Sebum and Hydration Levels in Specific Regions of Human Face Significantly Predict the Nature and Diversity of Facial Skin Microbiome
Open accessAbstract
The skin microbiome varies across individuals. The causes of these variations are inadequately understood. We tested the hypothesis that inter-individual variation in facial skin microbiome can be significantly explained by variation in sebum and hydration levels in specific facial regions of humans. We measured sebum and hydration from forehead and cheek regions of healthy female volunteers (n = 30). Metagenomic DNA from skin swabs were sequenced for V3-V5 regions of 16S rRNA gene. Altogether, 34 phyla were identified; predominantly Actinobacteria (66.3%), Firmicutes (17.7%), Proteobacteria (13.1%) and Bacteroidetes (1.4%). About 1000 genera were identified; predominantly Propionibacterium (58.6%), Staphylococcus (8.6%), Streptococcus (4.0%), Corynebacterium (3.6%) and Paracoccus (3.3%). A subset (n = 24) of individuals were sampled two months later. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that cheek sebum level was the most significant predictor of microbiome composition and diversity followed by forehead hydration level; forehead sebum and cheek hydration levels were not. With increase in cheek sebum, the prevalence of Actinobacteria (p = 0.001)/Propionibacterium (p = 0.002) increased, whereas microbiome diversity decreased (Shannon Index, p = 0.032); this was opposite for other phyla/genera. These trends were reversed for forehead hydration levels. Therefore, the nature and diversity of facial skin microbiome is jointly determined by site-specific lipid and water levels in the stratum corneum.
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The diversity of the skin microbiome was found to be associated with differences in the quantitative levels of sebum and hydration even between various parts of the face.
“Interestingly, its diversity was found to be associated with the differences in the quantitative levels of sebum and hydration even between various parts of the face.55”
From Sebaceous-immunobiology is orchestrated by sebum lipids (2017) · cites this paper as [55]
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- Authors
- Mukherjee, S., Mitra, R., Maitra, A., Gupta, S., Kumaran, S., Chakrabortty, A., & Majumder, P. P.
- Affiliations
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics (IN)
- Unilever (India) (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Mukherjee, Souvik
- Majumder, Partha P.
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2016-10-27
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 36062-36062
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5081537
- OpenAlex
- W2544642403
- Cited by
- 153
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 8
- FWCI
- 10.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Dermatology and Skin Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Acne and Rosacea Treatments and Effects
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Keywords
- sebum, skin hydration, interindividual variability, Propionibacterium, actinobacteria, microbiome diversity, frons, cheek, stratum corneum lipids, 16S rRNA gene metagenomics
- MeSH terms
- Bacteria, Cheek, DNA, Bacterial, DNA, Ribosomal, Female, Forehead, Humans, Phylogeny, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Sebum, Skin, Water, Sequence Analysis, DNA, DNA, Archaeal, Metagenomics, Microbiota, Healthy Volunteers
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