Fluctuations in grandiose and vulnerable narcissistic states: A momentary perspective.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Dispositionally vulnerable individuals tend to have high levels of vulnerability.

“On the other hand, dispositionally vulnerable individuals tend to have high levels of vulnerability and low levels of grandiosity.”

May combine two claims.

Dispositional grandiosity scores were modestly positively significantly correlated with gross variability in grandiosity, but the significance did not hold when adjusting for dispositional vulnerability and momentary means in the path analysis.

“dispositional grandiosity scores were modestly positively significantly correlated with gross variability in grandiosity, though the significance of this effect did not hold when adjusting for dispositional vulnerability and momentary means in the path analysis.”

May combine two claims.

FFNI grandiosity was moderately significantly correlated with the momentary mean of vulnerability, and the effect was similar in the path-analytic model.

“FFNI grandiosity was moderately significantly correlated with the momentary mean of vulnerability, and effects were similar in the path-analytic model.”

May combine two claims.

Dispositional vulnerability scores were moderately significantly correlated with variability in vulnerability and remained a modest significant predictor once adjusting for dispositional grandiosity and momentary means.

“Dispositional vulnerability scores were moderately significantly correlated with variability in vulnerability and remained a modest significant predictor once adjusting for dispositional grandiosity and momentary means.”

May combine two claims.

FFNI grandiosity was moderately significantly correlated with the momentary mean of grandiosity, and the effect was similar in the path-analytic model.

“FFNI scale scores were moderately significantly correlated with same domain momentary means (e.g., FFNI grandiosity with momentary mean of grandiosity), and effect sizes were similar once accounting for shared variance in dispositional scores in the path-analytic model.”

May combine two claims.

Dispositional vulnerability was modestly negatively correlated with the momentary mean of grandiosity, and the effect was similar in the path-analytic model.

“Dispositional vulnerability was modestly negatively correlated with the momentary mean of grandiosity, and the effect was similar in the path analytic model.”

May combine two claims.

Dispositional grandiosity was modestly positively significantly correlated with variability in vulnerability but virtually unassociated in the path analysis.

“dispositional grandiosity was modestly positively significantly correlated with variability in vulnerability but virtually unassociated in the path analysis.”

May combine two claims.

FFNI vulnerability was moderately significantly correlated with the momentary mean of vulnerability, and the effect was similar in the path-analytic model.

“FFNI scale scores were moderately significantly correlated with same domain momentary means (e.g., FFNI grandiosity with momentary mean of grandiosity), and effect sizes were similar once accounting for shared variance in dispositional scores in the path-analytic model.”

May combine two claims.

FFNI extraversion and FFNI antagonism were both moderately positively and modestly positively associated with variability in grandiosity, respectively, in the zero-order correlations.

“FFNI extraversion and FFNI antagonism were both moderately positively and modestly positively associated with variability in grandiosity, respectively, in the zero-order correlations.”

May combine two claims.

Dispositional vulnerability was modestly positively associated with grandiosity SSD in the correlation model but this association became non-significant in the adjusted model.

“Dispositional vulnerability was modestly positively associated with grandiosity SSD in the correlation model but this association became non-significant in the adjusted model.”

May combine two claims.

In the path analytic model, only FFNI antagonism and FFNI neuroticism significantly predicted the momentary mean of vulnerability, but the association between FFNI extraversion and the momentary mean of vulnerability was not significant.

“However, in the path analytic model only FFNI antagonism and FFNI neuroticism significantly predicted the momentary mean of vulnerability, but the association between FFNI extraversion and the momentary mean of vulnerability was not significant.”

May combine two claims.

FFNI neuroticism and antagonism were moderately positively correlated with variability in vulnerability in the zero-order associations, but only the association between FFNI neuroticism and variability in vulnerability maintained in the path-analytic model.

“FFNI neuroticism and antagonism were moderately positively correlated with variability in vulnerability in the zero-order associations, but only the association between FFNI neuroticism and variability in vulnerability maintained in the path-analytic model.”

May combine two claims.

Dispositional extraversion was associated with vulnerability in the correlation model but this association was near zero in the adjusted model.

