Two faces of narcissism.
Abstract
The present study examines the lack of strong correlations among existing self-report measures of narcissism. A principal-components analysis of 6 MMPI narcissism scales resulted in 2 orthogonal factors, 1 implying Vulnerability-Sensitivity and the other Grandiosity-Exhibitionism. Although unrelated to each other, these 2 factors were associated with such core features of narcissism as conceit, self-indulgence, and disregard of others. Despite this common core, however, Vulnerability-Sensitivity was associated with introversion, defensiveness, anxiety, and vulnerability to life's traumas, whereas Grandiosity-Exhibitionism was related to extraversion, self-assurance, exhibitionism, and aggression. Three alternative interpretations of these results are considered, and an argument for the distinction between covert and overt narcissism is made.
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The two most commonly recognized presentations of narcissism are grandiose and vulnerable narcissism.
“Next, we suggest two specifiers that would allow one to document whether the narcissistic individuals fall in either or potentially both of the two most commonly recognized presentations-grandiose or vulnerable narcissism (e.g., Cain et al. 2008, Miller et al. 2011, Wink 1991).”
From Controversies in Narcissism (2017) · cites this paper as Wink 1991
Pathological narcissism is multifaceted, with existing empirical literature consistently highlighting the existence of both grandiose and vulnerable phenotypes.
“It is also multifaceted in nature, with existing empirical literature consistently highlighting the existence of both grandiose and vulnerable phenotypes [28, 67, 84].”
From “It’s not you, it’s me”: identity disturbance as the main contributor to interpersonal problems in pathological narcissism (2023) · cites this paper as [84]
Grandiose narcissism is typically characterized by attention seeking, arrogance, and self-enhancing and exaggerated self-worth, and individuals with grandiose narcissism are interpersonally domineering, antagonistic, and vindictive.
“Grandiose narcissism is typically characterized by attention seeking, arrogance, and self-enhancing and exaggerated self-worth. These individuals have been found to be interpersonally domineering, antagonistic and vindictive [14, 74, 75, 84].”
From “It’s not you, it’s me”: identity disturbance as the main contributor to interpersonal problems in pathological narcissism (2023) · cites this paper as [84]
Early emphasis on the grandiose presentation gave way to recognition of two types of narcissism: grandiose and vulnerable.
“Early emphasis on the grandiose presentation gave way to recognition of two types of narcissism: grandiose and vulnerable (15, 16).”
From Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Progress in Understanding and Treatment (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
Vulnerable narcissism correlates highly with introversion.
“Grandiose narcissism displays substantial correlation with extraversion, while vulnerable narcissism correlates highly with introversion.”
From The Relationship between Grandiose and Vulnerable (Hypersensitive) Narcissism (2017) · cites this paper as Wink, 1991
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Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: The dark side of high self-esteem.
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Bushman, B. J., & Baumeister, R. F. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.1.219 · Cited by 2,113 · see citing works
Initial construction and validation of the Pathological Narcissism Inventory.
Pincus, A. L., Ansell, E. B., Pimentel, C. A., Cain, N. M., Wright, A. G. C., & Levy, K. N. (2009) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0016530 · Cited by 1,334 · see citing works
Awe, the small self, and prosocial behavior
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Grandiose and Vulnerable Narcissism: A Nomological Network Analysis: Variants of Narcissism
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“Multiples studies have documented the existence of two or more forms of narcissism, which are often referred to as grandiose versus vulnerable narcissism (Dickinson & Pincus, 2003; Fossati et al., 2005; Miller & Campbell, 2008; Russ, Shedler, Bradley, & Westen, 2008; Wink, 1991).”
BackgroundAn attachment perspective on psychopathology
Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2012) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.wpsyc.2012.01.003 · Cited by 946 · see citing works
“Whereas avoidant attachment is associated with overt narcissism or grandiosity, which includes both self-praise and denial of weaknesses (36), attachment anxiety is associated with covert narcissism, characterized by self-focused attention, hypersensitivity to other people’s evaluations, and an exaggerated sense of en…”
BackgroundMuris, P., Merckelbach, H., Otgaar, H., & Meijer, E. (2017) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691616666070 · Cited by 946 · see citing works
“This is true for narcissism (e.g., Dickinson & Pincus, 2003; Wink, 1991) and Machiavellianism (e.g., Corral & Calvete, 2000; Dahling, Whitaker, & Levy, 2009; Monaghan, Bizumic, & Sellbom, 2016) but certainly also applies to psychopathy (e.g., Hare, 2006; Hare & Neumann, 2008).”
