Microbiome dynamics of human epidermis following skin barrier disruption
Open accessAbstract
Background: Recent advances in sequencing technologies have enabled metagenomic analyses of many human body sites. Several studies have catalogued the composition of bacterial communities of the surface of human skin, mostly under static conditions in healthy volunteers. Skin injury will disturb the cutaneous homeostasis of the host tissue and its commensal microbiota, but the dynamics of this process have not been studied before. Here we analyzed the microbiota of the surface layer and the deeper layers of the stratum corneum of normal skin, and we investigated the dynamics of recolonization of skin microbiota following skin barrier disruption by tape stripping as a model of superficial injury. Results: We observed gender differences in microbiota composition and showed that bacteria are not uniformly distributed in the stratum corneum. Phylogenetic distance analysis was employed to follow microbiota development during recolonization of injured skin. Surprisingly, the developing neo-microbiome at day 14 was more similar to that of the deeper stratum corneum layers than to the initial surface microbiome. In addition, we also observed variation in the host response towards superficial injury as assessed by the induction of antimicrobial protein expression in epidermal keratinocytes. Conclusions: We suggest that the microbiome of the deeper layers, rather than that of the superficial skin layer, may be regarded as the host indigenous microbiome. Characterization of the skin microbiome under dynamic conditions, and the ensuing response of the microbial community and host tissue, will shed further light on the complex interaction between resident bacteria and epidermis.
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Microbiota changes during human skin barrier disruption show an early short-lived microbiome from surrounding superficial layers, subsequently replaced by bacteria from deeper stratum corneum layers.
“Microbiota changes during human skin barrier disruption have shown interesting dynamics, with an early but short-lived microbiome consisting of microbial constituents from surrounding superficial layers; this was subsequently replaced by bacteria populations from deeper layers of the stratum corneum (164).”
From Wound repair and regeneration: Mechanisms, signaling, and translation (2014) · cites this paper as [164]
Changes in microbial communities stimulate expression of epidermal antimicrobials and inflammatory molecules, indicating crosstalk between microorganisms and the host.
“Changes in microbial communities, in turn, stimulated expression of epidermal antimicrobials and inflammatory molecules, underscoring crosstalk between microorganisms and the host (164).”
From Wound repair and regeneration: Mechanisms, signaling, and translation (2014) · cites this paper as [164]
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- MG-RAST project overview: Microbiome dynamics of human epidermis following skin barrier disruption. http://metagenomics.anl.gov/linkin.cgi?project=2329 PMC3580493 23153041
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- Authors
- Zeeuwen, P. L., Boekhorst, J., van den Bogaard, E. H., de Koning, H. D., van de Kerkhof, P. M., Saulnier, D. M., van Swam, I. I., van Hijum, S. A., Kleerebezem, M., Schalkwijk, J., & Timmerman, H. M.
- Affiliations
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- Radboud University Medical Center (NL)
- Nederlands Instituut Voor Zuivel Oonderzoek (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Schalkwijk, Joost
- Timmerman, Harro M
- Venue
- Genome Biology
- Published
- 2012-11-15
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- R101-R101
- ISSN
- 1465-6906 (ISSN-L)
- 1474-760X
- PMC
- PMC3580493
- OpenAlex
- W2112808185
- Cited by
- 274
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 13.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Genome biology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- ZonMw (91211052)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Dermatology and Skin Diseases
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Microbial Community Ecology and Physiology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Keywords
- skin microbiome, epidermis, stratum corneum, skin barrier disruption, tape stripping, skin damage, gender differences, antimicrobial proteins, keratinocytes, host-microbe interactions
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Epidermis, Female, Humans, Male, Phylogeny, RNA, Bacterial, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Skin, Keratinocytes, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Microbiota
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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