“Dispositional extraversion was associated with vulnerability in the correlation model but this association was near zero in the adjusted model.”

The quote only partly states this claim.

No associations between dispositional FFNI scales and individual differences in lagged momentary associations were observed, except FFNI vulnerability on vulnerability inertia.

“no associations between dispositional scales and individual differences in these lagged momentary associations were observed.”

May combine two claims.

FFNI neuroticism was moderately significantly negatively correlated with the momentary mean of grandiosity, and this effect was similar in the path analysis.

“FFNI neuroticism was moderately significantly negatively correlated with the momentary mean of grandiosity and this effect was also similar in the path analysis.”

May combine two claims.

FFNI extraversion and FFNI antagonism were moderately significantly positively associated with the momentary mean of grandiosity, and these effects were similar in the path-analysis.

“FFNI extraversion and FFNI antagonism were moderately significantly positively associated with the momentary mean of grandiosity, and these effects were similar in the path-analysis.”

May combine two claims.

All FFNI subscales were significantly positively correlated with the momentary mean of vulnerability, with the strongest association between FFNI antagonism and the momentary mean of vulnerability.

“All FFNI subscales were significantly positively correlated with the momentary mean of vulnerability, with the strongest association between FFNI antagonism and the momentary mean of vulnerability.”

May combine two claims.

FFNI grandiosity was moderately positively associated with grandiosity SSD, and these positive associations maintained once adjusting for the shared variance in FFNI vulnerability.

“FFNI grandiosity was moderately positively associated with grandiosity SSD. These positive associations maintained once adjusting for the shared variance in FFNI vulnerability.”

The quote only partly states this claim.

No other associations between dispositional three-factor scales and individual differences in lagged momentary associations emerged.

“no associations between dispositional scales and individual differences in these lagged momentary associations emerged.”

May combine two claims.

Dispositional vulnerability was moderately positively associated with vulnerability SSD and remained moderately positively associated once accounting for dispositional grandiosity.

“Dispositional vulnerability was moderately positively associated with vulnerability SSD and remained moderately positively associated once accounting for dispositional grandiosity.”

May combine two claims.

Individuals with higher dispositional vulnerability scores exhibited higher momentary vulnerability averages but lower momentary grandiosity averages.

“individuals with higher dispositional vulnerability scores exhibited higher momentary vulnerability averages but lower momentary grandiosity averages.”

May combine two claims.

Dispositional grandiosity was also associated with variability in vulnerability in the correlational model and indirectly through the momentary mean of vulnerability.

“Dispositional grandiosity was also associated with variability in vulnerability in the correlational model and indirectly through the momentary mean of vulnerability.”

May combine two claims.

In the present study, the two-factor and three-factor structures of narcissism were associated with state-level variability in grandiosity and vulnerability after accounting for the Big-5 personality traits, but these associations were significantly attenuated.

“Though, in general, the two-factor and three-factor structure of narcissism was associated with state-level variability in grandiosity and vulnerability once accounting for the Big-5 personality traits, results were significantly attenuated.”

May combine two claims.

Dispositional vulnerability was associated with variability in vulnerability from both a correlation perspective and in regression models through both a direct and indirect effect.

“dispositional vulnerability was associated with variability in vulnerability from both a correlation perspective and in the regression models through both a direct and indirect effect.”

May combine two claims.

Extraversion had a direct association with variability in grandiosity, and neuroticism had a direct association with variability in vulnerability, regardless of whether shared variance in the two-factor or three-factor model was accounted for.

“Further, this emerged as a direct association between extraversion and variability in grandiosity and neuroticism and variability in vulnerability regardless of whether accounting for the shared variance in the two-factor model or the three-factor model.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The present study provided evidence of unique patterns of variability within narcissism that include a complex set of psychological variables and processes.

“Given that the present study provided evidence of unique patterns of variability within narcissism that include a complex set of psychological variables and processes”

May combine two claims.

This study demonstrated key distinctions with regard to momentary processes involved in narcissism, including distinctions between a two- and three-factor structure.

“This study demonstrated key distinctions with regard to momentary processes involved in narcissism, including distinctions between a two- and three-factor structure, that will be important to consider as the field moves to further examine the complex dynamics of narcissism.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Dispositional narcissism may best be organized with a three-factor structure that separates out core antagonism from grandiosity and vulnerability, and keeps each of them as unique factors.