BackgroundKashdan, T. B., Rose, P., & Fincham, F. D. (2004) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa8203_05 · Cited by 888 · see citing works
Cain, N. M., Pincus, A. L., & Ansell, E. B. (2008) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.09.006 · Cited by 876 · see citing works
“Structural studies Structural evaluations of self-report measures of narcissism that included measures beyond the NPI consistently found evidence for 2 molar dimensions (Rathvon & Holmstrom, 1996; Wink, 1991, 1996; Wink & Donahue, 1997).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAssessing Hypersensitive Narcissism: A Reexamination of Murray's Narcism Scale
Hendin, H. M., & Cheek, J. M. (1997) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1006/jrpe.1997.2204 · Cited by 851 · see citing works
The Narcissism Spectrum Model: A Synthetic View of Narcissistic Personality
Krizan, Z., & Herlache, A. D. (2018) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868316685018 · Cited by 807 · see citing works
“In this vein, most theoretical development and empirical research have focused on narcissism as a personality structure, a configuration of personality traits, or in extreme, a personality disorder (American Psychiatric Association, 2000; Kernberg, 1975; Kohut, 1971; Levy, Ellison, & Reynoso, 2011; Miller & Campbell,…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialTwenge, J. M., & Campbell, W. K. (2003) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167202239051 · Cited by 776 · see citing works
“This is distinct from the “covert,” or hidden, narcissism that has been postulated by some researchers (e.g., Wink, 1991).”
BackgroundInterpersonal Analysis of Grandiose and Vulnerable Narcissism
Dickinson, K. A., & Pincus, A. L. (2003) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.17.3.188.22146 · Cited by 759 · see citing works
“This study provides support for the theoretical contention that narcissistic pathology is not necessarily grounded in perceptible grandiosity as suggested by the DSM and many popular measures of narcissism (American Psychiatric Association, 1994; Wink, 1991).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAre normal narcissists psychologically healthy?: Self-esteem matters.
Sedikides, C., Rudich, E. A., Gregg, A. P., Kumashiro, M., & Rusbult, C. (2004) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.87.3.400 · Cited by 735 · see citing works
Comparing Clinical and Social‐Personality Conceptualizations of Narcissism
Miller, J. D., & Campbell, W. K. (2008) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00492.x · Cited by 648 · see citing works
Miller, J. D., Lynam, D. R., Hyatt, C. S., & Campbell, W. K. (2017) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045244 · Cited by 572 · see citing works
“Next, we suggest two specifiers that would allow one to document whether the narcissistic individuals fall in either or potentially both of the two most commonly recognized presentations—grandiose or vulnerable narcissism (e.g., Cain et al. 2008, Miller et al. 2011, Wink 1991).”
BackgroundMiller, J. D., Dir, A., Gentile, B., Wilson, L., Pryor, L. R., & Campbell, W. K. (2010) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00660.x · Cited by 530 · see citing works
“All three members of the putative VDT manifest significant relations with a host of internalizing symptoms and disorders, such as anxiety and depression, as well as behavioral indicators of distress, such as suicidality (Pincus et al., 2009; Verona et al., 2005; Wink, 1991).”
InfluentialCFO Narcissism and Financial Reporting Quality
Ham, C., Lang, M. H., Seybert, N., & Wang, S. (2017) · Journal of Accounting Research · doi:10.1111/1475-679x.12176 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
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“…57 193 2 3 .43**2 .40** Wink & Gough (1990) CPI narcissism CPI self-control (reversed) 350 4 .67** MMPI narcissism CPI self-control (reversed) 350 4 .60** Wink (1991) MMPI narcissism (Factor 2: GrandiosityExhibitionism)2 CPI self-control (reversed) 350 4 .52** MMPI narcissism Spouse rating: ACL…”
InfluentialSkeem, J. L., Poythress, N. G., Edens, J. F., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Cale, E. M. (2002) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/s1359-1789(02)00098-8 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
“…whose characterological features include impulsivity, poor behavior controls, and (theoretically) a type of covert narcissism that is less stable in the face of challenge or insult and is associated with underlying feelings of insecurity and vulnerability (Wink, 1991;Wink &Donahue, 1997).”
