Orofacial somatomotor responses in the macaque monkey homologue of Broca's area
Abstract
In the ventrolateral frontal lobe of the human brain there is a distinct entity, cytoarchitectonic area 44 (Broca's area), which is crucial in speech production. There has been controversy over whether monkeys possess an area comparable to human area 44. We have addressed this question in the macaque monkey by combining quantitative architectonic analysis of the cortical areas within the ventrolateral frontal region with electrophysiological recording of neuron activity and electrical intracortical microstimulation. Here we show that, immediately in front of the ventral part of the agranular premotor cortical area 6, there is a distinct cortical area that is architectonically comparable to human area 44 and that this monkey area 44 is involved with the orofacial musculature. We suggest that area 44 might have evolved originally as an area exercising high-level control over orofacial actions, including those related to communicative acts, and that, in the human brain, area 44 eventually also came to control certain aspects of the speech act.
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Human cognitive and linguistic specializations have emerged by elaborating on higher-order executive functions of the prefrontal cortex that evolved earlier in the primate lineage.
“These data provide further support for the idea that human cognitive and linguistic specializations have emerged by elaborating on higher-order executive functions of the prefrontal cortex, such as planning, working memory, attention, communication, and social cognition, that evolved earlier in the primate lineage (40–42).”
From Evolution of increased glia–neuron ratios in the human frontal cortex (2006) · cites this paper as [42]
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- Authors
- Petrides, M., Cadoret, G., & Mackey, S.
- Affiliations
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Petrides, Michael
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2005-06
- Volume
- 435
- Issue
- 7046
- Pages
- 1235-1238
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2050245174
- Cited by
- 337
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 9.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- James S. McDonnell Foundation
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology › Animal Vocal Communication and Behavior
- Keywords
- Broca's area, macaque, orofacial motor control, premotor cortex, intracortical microstimulation, speech evolution, facial muscles, non-human primate brain
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Electric Stimulation, Electrophysiology, Face, Frontal Lobe, Macaca fascicularis, Muscles, Speech
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