“These models argue that dispositional narcissism may best be organized with a three-factor structure that separates out core antagonism from grandiosity and vulnerability, and keeps each of them as unique factors (Krizan & Herlache, 2017; Miller et al., 2016; Wright & Edershile, 2018).”

• cites Krizan & Herlache, 2017Not checked yet

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• cites Miller et al., 2016Not checked yet

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• cites Wright & Edershile, 2018Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Entitlement plays a key role in the processes that underlie narcissism.

“Entitlement plays a key role in the processes that underlie narcissism and narcissistic processes appear unique to the construct and not reflective of broader psychological processes (e.g., self-esteem).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Individuals high in narcissistic grandiosity are likely to be overtly immodest, self-promoting, and self-enhancing.

“Individuals high in narcissistic grandiosity are likely to be overtly immodest, self-promoting, and self-enhancing (Miller et al., 2017).”

• cites Miller et al., 2017Not checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Manifestations of narcissism can be divided into two major themes: narcissistic grandiosity and narcissistic vulnerability.

“its manifestations can be divided into two major themes—narcissistic grandiosity and narcissistic vulnerability (Cain et al., 2008; Miller et al., 2017).”

• cites Cain et al., 2008Not checked yet

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• cites Miller et al., 2017Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Individuals high in narcissistic vulnerability are often distrustful of others and outwardly distressed and fragile.

“Individuals high in narcissistic vulnerability are often distrustful of others and outwardly distressed and fragile (e.g., Miller et al., 2017).”

• cites Miller et al., 2017Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Individuals high in narcissistic grandiosity are likely to endorse high levels of antagonism and extraversion.

“Those same individuals are likely to endorse high levels of the basic personality traits of antagonism and extraversion (e.g., Paulhus & Williams, 2002).”

• cites Paulhus & Williams, 2002Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Narcissistic vulnerability is distinct from narcissistic grandiosity in that it is associated with pervasive negative emotionality and is broadly associated with other forms of personality pathology.

“Narcissistic vulnerability is distinct from narcissistic grandiosity in that it is associated with pervasive negative emotionality and is broadly associated with other forms of personality pathology (Edershile et al., 2019).”

• cites Edershile et al., 2019Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Narcissistic vulnerability is associated with acute sensitivity to and avoidance of embarrassment and shame, manifesting as self-doubt, defensive social withdrawal, and contingent self-esteem.

“Narcissistic vulnerability is associated with acute sensitivity to and avoidance of embarrassment and shame which manifests as self-doubt, defensive social withdrawal, and contingent self-esteem. (e.g., Morf, 2006; Cain et al., 2008).”

• cites Morf, 2006Not checked yet

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• cites Cain et al., 2008Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Narcissistic processes appear unique to the construct and not reflective of broader psychological processes (e.g., self-esteem).

“Entitlement plays a key role in the processes that underlie narcissism and narcissistic processes appear unique to the construct and not reflective of broader psychological processes (e.g., self-esteem).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Narcissism is dimensional.

“It is generally agreed that narcissism is dimensional (e.g., Aslinger et al., 2018; Foster & Campbell, 2007)”

• cites Aslinger et al., 2018Not checked yet

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• cites Foster & Campbell, 2007Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Narcissistic grandiosity and narcissistic vulnerability share a core of entitlement and an antagonistic interpersonal stance.

“it has been suggested that what these two features of narcissism share is a core of entitlement and an antagonistic interpersonal stance (Krizan & Herlache, 2017; Miller et al., 2016).”

• cites Krizan & Herlache, 2017Not checked yet

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• cites Miller et al., 2016Not checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Participants with fewer than 10 total observations on the ambulatory assessment portion were excluded from analyses to ensure a minimum number of observations to estimate variability.

“Participants were excluded from analyses if they had fewer than 10 total observations on the ambulatory assessment portion to ensure a minimum number of observations to estimate variability.”

• Also stated in: § Subjects · plain

  “Participants were excluded from analyses if they had fewer than 10 total observations on the ambulatory assessment portion.”