BackgroundOn the Meaning and Measure of Narcissism
Brown, R. P., Budzek, K., & Tamborski, M. (2009) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167209335461 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
The happy and unhappy faces of narcissism
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“These results join a broader collection of evidence suggesting that overt and covert narcissism are very different constructs (e.g. Rathvon & Holmstrom, 1996; Wink, 1991).”
BackgroundResultRauthmann, J. F. (2011) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550611427608 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
“For example, narcissists are initially described as agreeable, competent, and entertaining but later with Quadrant II traits from the interpersonal circumplex such as arrogant, hostile, or antagonistic (Paulhus, 1998; Wink, 1991).”
BackgroundNarcissism Today: What We Know and What We Need to Learn
Miller, J. D., Back, M. D., Lynam, D. R., & Wright, A. G. C. (2021) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/09637214211044109 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
“Research over the past two decades (cf. Wink, 1991) has revealed that narcissism can also be studied hierarchically (e.g., Cain et al., 2008) and is composed of, at minimum, two distinguishable dimensions— grandiose narcissism and vulnerable narcissism—with vastly different nomological networks…”
BackgroundExploring the structure of narcissism: Toward an integrated solution
Crowe, M. L., Lynam, D. R., Campbell, W. K., & Miller, J. D. (2019) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12464 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Narcissism is a bad sign: CEO signature size, investment, and performance
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“While in more extreme cases narcissism can manifest in the form of increased hostility toward others (Rhodewalt and Morf 1995) and increased aggression (Wink 1991; Bushman and Baumeister 1998), it is most commonly associated with conceit and disregard for others (Wink 1991).”
On Being Eager and Uninhibited: Narcissism and Approach–Avoidance Motivation
Foster, J. D., & Trimm, R. F. (2008) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167208316688 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
“This seems intuitive and consistent with prior thinking on the distinction between overt and covert narcissism (e.g., Hendin & Cheek, 1997; Rose, 2002; Wink, 1991).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialUntangling the Links between Narcissism and Self‐esteem: A Theoretical and Empirical Review
Bosson, J. K., Lakey, C. E., Campbell, W. K., Zeigler‐Hill, V., Jordan, C. H., & Kernis, M. H. (2008) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00089.x · Cited by 314 · see citing works
“Similar findings were obtained by Zeigler-Hill (2006), who also used the IAT to assess implicit self-esteem.”
Investigating When and Why Psychological Entitlement Predicts Unethical Pro-organizational Behavior
Lee, A., Schwarz, G., Newman, A., & Legood, A. (2019) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-017-3456-z · Cited by 300 · see citing works
“Such characteristics are predictable with well-documented linkages between entitlement and narcissistic personality disorder (e.g., Wink 1991).”
BackgroundSelf-Entitled College Students: Contributions of Personality, Parenting, and Motivational Factors
Greenberger, E., Lessard, J., Chen, C., & Farruggia, S. P. (2008) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-008-9284-9 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
“This anomalous finding might be due to the fact that AE and narcissism are modestly associated (see Study 1), and that college students who score high on AE, like narcissists (see Haugaard 2001; Twenge and Campbell 2003; Wink 1991 ), have an underlying low and/or unstable sense of self-esteem.”
