Cited by 607Cellular transport and secretionNeuroscience and Neuropharmacology ResearchExtracellular vesicles in disease

Ultrafast endocytosis at mouse hippocampal synapses

Open access
Watanabe, Shigeki, Rost, Benjamin R., Camacho-Pérez, Marcial, Davis, M. Wayne, Söhl-Kielczynski, Berit, Rosenmund, Christian, Jorgensen, Erik M.·2013·Nature

Abstract

To sustain neurotransmission, synaptic vesicles and their associated proteins must be recycled locally at synapses. Synaptic vesicles are thought to be regenerated approximately 20 s after fusion by the assembly of clathrin scaffolds or in approximately 1 s by the reversal of fusion pores via 'kiss-and-run' endocytosis. Here we use optogenetics to stimulate cultured hippocampal neurons with a single stimulus, rapidly freeze them after fixed intervals and examine the ultrastructure using electron microscopy--'flash-and-freeze' electron microscopy. Docked vesicles fuse and collapse into the membrane within 30 ms of the stimulus. Compensatory endocytosis occurs within 50 to 100 ms at sites flanking the active zone. Invagination is blocked by inhibition of actin polymerization, and scission is blocked by inhibiting dynamin. Because intact synaptic vesicles are not recovered, this form of recycling is not compatible with kiss-and-run endocytosis; moreover, it is 200-fold faster than clathrin-mediated endocytosis. It is likely that 'ultrafast endocytosis' is specialized to restore the surface area of the membrane rapidly.

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Crossref · 10.1038/nature12809

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54 of 54 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • Synaptic vesicle endocytosis at mammalian central synapses is mediated by clathrin-independent ultrafast endocytosis.

    “Several recent studies suggest that synaptic vesicle endocytosis is mediated by clathrin-independent ultrafast endocytosis at mammalian central synapses and is tightly coupled to exocytosis in time and space5–9.”

    From Membrane compression by synaptic vesicle exocytosis triggers ultrafast endocytosis (2023) · cites this paper as [5]

    The Abstract (page not provided) reports ultrafast endocytosis at cultured mouse hippocampal synapses, supporting the proposed pathway in a mammalian central synapse. But the Discussion explicitly says it is premature to rule out clathrin’s involvement, so the paper does not establish that the pathway is clathrin-independent. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • The actin ring surrounding the active zone is likely essential for ultrafast endocytosis.

    “Thus, the actin ring surrounding the active zone is likely essential for ultrafast endocytosis5.”

    From Membrane compression by synaptic vesicle exocytosis triggers ultrafast endocytosis (2023) · cites this paper as [5]

    The Results section (‘Actin and dynamin mediate endocytosis’; page unavailable) reports that inhibiting actin polymerization prevented endocytic structures, suggesting polymerized actin is required for ultrafast endocytosis. It also locates endocytosis lateral to the active zone, but does not identify an actin ring surrounding the zone or establish that this specific structure is essential. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Ultrafast endocytosis initiates as fast as 20-50 ms after exocytosis and completes within 100 ms.

    “Indeed, ultrafast endocytosis initiates as fast as 20–50 ms after exocytosis and completes within 100 ms5–7.”

    From Membrane compression by synaptic vesicle exocytosis triggers ultrafast endocytosis (2023) · cites this paper as [5]

    The Results section “Endocytosis peaks at 100 ms” (page unavailable) reports shallow pits, deep pits, and fully internalized vesicles within 50 ms after stimulation, supporting very rapid initiation and completion of some events. It does not establish initiation specifically 20 ms after exocytosis or completion of the process within 100 ms: deep pits remained at 100 ms, and the paper says a majority of added membrane had been retrieved by then. (LLM, conf=0.83)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • In ultrafast endocytosis, endocytic invaginations always form at the edge of the active zone.

    “In this pathway, endocytic invaginations always form at the edge of the active zone5–7.”

    From Membrane compression by synaptic vesicle exocytosis triggers ultrafast endocytosis (2023) · cites this paper as [5]

    The Discussion says ultrafast endocytosis takes place at the lateral edge of the active zone. The Results report that invaginations were outside the active zone and were often observed flanking it, but do not establish that they always form at the edge. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Following exocytosis, synaptic vesicles are recovered through clathrin-mediated, ultrafast, bulk, or kiss-and-run endocytic pathways.

    “Following exocytosis, synaptic vesicles are recovered through clathrin-mediated, ultrafast, bulk, or kiss-and-run endocytic pathways.”

    From Molecular Physiology of the Neuronal Synapse (2026) · cites this paper as [32]

    The Introduction and Discussion describe clathrin-mediated and kiss-and-run endocytosis, and the paper reports ultrafast endocytosis after vesicle fusion. But our copy does not identify bulk endocytosis as a pathway, and the Discussion says ultrafast endocytosis is unlikely to recover intact synaptic vesicles directly. The claim therefore overstates what this source supports. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Cites

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Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. [18]Shupliakov O Synaptic vesicle endocytosis impaired by disruption of dynamin-SH3 domain interactions. Science 1997 276 259 263 9092476

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Authors
Watanabe, S., Rost, B. R., Camacho-Pérez, M., Davis, M. W., Söhl-Kielczynski, B., Rosenmund, C., & Jorgensen, E. M.
Affiliations
  • Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
  • Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin (DE)
Corresponding author
Rosenmund, Christian
Venue
Nature
Published
2013-12-04
Volume
504
Issue
7479
Pages
242-247
ISSN
  • 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
  • 1476-4687
OpenAlex
W2093450191
Cited by
607
References
54
Citations by year
2026: 26 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 62 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 58 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 1
FWCI
25.72
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Nature (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
  • DZNE Pub (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • Howard Hughes Medical Institute
  • National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R37NS034307, NS034307, R01NS034307)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Cellular transport and secretion
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Extracellular vesicles in disease
Keywords
synaptic vesicle recycling, clathrin-mediated endocytosis, dynamin, actin polymerization, hippocampal synapses, neurotransmission, membrane internalization, active zone, optogenetic stimulation
MeSH terms
Actins, Action Potentials, Animals, Endocytosis, Exocytosis, Hippocampus, Membrane Fusion, Microscopy, Electron, Synaptic Transmission, Rhodopsin, Synapses, Synaptic Vesicles, Time Factors, Dynamins, Mice

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