explain negative online behaviors (Barlett et al., 2016; Lowry et al., 2019).”
Cyberbullying Among Adolescents in East Asian Societies: Explanations Based on General Strain Theory
Li, N., Guo, S., & Park, H. (2024) · International Journal of Bullying Prevention · doi:10.1007/s42380-023-00204-7 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Researchers considered cyberbullying as bullying extended from the school environment to the electronic realm within peers (Barlett et al., 2016; Kowalski et al., 2014; Ortega-Ruiz et al., 2012; Slonje et al., 2013; Smith et al., 2006).”
Anonymity and Inhibition in Newspaper Comments
Knustad, M., & Johansson, C. (2021) · Information · doi:10.3390/info12030106 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Barlett, Gentile and Chew [48] used a longitudinal design involving questionnaires, and found that the more people feel that they are anonymous the more likely they are to cyberbully others.”
BackgroundMeter, A. V., & Agrawal, N. (2022) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.2989/17280583.2023.2283030 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“The fact that all our participants provided their real identities to study staff likely also helped limit negative behaviours prevalent on other sites (Barlett et al ., 2016) .”
Background
- Authors
- Barlett, C. P., Gentile, D. A., & Chew, C.
- Affiliations
- Gettysburg College (US)
- Iowa State University (US)
- Nanyang Technological University (SG)
- Venue
- Psychology of Popular Media Culture
- Published
- 2016-04
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 171-180
- ISSN
- 2160-4134 (ISSN-L)
- 2160-4142
- OpenAlex
- W2161142515
- Cited by
- 211
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 4
- FWCI
- 13.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychology of Popular Media Culture (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Keywords
- cyberbullying, anonymity, online harassment, online anonymity
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