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Rapid responses of British butterflies to opposing forces of climate and habitat change
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Habitat degradation and climate change are thought to be altering the distributions and abundances of animals and plants throughout the world, but their combined impacts have not been assessed for any species assemblage. Here we evaluated changes in the distribution sizes and abundances of 46 species of butterflies that approach their northern climatic range margins in Britain-where changes in climate and habitat are opposing forces. These insects might be expected to have responded positively to climate warming over the past 30 years, yet three-quarters of them declined: negative responses to habitat loss have outweighed positive responses to climate warming. Half of the species that were mobile and habitat generalists increased their distribution sites over this period (consistent with a climate explanation), whereas the other generalists and 89% of the habitat specialists declined in distribution size (consistent with habitat limitation). Changes in population abundances closely matched changes in distributions. The dual forces of habitat modification and climate change are likely to cause specialists to decline, leaving biological communities with reduced numbers of species and dominated by mobile and widespread habitat generalists.
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“While the gradual decline of rare insect species has been known for quite some time (e.g. specialized butterflies [9, 66]), our results illustrate an ongoing and rapid decline in total amount of airborne insects active in space and time.”
From More than 75 percent decline over 27 years in total flying insect biomass in protected areas (2017) · cites this paper as [66]
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“Such species have currently very limited numbers of suitable habitats, which often occur too sparsely in relation to their dispersal abilities (Warren et al., 2001; Hill et al., 2002).”
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“Specialisation on resources that mitigate the effects of extreme climate has been repeatedly reported (Nylin, 1988; Thomas et al., 2001) and is also likely for pollinators.”
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“Similarly, in a study of the effects of climate change and habitat change on butterflies for the period 1970–2000 in the UK (Warren et al., 2001) shows that although species may all have been expected to respond positively to climate warming, over three-quarters of them declined, particularly…”
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“…but species-poor, taxa such as butterflies and bumblebees, in some developed nations, particularly in western Europe (Maes & Van Dyck, 2001; Warren et al., 2001; Fox et al., 2006a; Fitzpatrick et al., 2007; Kosior et al., 2007; Goulson et al., 2008; van Swaay et al., 2008; Van Dyck et al.,…”
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“…(Chapin et al., 1995; Emmett et al., 2004; Press et al., 1998) and long-term monitoring (Richardson and Schoeman, 2004; Root et al., 2003; Warren et al., 2001) provide some indication as to the current and potential future responses of species and ecosystems, but these approaches are…”
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“So far, other studies have related changes in butterfly distribution and abundance to macroclimate (Parmesan et al., 1999; C.D. Thomas et al., 2001; Warren et al., 2001; Hill et al., 2002; Parmesan & Yohe, 2003).”
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“Only habitat generalists could keep up with climate warming because their dispersal was less by unsuitable corridors (Warren et al. 2001).”
BackgroundInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Warren, M. S., Hill, J. K., Thomas, J. A., Asher, J., Fox, R., Huntley, B., Roy, D. B., Telfer, M. G., Jeffcoate, S., Harding, P., Jeffcoate, G., Willis, S. G., Greatorex-Davies, J. N., Moss, D., & Thomas, C. D.
- Affiliations
- Butterfly Conservation (GB)
- Durham University (GB)
- Dorset Green Technology Park (GB)
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (GB)
- University of Leeds (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Thomas, C. D.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2001-11
- Volume
- 414
- Issue
- 6859
- Pages
- 65-69
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W1620630482
- Cited by
- 1,333
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 52 · 2021: 57 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 61 · 2018: 59 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 76 · 2015: 75 · 2014: 93 · 2013: 66 · 2012: 76
- FWCI
- 33.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- orcid.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (submittedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Natural Environment Research Council
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecological Modeling › Species Distribution and Climate Change
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Insect Science › Lepidoptera: Biology and Taxonomy
- Keywords
- butterflies, climate change, habitat loss, range shifts, species distribution, population abundance, habitat generalists, habitat specialists, global warming, habitat degradation, Great Britain
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Physiological, Animals, Butterflies, Climate, Environment, United Kingdom, Population Dynamics, Seasons, Species Specificity
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