BackgroundThomaes, S. C. E., Bushman, B. J., Stegge, H., & Olthof, T. (2008) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01226.x · Cited by 292 · see citing works
“On the contrary, on the basis of prior research, we predicted that high self-esteem would enhance narcissistic aggression (Papps & O’Carroll, 1998; Wink, 1991).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMiller, J. D., Lynam, D. R., McCain, J. L., Few, L. R., Crego, C., Widiger, T. A., & Campbell, W. K. (2016) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2015_29_177 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
“These dimensions, usually referenced as grandiose and vulnerable (Cain, Pincus, & Ansell, 2008; Miller & Campbell, 2008; Wink, 1991), possess substantially divergent nomological networks with regard to developmental experiences, attachment styles, affective experiences, basic personality traits, self-representations,…”
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Refining the Construct of Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Diagnostic Criteria and Subtypes
Russ, E., Shedler, J., Bradley, R., & Westen, D. (2008) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07030376 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
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The Higher Order Factor Structure and Gender Invariance of the Pathological Narcissism Inventory
Wright, A. G. C., Lukowitsky, M. R., Pincus, A. L., & Conroy, D. E. (2010) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191110373227 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
“…that the two phenotypic expressions of narcissistic pathology have divergent relationships with a variety of constructs supporting the validity of this distinction (e.g., Dickinson & Pincus, 2003; Rathvon & Holmsrom, 1996; Russ, Shedler, Bradley, & Westen, 2008; Wink, 1991, 1992, 1996).”
Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Diagnostic and clinical challenges
Caligor, E., Levy, K. N., & Yeomans, F. E. (2015) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14060723 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Looking again, and harder, for a link between low self-esteem and aggression.
Bushman, B. J., Baumeister, R. F., Thomaes, S., Ryu, E., Begeer, S., & West, S. G. (2009) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00553.x · Cited by 261 · see citing works
“In our findings, however (as in those of Wink, 1991, and others), they were not aggressive.”
BackgroundMethodResultVulnerable Narcissism Is (Mostly) a Disorder of Neuroticism
Miller, J. D., Lynam, D. R., Vize, C., Crowe, M., Sleep, C., Maples‐Keller, J. L., Few, L. R., & Campbell, W. K. (2018) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12303 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Krizan, Z., & Johar, O. (2015) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000013 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Schröder–Abé, M., Rudolph, A., & Schütz, A. (2007) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.626 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
“Clinical theorists have identified subtypes of narcissism characterized by overtly negative self-views that conceal less conscious feelings of entitlement and superiority (e.g. Wink, 1991).”
BackgroundEl-Alayli, A. G., Brown, A. A., & Ceynar, M. L. (2018) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-017-0872-6 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
“Because one key component of narcissism is entitlement (Wink 1991), this kind of strategy might work to reduce domain-specific academic entitlement.”
BackgroundNarcissism and Childhood Recollections: A Quantitative Test of Psychoanalytic Predictions
Otway, L. J., & Vignoles, V. L. (2006) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167205279907 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
“Given the more recent identification of overt and covert subtypes of narcissism (Rose, 2002; Wink, 1991), we considered the possibility that excessive praise and admiration (Millon, 1981) might be associated to a greater extent with overt narcissism, and parental coldness and indifference…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialNarcissistic Personality Disorder: Facing DSM-V
Ronningstam, E. (2009) · Psychiatric Annals · doi:10.3928/00485713-20090301-09 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Zeigler‐Hill, V., Clark, C. B., & Pickard, J. D. (2008) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00503.x · Cited by 219 · see citing works
The functional domain specificity of self-esteem and the differential prediction of aggression.
Kirkpatrick, L. A., Waugh, C. E., Valencia, A., & Webster, G. D. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.5.756 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Effects of narcissistic entitlement and exploitativeness on human physical aggression
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Narcissism in Organizations: A Multisource Appraisal Reflects Different Perspectives
Blair, C. A., Hoffman, B. J., & Helland, K. R. (2008) · Human Performance · doi:10.1080/08959280802137705 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
“; DSM–IV; APA, 1994; see also Wink, 1991).”
BackgroundNarcissistic Grandiosity and Narcissistic Vulnerability
Pincus, A. L., & Roche, M. J. (2011) · The Handbook of Narcissism and Narcissistic Personality Disorder · doi:10.1002/9781118093108.ch4 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Watts, A. L., Lilienfeld, S. O., Smith, S. F., Miller, J. D., Campbell, W. K., Waldman, I. D., Rubenzer, S. J., & Faschingbauer, T. J. (2013) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797613491970 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
“Nevertheless, studies increasingly support the existence of two subdimensions of narcissism: grandiose and vulnerable (Miller & Campbell, 2008; Pincus et al., 2009; Wink, 1991).”