• Also stated in: § Subjects · plain

  “As before, participants with fewer than 10 total observations were excluded from analyses.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Clinical theories argue that fluctuations in grandiosity and vulnerability represent efforts of self-regulation that can be observed through changes in self-esteem and expressions of anger.

“Clinical theories argue that fluctuations in grandiosity and vulnerability represent efforts of self-regulation that can be observed through changes in self-esteem and expressions of anger.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Clinical descriptions suggest that movement between states of grandiosity and vulnerability may occur between treatment sessions (e.g., week-to-week or within-week).

“Clinical descriptions of patients who exhibit such fluctuations suggest that movement between states of grandiosity and vulnerability may occur between treatment sessions (e.g., week-to-week or within-week).”

May combine two claims.

Variability may be a feature of narcissism, yet there may be key differences between someone considered a grandiose narcissist and someone considered a vulnerable narcissist.

“Broadly, these studies suggest that variability may be a feature of narcissism, yet there may be some key differences between someone considered a “grandiose narcissist” and someone considered a “vulnerable narcissist.””

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Clinical descriptions of fluctuations in narcissism have largely only referenced one's general dispositional level of grandiosity and vulnerability, and have not yet directly considered individual differences in a three-factor structure of narcissism.

“A further consideration is that clinical descriptions of fluctuations in narcissism have largely only referenced one’s general dispositional level of grandiosity and vulnerability, and have not yet directly considered individual differences in a three-factor structure of narcissism.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Someone considered to be a grandiose narcissist responds to threats to their ego with anger whereas a vulnerable narcissist responds with a broader range of emotions, including anger.

“Hyatt and colleagues (2017) replicated these findings and extended them to suggest that, someone considered to be a grandiose narcissist responds to threats to their ego with anger whereas a vulnerable narcissist responds with a broader range of emotions, including anger.”

• cites Hyatt and colleagues (2017)Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The trifurcated model has not been articulated at the momentary level or used to describe dynamic processes.

“Although this trifurcated model has not been articulated at the momentary level or used to describe dynamic processes, we will examine associations between dispositional narcissism and momentary fluctuations using this novel three-dimensional structure.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The exact form of fluctuations in grandiosity and vulnerability remains ill-defined and poorly understood.

“Importantly, though accounts of narcissistic fluctuations are common to all extant theoretical models, the exact form of these fluctuations remains ill-defined and poorly understood.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

These studies tend to highlight the role of self-esteem or affective shifts rather than emphasizing actual shifts in grandiosity and vulnerability, which are what dynamic theories of narcissism posit.

“In particular, these studies tend to highlight the role of self-esteem or affective shifts rather than emphasizing actual shifts in grandiosity and vulnerability, which are what dynamic theories of narcissism posit.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Compliance in the ambulatory assessment portion was high across the three samples (78% in Sample 1, 74% in Sample 2, 79% in Sample 3).

“For the ambulatory assessment portion of the study, compliance was high (78% compliance in Sample 1 [7,459 out of 9,576 total possible]; 74% compliance in Sample 2 [11,545 out of 15,700 total possible]; 79% compliance in Sample 3 [17,627 out of 22,400 total possible]).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Internal consistency for the FFNI was good across samples and subscales.

“Internal consistency for the FFNI was good (S1: Grandiosity McDonald’s ω =.92; Vulnerability ω = .82; Extraversion ω =.86; Antagonism ω =.90; Neuroticism ω =.89; S2: Grandiosity ω = .92; Vulnerability ω =.84; Extraversion ω =.86; Antagonism ω =.91; Neuroticism ω =.88; S3: Grandiosity ω =.89; Vulnerability ω = .87; Extraversion ω =.88; Antagonism ω =.90; Neuroticism ω =.90).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Presentation of narcissistic vulnerability followed by narcissistic grandiosity is common in patients who seek treatment for their personality disturbance.

“Pincus and colleagues (2014) describe a similar pattern, suggesting that presentation of narcissistic vulnerability followed by narcissistic grandiosity is common in patients who seek treatment for their personality disturbance.”

• cites Pincus and colleagues (2014)Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

No prior work suggests how such processes may compare with other psychological processes/variables.

