Clathrin regenerates synaptic vesicles from endosomes
Open accessAbstract
Ultrafast endocytosis can retrieve a single, large endocytic vesicle as fast as 50-100 ms after synaptic vesicle fusion. However, the fate of the large endocytic vesicles is not known. Here we demonstrate that these vesicles transition to a synaptic endosome about one second after stimulation. The endosome is resolved into coated vesicles after 3 s, which in turn become small-diameter synaptic vesicles 5-6 s after stimulation. We disrupted clathrin function using RNA interference (RNAi) and found that clathrin is not required for ultrafast endocytosis but is required to generate synaptic vesicles from the endosome. Ultrafast endocytosis fails when actin polymerization is disrupted, or when neurons are stimulated at room temperature instead of physiological temperature. In the absence of ultrafast endocytosis, synaptic vesicles are retrieved directly from the plasma membrane by clathrin-mediated endocytosis. These results may explain discrepancies among published experiments concerning the role of clathrin in synaptic vesicle endocytosis.
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Ultrafast endocytosis initiates as fast as 20-50 ms after exocytosis and completes within 100 ms.
“Indeed, ultrafast endocytosis initiates as fast as 20–50 ms after exocytosis and completes within 100 ms5–7.”
From Membrane compression by synaptic vesicle exocytosis triggers ultrafast endocytosis (2023) · cites this paper as [7]
The Introduction reports endocytic pits appearing about 50 ms after stimulation, and the Discussion says ultrafast endocytosis removes excess membrane 30–100 ms after stimulation. These passages support the rapid onset and completion by about 100 ms, but not initiation as early as 20 ms. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn ultrafast endocytosis, endocytic invaginations always form at the edge of the active zone.
“In this pathway, endocytic invaginations always form at the edge of the active zone5–7.”
From Membrane compression by synaptic vesicle exocytosis triggers ultrafast endocytosis (2023) · cites this paper as [7]
The Results section (‘Ultrafast endocytosis is intact after clathrin knock-down’; page unavailable) reports endocytic pits at the edges of the active zone in both control and clathrin-knock-down cells. Extended Data Fig. 1 also describes membrane retrieval at the lateral edge. Neither passage establishes the claim’s absolute ‘always’ across conditions. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe failure of ultrafast endocytosis at room temperature is attributable to slowed actin turnover at room temperature.
“Based on the reliance of ultrafast endocytosis on F-actin7 and the high sensitivity of actin polymerization to temperature change74–76, we attribute this result to a slowed actin turnover at the room temperature7.”
From Membrane compression by synaptic vesicle exocytosis triggers ultrafast endocytosis (2023) · cites this paper as [7]
The Results section reports that ultrafast endocytosis fails at 22°C and that blocking actin polymerization also prevents it. The Discussion’s “Temperature” section proposes reduced actin polymerization as a likely explanation, but does not establish slowed actin turnover as the cause. Page numbers were not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredUltrafast endocytosis is tightly coupled to exocytosis in time and space.
“Several recent studies suggest that synaptic vesicle endocytosis is mediated by clathrin-independent ultrafast endocytosis at mammalian central synapses and is tightly coupled to exocytosis in time and space5–9.”
From Membrane compression by synaptic vesicle exocytosis triggers ultrafast endocytosis (2023) · cites this paper as [7]
Synaptic vesicle endocytosis at mammalian central synapses is mediated by clathrin-independent ultrafast endocytosis.
“Several recent studies suggest that synaptic vesicle endocytosis is mediated by clathrin-independent ultrafast endocytosis at mammalian central synapses and is tightly coupled to exocytosis in time and space5–9.”
From Membrane compression by synaptic vesicle exocytosis triggers ultrafast endocytosis (2023) · cites this paper as [7]
When ultrafast endocytosis is blocked, a slow clathrin-mediated endocytic pathway can kick in.
“When ultrafast endocytosis is blocked, a slow clathrin-mediated endocytic pathway can kick in7 - this is consistent with observations from live-cell imaging of endocytosis68–70.”
From Membrane compression by synaptic vesicle exocytosis triggers ultrafast endocytosis (2023) · cites this paper as [7]
In a previous study, ultrafast endocytosis failed when neurons were incubated at room temperature for 5 min prior to experiments, and this failure was compensated by clathrin-mediated endocytosis.
“In our previous study, we demonstrated that ultrafast endocytosis fails when neurons are incubated at room temperature for 5 min prior to experiments – this failure is compensated by clathrin-mediated endocytosis7.”
From Membrane compression by synaptic vesicle exocytosis triggers ultrafast endocytosis (2023) · cites this paper as [7]
When ultrafast endocytosis is blocked, clathrin-mediated endocytosis takes its place.
“When ultrafast endocytosis is blocked, clathrin-mediated endocytosis takes its place7.”
From Membrane compression by synaptic vesicle exocytosis triggers ultrafast endocytosis (2023) · cites this paper as [7]
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- Authors
- Watanabe, S., Trimbuch, T., Camacho-Pérez, M., Rost, B. R., Brokowski, B., Söhl-Kielczynski, B., Felies, A., Davis, M. W., Rosenmund, C., & Jorgensen, E. M.
- Affiliations
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin (DE)
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Rosenmund, Christian
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2014-10-08
- Volume
- 515
- Issue
- 7526
- Pages
- 228-233
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC4291189
- OpenAlex
- W2029980283
- Cited by
- 333
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 7
- FWCI
- 15.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DZNE Pub (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R37NS034307, NS034307, R01NS034307)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Cellular transport and secretion
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Extracellular vesicles in disease
- Keywords
- clathrin, synaptic vesicle recycling, coated vesicles, clathrin-mediated endocytosis, actin polymerization, temperature dependence, optogenetic stimulation, high-pressure freezing, axon terminals, synaptic vesicle fusion
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cell Membrane, Clathrin, Endocytosis, Humans, Endosomes, Synaptic Vesicles, Temperature, Mice
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