BackgroundThe Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry Concept
Back, M. D. (2018) · Handbook of Trait Narcissism · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-92171-6_6 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
The Narcissistic Personality Inventory: factor structure in a non-clinical sample
Kubarych, T. S., Deary, I. J., & Austin, E. J. (2003) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(03)00158-2 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
“In some of the psychological literature on narcissism (Wink, 1991) there is a distinction between ‘‘overt’’ narcissism (represented by Narcissus) and ‘‘covert’’ narcissism (represented by Echo).”
BackgroundMeasures of Dark Personalities
Paulhus, D. L., & Jones, D. N. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-386915-9.00020-6 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
The relations among narcissism, self‐esteem, and delinquency in a sample of at‐risk adolescents
Barry, C. T., Grafeman, S. J., Adler, K. K., & Pickard, J. D. (2007) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2006.12.003 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Yarımoğlu, E., & BİNBOĞA, G. (2018) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.2270 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Grandiose and Vulnerable Narcissism
Rohmann, E., Neumann, E., Herner, M. J., & Bierhoff, H. (2011) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000100 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Rogoza, R., Żemojtel-Piotrowska, M. A., Kwiatkowska, M. M., & Kwiatkowska, K. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00343 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Trait entitlement: A cognitive-personality source of vulnerability to psychological distress.
Grubbs, J. B., & Exline, J. J. (2016) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000063 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
An empirical test of schema mode conceptualizations in personality disorders
Lobbestael, J., Van Vreeswijk, M. F., & Arntz, A. (2008) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.03.006 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Fluctuation between grandiose and vulnerable narcissism.
Gore, W. L., & Widiger, T. A. (2016) · Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment · doi:10.1037/per0000181 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Narcissism and problematic social media use: A systematic literature review
Casale, S., & Banchi, V. (2020) · Addictive Behaviors Reports · doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2020.100252 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
“The existence of two forms of narcissism was first conceptualized and examined by Wink (1991), and a portion of the psychology literature (Hendin & Cheek, 1997) has confirmed the existence of these two types.”
BackgroundNarcissistic Features in Young Adolescents: Relations to Aggression and Internalizing Symptoms
Washburn, J. J., McMahon, S. D., King, C. A., Reinecke, M. A., & Silver, C. (2004) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1023/b:joyo.0000025323.94929.d9 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
“The maladaptive factors of the NPI appear to account for the associations of the NPI total score with hostility and anger (Rhodewalt and Morf, 1995; Wink, 1991).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialEnvy Divides the Two Faces of Narcissism
Križan, Z., & Johar, O. (2012) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2012.00767.x · Cited by 170 · see citing works
“See You in Court”: How CEO narcissism increases firms' vulnerability to lawsuits
O’Reilly, C. A., Doerr, B., & Chatman, J. A. (2017) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2017.08.001 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
“Recent research on narcissism has proceeded along two streams (e.g., Miller, Lynam, Hyatt, & Campbell, 2017; Rose, 2002; Wink, 1991).”
BackgroundFisk, G. M. (2009) · Human Resource Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2009.11.001 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Are violent people more likely to have low self-esteem or high self-esteem?
Ostrowsky, M. K. (2009) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2009.08.004 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
The Role of Narcissism in Aggression and Violence: A Systematic Review
Lambe, S., Hamilton-Giachritsis, C. E., Garner, E., & Walker, J. S. (2016) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838016650190 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
“symptoms of vulnerability and hypersensitivity, whilst the NPI and SCID-II focus more on boisterous, self-aggrandizing, vain, and interpersonally exploitative behaviour (Hendin & Cheek, 1997; Wink, 1991).”
BackgroundIssues resolved and unresolved in pathological narcissism
Wright, A. G. C., & Edershile, E. A. (2017) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.10.001 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
The dark triad and intimate partner violence
Carton, H., & Egan, V. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.09.040 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
“Narcissism is a multidimensional construct that splits into grandiose and vulnerable forms (Wink, 1991; Dickinson & Pincus, 2003; Pailing et al., 2014).”