“No prior work examines the variable nature of a dispositional three-factor structure of narcissism with regard to state level grandiosity and vulnerability (research question 1b), nor does prior work suggest the specific timescale for which narcissistic fluctuations occur (research questions 2-3), or how such processes may compare with other psychological processes/variables (research questions 4”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Fluctuations in grandiosity and vulnerability have a functional component for the individual and are representative of (perhaps failed) regulatory patterns.

“In particular, fluctuations in grandiosity and vulnerability have a functional component for the individual and are representative of (perhaps failed) regulatory patterns (Kernberg, 1975, 2009).”

• cites Kernberg, 1975, 2009Not checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Personality pathology, including narcissism, is defined by its relative long-term stability and pervasiveness.

“personality pathology, including narcissism, is defined by its relative long-term stability and pervasiveness (e.g., Clark, 2007).”

• cites Clark, 2007Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

No prior work examines the variable nature of a dispositional three-factor structure of narcissism with regard to state level grandiosity and vulnerability.

“No prior work examines the variable nature of a dispositional three-factor structure of narcissism with regard to state level grandiosity and vulnerability (research question 1b), nor does prior work suggest the specific timescale for which narcissistic fluctuations occur (research questions 2-3), or how such processes may compare with other psychological processes/variables (research questions 4”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Dispositional admiration, the agentic/exhibitionistic aspect of narcissism, is associated with higher self-esteem level and lower self-esteem variability.

“Results reveal that dispositional admiration, the agentic/exhibitionistic aspect of narcissism, is associated with higher self-esteem level and lower self-esteem variability.”

• cites Geukes and colleagues (2016)Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the three-factor model, the core of narcissism is anchored on antagonism and the peripheral traits become the features that are unique to grandiosity and vulnerability.

“In this model, the core of narcissism is anchored on antagonism and the “peripheral” traits become the features that are unique to grandiosity and vulnerability.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Clinical accounts suggest that patients do not always present with the same manifestation of narcissism week-to-week.

“Several clinical accounts suggest that patients do not always present with the same manifestation of narcissism week-to-week.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

To ensure adequate representation of relevant personality features, individuals were pre-screened using items from the NEO-PI-R to maintain a 2-1-1 representation of low, moderate, and high levels of trait modesty within each gender and the overall sample.

“To ensure adequate representation of relevant personality features individuals were pre-screened using items from the NEO Personality Inventory – Revised (NEO-PI-R; Costa & McCrae, 1992) in a manner so as to maintain a 2-1-1 representation of low, moderate, and high levels of trait modesty (using published norm tertiles; <18, mid 18 – 21, and high ≥21) within each gender and the overall sample.”

• cites Costa & McCrae, 1992Not checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The opposite pattern-individuals selected for vulnerability showing grandiosity-was not found to be true.

“The opposite pattern, however, was not found to be true.”

• cites Gore & Widiger (2016)Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Dispositional rivalry, the antagonistic dimension of narcissism, is associated with lower levels of self-esteem and higher levels of variability.

“Dispositional rivalry, the antagonistic dimension of narcissism, is associated with lower levels of self-esteem and higher levels of variability.”

• cites Geukes and colleagues (2016)Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Theories suggest that states of vulnerability precede states of grandiosity.

“These theories additionally suggest that states of vulnerability precede states of grandiosity.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The processes underlying fluctuations between grandiose and vulnerable states drive the observed dysfunction.

“theorists have long-argued that that grandiosity and vulnerability are two sides of the same coin, they co-occur within the same individual, and it is the processes underlying fluctuations between grandiose and vulnerable states that drive the observed dysfunction. (Kernberg, 1975; Ronningstam, 2009, 2011; Pincus et al., 2014; Wright, 2014).”

• cites Kernberg, 1975Not checked yet

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• cites Ronningstam, 2009, 2011Not checked yet

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• cites Pincus et al., 2014Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

There are specific patterns of variability in state self-esteem with regard to trait narcissism, and these may account for prior inconsistent results in the association between narcissism and fluctuations in self-esteem.

