Distinct parietal and temporal pathways to the homologues of Broca's area in the monkey
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The homologues of the two distinct architectonic areas 44 and 45 that constitute the anterior language zone (Broca's region) in the human ventrolateral frontal lobe were recently established in the macaque monkey. Although we know that the inferior parietal lobule and the lateral temporal cortical region project to the ventrolateral frontal cortex, we do not know which of the several cortical areas found in those regions project to the homologues of Broca's region in the macaque monkey and by means of which white matter pathways. We have used the autoradiographic method, which permits the establishment of the cortical area from which axons originate (i.e., the site of injection), the precise course of the axons in the white matter, and their termination within particular cortical areas, to examine the parietal and temporal connections to area 44 and the two subdivisions of area 45 (i.e., areas 45A and 45B). The results demonstrated a ventral temporo-frontal stream of fibers that originate from various auditory, multisensory, and visual association cortical areas in the intermediate superolateral temporal region. These axons course via the extreme capsule and target most strongly area 45 with a more modest termination in area 44. By contrast, a dorsal stream of axons that originate from various cortical areas in the inferior parietal lobule and the adjacent caudal superior temporal sulcus was found to target both areas 44 and 45. These axons course in the superior longitudinal fasciculus, with some axons originating from the ventral inferior parietal lobule and the adjacent superior temporal sulcus arching and forming a simple arcuate fasciculus. The cortex of the most rostral part of the inferior parietal lobule is preferentially linked with the ventral premotor cortex (ventral area 6) that controls the orofacial musculature. The cortex of the intermediate part of the inferior parietal lobule is linked with both areas 44 and 45. These findings demonstrate the posterior parietal and temporal connections of the ventrolateral frontal areas, which, in the left hemisphere of the human brain, were adapted for various aspects of language production. These precursor circuits that are found in the nonlinguistic, nonhuman, primate brain also exist in the human brain. The possible reasons why these areas were adapted for language use in the human brain are discussed. The results throw new light on the prelinguistic precursor circuitry of Broca's region and help understand functional interactions between Broca's ventrolateral frontal region and posterior parietal and temporal association areas.
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The identification of area 6r1 implies that area 44 does not border the ventral premotor area 6 over its full extent as supposed by other maps.
“The identification of area 6r1 implies that area 44 does not border the ventral premotor area 6 over its full extent as supposed by other maps [5],[41].”
From Broca's Region: Novel Organizational Principles and Multiple Receptor Mapping (2010) · cites this paper as [41]
The Results state that macaque area 44 lies immediately in front of the rostral part of premotor area 6, supporting their anatomical relationship. The cited paper does not identify area 6r1 or state that area 44 fails to border area 6 over its full extent; that inference is not supported by our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPosterior portions of STS and adjacent supramarginal gyrus around TPJ have strong connections to IFG, IPS and AI.
“There is also evidence that posterior portions of the STS and adjacent portions of the supramarginal gyrus around the TPJ, both have strong connections to the IFG, IPS and to the AI (Mars et al., 2012; Petrides and Pandya, 2009; Seltzer and Pandya, 1989).”
From The free-energy self: a predictive coding account of self-recognition (2014) · cites this paper as Petrides and Pandya, 2009
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Petrides, M., & Pandya, D. N.
- Affiliations
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Petrides, Michael
- ORCID
- Petrides, Michael
- Venue
- PLoS Biology
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2009-08-11
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- e1000170
- ISSN
- 1544-9173 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-7885
- PMC
- PMC2714989
- OpenAlex
- W2032907274
- Cited by
- 396
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 43 · 2012: 41
- FWCI
- 15.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS Biology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- eScholarship@McGill (McGill) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- OpenBU (Boston University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (MOP-14620)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Music Perception
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology › Animal Vocal Communication and Behavior
- Keywords
- macaque, inferior parietal lobule, superior temporal sulcus, arcuate fasciculus, superior longitudinal fasciculus, ventral premotor cortex, white matter tracts, language evolution, auditory cortex
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Auditory Perception, Autoradiography, Axons, Biological Evolution, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Macaca mulatta, Neural Pathways, Parietal Lobe, Temporal Lobe, Visual Perception
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