BackgroundThe Relationship between Grandiose and Vulnerable (Hypersensitive) Narcissism
Jauk, E., Weigle, E., Lehmann, K., Benedek, M., & Neubauer, A. C. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01600 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
“…the central concept of self-centeredness (e.g., Brown et al., 2016), they phenomenologically manifest in very different personality types1, which Wink (1991) originally referred to as the “two faces” (p. 590) of narcissism: subclinical grandiose narcissists are extraverted, socially bold, and…”
BackgroundInfluentialTheoretical and empirical concerns regarding the dark triad as a construct
Glenn, A. L., & Sellbom, M. (2015) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2014_28_162 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
“However, this measure focuses exclusively on the grandiose aspects of narcissism (Cain, Pincus, & Ansell, 2008; Miller & Campbell, 2008) and does not assess the vulnerable components (Cain et al., 2008; Wink, 1991).”
BackgroundGrandiose and Vulnerable Narcissism and the<i>DSM–5</i>Pathological Personality Trait Model
Miller, J. D., Gentile, B., Wilson, L., & Campbell, W. K. (2013) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2012.685907 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
“, abuse); attachment styles; personality traits from self-report, informant report, and thin-slice perspectives; psychopathology; self-esteem; engagement in externalizing behaviors; and utilization of clinical resources (Campbell & Miller, in press; Dickinson & Pincus, 2003; Miller, Dir, et al., 2010; Miller et al., 2…”
BackgroundArcher, J. E., Birring, S. S., & Wu, F. C. W. (1998) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2337(1998)24:6 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
CEO grandiose narcissism and firm performance: The role of organizational identification
Reina, C. S., Zhang, Z., & Peterson, S. J. (2014) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2014.06.004 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Hart, W., Adams, J., Burton, K. A., & Tortoriello, G. K. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.06.062 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Barry, C. T., Frick, P. J., Adler, K. K., & Grafeman, S. J. (2007) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-006-9102-5 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Sedikides, C. (2020) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2020.10.010 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Thoma, P., Friedmann, C., & Suchan, B. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.01.024 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Machiavellianism, self-monitoring, self-promotion and relational aggression on Facebook
Abell, L., & Brewer, G. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.03.076 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
“In addition, those using Facebook are more narcissistic i.e. self-absorbed, sensitive to slights from others and likely to bolster self-esteem through admiration from others (Luchner, Mirsalimi, Moser, & Jones, 2008; Wink, 1991) than non-Facebook users (Ryan & Xenos, 2011).”
BackgroundAggressive reactions to abusive supervision: The role of interactional justice and narcissism
Burton, J. P., & Hoobler, J. M. (2011) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2011.00886.x · Cited by 132 · see citing works
“In addition, narcissists typically have a general disregard for others (Wink, 1991).”
BackgroundMiller, J. D., & Maples, J. L. (2011) · doi:10.1002/9781118093108.ch7 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Conceptions of Narcissism and the <i>DSM-5</i> Pathological Personality Traits
Wright, A. G. C., Pincus, A. L., Thomas, K. M., Hopwood, C. J., Markon, K. E., & Krueger, R. F. (2013) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191113486692 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
“Although there are those who have articulated and studied narcissistic vulnerability in social/personality psychology (e.g., Morf & Rhodewalt, 2001; Wink, 1991), the preponderance of the research in this area has focused on grandiose aspects of the construct, heavily relying on the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (…”
BackgroundPathological narcissism and the depressive temperament
Tritt, S. M., Ryder, A. G., Ring, A. J., & Pincus, A. L. (2009) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.09.006 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
“A review of the clinical literature (Cain et al., 2008) reveals two phenotypic expressions narcissistic pathology, confirmed by factor-analytic studies of narcissistic traits (e.g., Rathvon and Holmstrom, 1996; Wink, 1991).”