“Broadly, these results suggest there are specific patterns of variability in state self-esteem with regard to trait narcissism, and in fact these may account for prior inconsistent results in the association between narcissism and fluctuations in self-esteem (Bosson et al., 2008).”

• cites Bosson et al., 2008Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Internal consistency for the BFI-2 was good in S1 and S3.

“Internal consistency for the BFI-2 was good (S1: Extraversion ω = .86; Agreeableness ω = .80; Conscientiousness ω = .86; Negative Emotionality ω = .92; Open-Mindedness ω = .83; S3: Extraversion ω = .81; Agreeableness ω = .71 ; Conscientiousness ω = .79 ; Negative Emotionality ω = .86 ; Open-Mindedness ω = .75).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Given that these studies used cross-sectional dispositional assessments, conclusions regarding explicit momentary fluctuations are impossible.

“However, given that these studies used cross-sectional dispositional assessments, conclusions regarding explicit momentary fluctuations are impossible.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Prominent theories of narcissism suggest that narcissistic individuals are not always consistent in their presentation of narcissistic features.

“prominent theories of narcissism would suggest that narcissistic individuals are not always consistent in their presentation of narcissistic features.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S4 (based).

Theories regarding narcissistic rage suggest that individuals may move between states of grandiosity and vulnerability but may not do so in any systematic pattern.

“Theories regarding narcissistic rage suggest that individuals may move between states of grandiosity and vulnerability but may not do so in any systematic pattern (e.g., moving from states of grandiose rage, to a mixed state, and back to a grandiose state).”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The pathology of personality disorders is derived, in part, from the nature of the fluctuations.

“Theories regarding state-level fluctuations suggest that the pathology is derived, in part, from the nature of the fluctuations (e.g., emotional instability for borderline vs. grandiosity/vulnerability for narcissism).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The specific timescale and patterning of manifestations of grandiosity and vulnerability have not been systematically examined or even proposed with much specificity.

“The specific timescale and patterning of manifestations of grandiosity and vulnerability have not been systematically examined or even proposed in with much specificity.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The proposed three-factor structure has gained traction in the narcissism literature and has been suggested as a better model of trait narcissism than grandiosity and vulnerability alone.

“given the proposed three-factor structure (e.g., entitlement, exhibitionistic grandiosity, and vulnerability) has gained traction in the narcissism literature (and has been suggested as a better model of trait narcissism than grandiosity and vulnerability alone)”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

No prior work suggests the specific timescale for which narcissistic fluctuations occur.

“No prior work examines the variable nature of a dispositional three-factor structure of narcissism with regard to state level grandiosity and vulnerability (research question 1b), nor does prior work suggest the specific timescale for which narcissistic fluctuations occur (research questions 2-3), or how such processes may compare with other psychological processes/variables (research questions 4”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Participants were required to complete several comprehension questions before continuing with study procedures, and those who did not show adequate comprehension were not eligible for further participation.

“Participants were required to complete several comprehension questions before continuing on with study procedures. Participants who did not show adequate comprehension were not eligible for further participation.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

To ensure results are robust, all analyses are replicated across three independent samples: two undergraduate samples and one community sample enriched for relevant personality traits (i.e., low modesty).

“To ensure results are robust, all analyses are replicated across three independent samples: two undergraduate samples and one community sample enriched for relevant personality traits (i.e., low modesty).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Rosenberg self-esteem scale measures self-esteem.

“State level self-esteem was assessed using a subset of items from the 10-item Rosenberg self-esteem scale (Rosenberg, 1965).”

• cites Rosenberg, 1965Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Narcissism may best be captured with a three-factor structure instead of a two-factor structure.

“emerging literature in the field of narcissism suggests that narcissism may best be captured with a three-factor structure instead of a two-factor structure”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Three samples were leveraged to guard against spurious conclusions in the exploratory approach.

“To guard against spurious conclusions in our exploratory approach, three samples were leveraged to examine the patterning of fluctuations”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

There is a debate about how associations between individual differences in variability and within-person means should be interpreted; many argue positive associations are artifactual due to floor or ceiling effects.

“Currently there is a debate in the literature about how associations between individual differences in variability of momentary scores and within-person means of those same scores should be interpreted. Many argue that positive associations between within-person means and variability merely reflect that people with higher means have more room to vary, and thus this relationship is artifactual (e.g”

• cites Baird et al., 2006Not checked yet

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• cites Kalokerinos et al., 2020Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted).

Grandiosity reflects a defensive reaction to vulnerable states.

“For instance, that grandiosity reflects a defensive reaction to vulnerable states (e.g., Ronningstam, 2009)”

• cites Ronningstam, 2009Not checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The procedure used for data collection was similar across Sample 1, Sample 2, and Sample 3, which justified combining the datasets into one data file.

“Due to the similarity of the procedure used for data collection across Sample 1, Sample 2, and Sample 3, and per the suggestion of reviewers, the datasets were combined into one data file.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted).

Fragile grandiosity predicts tumbling down into a vulnerable state.

“and alternatively whether fragile grandiosity predicts tumbling down into a vulnerable state (e.g., Horowitz, 2009).”

• cites Horowitz, 2009Not checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Theorists have long observed that narcissistic individuals fluctuate in their expressions of grandiosity and vulnerability.

“Theorists have long observed that narcissistic individuals fluctuate in their expressions of grandiosity and vulnerability”

• cites Kernberg, 1975Not checked yet

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• cites Wright, 2014Not checked yet

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• cites Pincus et al., 2014Not checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The average effect size from a recent review of personality and social psychology research is roughly f2=.04.

“This corresponds, roughly, to the average effect size from a recent review of personality and social psychology research (Gignac & Szodorai, 2016).”

• cites Gignac & Szodorai, 2016Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The FFNI-SF assesses narcissism across 15 different traits.

“The FFNI-SF is a 60-item version of the original Five-Factor Narcissism Inventory (FFNI; Glover et al., 2012) that assesses narcissism across 15 different traits.”

• cites Sherman et al., 2015Not checked yet

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• cites Glover et al., 2012Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The FFNI traits tap the broad dimensions of grandiosity and vulnerability, as well as a three-factor structure of Extraversion, Antagonism, and Neuroticism.

“These traits have been shown to tap the broad dimensions of grandiosity and vulnerability, as well as a three-factor structure of Extraversion, Antagonism, and Neuroticism.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The BFI-2 measures the Big Five domains of personality-Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Negative Emotionality, and Open-Mindedness.

“The BFI-2 is a revised and updated version of the original Big Five Inventory (BFI; John & Srivastava, 1999) which measures the Big Five domains of personality—Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Negative Emotionality, and Open-Mindedness (as well as 15 lower order facets).”

• cites Soto & John, 2017Not checked yet

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• cites John & Srivastava, 1999Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Borderline personality pathology is the core of personality pathology on both theoretical and empirical grounds.

“borderline personality pathology is the core of personality pathology on both theoretical and empirical grounds”

• cites Kernberg, 1984Not checked yet

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• cites Sharp et al., 2015Not checked yet

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• cites Williams et al., 2018Not checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Geukes et al. (2016) suggest that two aspects of grandiosity, admiration and rivalry, are differentially associated with self-esteem level and variability.

“Geukes and colleagues (2016) suggest that two aspects of grandiosity, admiration and rivalry, are differentially associated with self-esteem level and variability”

• cites Geukes and colleagues (2016)Not checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Clinical theory suggests individuals actually experience states of grandiosity and vulnerability that follow one another.

“Clinical theory regarding fluctuations between grandiosity and vulnerability suggests just that—individuals actually experience states of grandiosity and vulnerability that follow one another”

• cites Kernberg, 1975Not checked yet

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• cites Pincus et al., 2014Not checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Rivalry is positively associated with variability and negatively associated with level.

“rivalry (most consistent with entitled antagonism) is positively associated with variability and negatively associated with level.”

• cites Geukes and colleagues (2016)Not checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Research by Crowe et al. (2017) suggests there are large differences between high levels of narcissism and self-esteem.

“research by Crowe and colleagues (2017) suggests that there are large differences between high levels of narcissism and self-esteem.”

• cites Crowe and colleagues (2017)Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Admiration was positively associated with self-esteem level and negatively associated with variability in self-esteem.

“Admiration (most consistent with exhibitionistic grandiosity) was positively associated with self-esteem level and negatively associated with variability in self-esteem.”