BackgroundInfluentialShowing Off? Human Mobility and the Interplay of Traits, Self-Disclosure, and Facebook Check-Ins
Wang, S. S., & Stefanone, M. A. (2013) · Social Science Computer Review · doi:10.1177/0894439313481424 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Avi Besser, A., & Priel, B. (2008) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00546.x · Cited by 121 · see citing works
“Whereas attachment avoidance was assumed to associate with extremely positive selfrepresentations and overt narcissism or grandiosity (Gabbard, 1998; Wink, 1991), attachment anxiety, in contrast, seems to predispose a person to, or to accompany, covert narcissism, which is characterized 20 Besser & Priel”
BackgroundExploring the relationship between two forms of narcissism and competitiveness
Luchner, A. F., Houston, J. M., Walker, C., & Houston, M. A. (2011) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.06.033 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
“However, overt narcissism is typically displayed through externalizing behaviors, arrogance, inflated self-esteem, aggressiveness and grandiosity (Ronningstam, 2009), whereas covert narcissism tends to manifest itself through internalizing behaviors, vulnerability, deflated selfesteem and hypersensitivity (Gabbard, 20…”
BackgroundInfluentialChanges in Adult Attachment Styles in American College Students Over Time
Konrath, S., Chopik, W. J., Hsing, C. K., & O’Brien, E. (2014) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868314530516 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
“Attachment insecurity is related to manipulative behavior in the context of close relationships (Gillath, Sesko, Shaver, & Chun, 2010), which parallels the exploitative interpersonal tendencies of narcissistic people (Wink, 1991).”
BackgroundMiller, J. D., Gaughan, E. T., Pryor, L. R., Kamen, C. S., & Campbell, W. K. (2009) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2009.02.001 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Psychopathy Factors and Risk for Aggressive Behavior: A Test of the "Threatened Egotism" Hypothesis.
Cale, E. M., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2006) · Law and Human Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10979-006-9004-5 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
“One interpretation of this negative finding is that narcissism, although associated with aggression in nonclinical samples (e.g., Raskin et al., 1991; Wink, 1991), accounts for a lower proportion of the variance in predicting aggression in inmates.”
BackgroundPersonality factors in professional ethical behaviour: Studies of empathy and narcissism
Munro, D., Bore, M. R., & POWIS, D. A. (2005) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00049530412331283453 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Fluctuations in grandiose and vulnerable narcissistic states: A momentary perspective.
Edershile, E. A., & Wright, A. G. C. (2021) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000370 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Avi Besser, A., & Zeigler‐Hill, V. (2010) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2010.06.006 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
“…which is similar in many ways to rejection sensitivity (Downey & Feldman, 1996), appears to be an important component of vulnerable narcissism (Besser & Priel, in press a; Cooper, 1998; Dickinson & Pincus, 2003; Gabbard, 1989; Gabbard, 1998; Gersten, 1991; Kraus & Reynolds, 2001; Wink, 1991).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialTrends in body mass index and obesity among adults in Finland from 1972 to 1992.
Pietinen, P., Vartiainen, E. A., & Männistö, S. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 111 · see citing works
The Relation between Two Types of Narcissism and Boredom
Wink, P. M., & Donahue, K. (1997) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1006/jrpe.1997.2176 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Self-citationFossati, A., Borroni, S., Grazioli, F., Dornetti, L., Marcassoli, I., Maffei, C., & Cheek, J. (2009) · Personality and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/pmh.92 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“Fight or flight”: coping responses to brand hate
Bayarassou, O., Becheur, I., & Valette‐Florence, P. (2020) · Journal of Product & Brand Management · doi:10.1108/jpbm-08-2019-2519 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
What makes narcissists bloom? A framework for research on the etiology and development of narcissism
Thomaes, S. C. E., Bushman, B. J., de Castro, B. O., & Stegge, H. (2009) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579409990137 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“An important distinction has been made between so-called “covert” (or vulnerable) and “overt” (or grandiose) narcissists (Cain, Pincus, & Ansell, 2007; Dickinson & Pincus, 2003; Wink, 1991).”
BackgroundFossati, A., Borroni, S., Eisenberg, N., & Maffei, C. (2009) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.20332 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“For example, overt narcissists have been described by their partners as ‘‘bossy,’’ ‘‘intolerant,’’ and ‘‘cruel’’ [Wink, 1991, p 596].”
ResultInfluentialBaumeister, R. F., & Boden, J. M. (1998) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012278805-5/50006-7 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
- Authors
- Wink, P.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wink, Paul
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1991
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 590-597
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W4243801562
- Cited by
- 1,107
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 74 · 2024: 69 · 2023: 68 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 88 · 2020: 61 · 2019: 64 · 2018: 74 · 2017: 56 · 2016: 57 · 2015: 45 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 37
- FWCI
- 2.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- narcissism, self-enhancement, self-promotion, self-concept
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, MMPI, Narcissism, Personality Disorders, Psychometrics, Reference Values, Social Adjustment
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