• cites Geukes and colleagues (2016)Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Vulnerability tends to be a measure of distress and is associated with a wide range of pathologies.

“vulnerability tends to be a measure of distress and is associated with a wide range of pathologies”

• cites Miller et al., 2014, 2016Not checked yet

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• cites Edershile et al., 2019Not checked yet

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• cites Pincus & Lukowitsky, 2010Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Borderline pathology has repeatedly been shown to be predictive of affective and interpersonal instability.

“borderline pathology has repeatedly been shown to be predictive of affective and interpersonal instability”

• cites Ringwald et al., 2020Not checked yet

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• cites Russell et al, 2007Not checked yet

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• cites Trull et al., 2008Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Individuals with high levels of grandiosity may experience bouts of high self-esteem but also come in and out of these periods.

“individuals with high levels of grandiosity may experience bouts of high self-esteem but also come in and out of these periods”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Previous research has suggested that grandiosity is associated with higher and more stable self-esteem.

“Previous research has suggested that grandiosity is associated with higher and more stable self-esteem”

• cites Carlson et al., 2011Not checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Self-esteem is a crucial psychological variable in examining different outcomes for individuals high in narcissism.

“Sedikides and colleagues (2004) suggest that self-esteem is a crucial psychological variable in examining different outcomes for individuals high in narcissism.”

• cites Sedikides and colleagues (2004)Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

This is fully consistent with Geukes et al. (2016).

“This is fully consistent with Geukes and colleagues (2016).”

• cites Geukes and colleagues (2016)Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

These results are partially consistent with Geukes et al. (2016), suggesting that grandiose aspects of narcissism are associated with higher levels of self-esteem whereas more vulnerable aspects are associated with self-esteem fragility, or variability.

“these results are partially consistent with those found by Geukes and colleagues (2016), suggesting that grandiose aspects of narcissism are associated with higher levels of self-esteem whereas more vulnerable aspects are associated with self-esteem fragility, or variability.”

• cites Geukes and colleagues (2016)Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Perceptions of others' warmth and dominance have important implications for one's own behavior and are closely tied to experiences of grandiosity and vulnerability.

“Indeed, it appears that perceptions of other’s warmth and dominance has important implications for one’s own behavior and is closely tied to experiences of grandiosity and vulnerability.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The present study was the first to explicitly examine the dynamic process between grandiosity and vulnerability from a momentary perspective.

“The present study was the first to explicitly examine this dynamic process between grandiosity and vulnerability from a momentary perspective.”

May combine two claims.

Processes such as self-esteem are clearly associated with narcissism but are not interchangeable with processes involved in grandiosity and vulnerability expression.

“Though processes, such as self-esteem, are clearly associated with narcissism, they are not interchangeable with processes involved in grandiosity and vulnerability expression.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

These prior findings are limited by their reliance on retrospective reports and cross-sectional methodology.

“At the same time these prior findings are limited by their reliance on retrospective reports and cross-sectional methodology.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

All three samples had slightly different ambulatory assessment protocols.

“A further consideration is that all three samples had slightly different ambulatory assessment protocols.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

The present study served as a starting point for understanding variability in narcissism.

“The present study served as a starting point for understanding variability in narcissism.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The present findings provide more granular texture to these patterns of variability.

“Our findings provide more granular texture to these patterns of variability.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Across all three samples, participants received a different number of maximum surveys per day.

“In particular, across all three samples, participants received a different number of maximum surveys per day.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

This study serves as an important steppingstone as researchers work to better understand the dynamic processes occurring within narcissism.

“As such, this study serves as an important steppingstone as researchers work to better understand the dynamic processes occurring within narcissism.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Previous research has suggested that grandiose individuals experience bouts of vulnerability whereas vulnerable individuals do not experience periods of grandiosity in the same way.

“Previous research (Gore & Widiger, 2016; Hyatt et al., 2017) has suggested that grandiose individuals experience bouts of vulnerability whereas vulnerable individuals do not experience periods of grandiosity in the same way.”

• cites Gore & Widiger, 2016Not checked yet

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• cites Hyatt et al., 2017Not checked yet

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