Cited by 1,139RNA Interference and Gene DeliveryNanoparticle-Based Drug DeliveryRNA and protein synthesis mechanisms

Overcoming cellular barriers for RNA therapeutics

Dowdy, Steven F·2017·Nature Biotechnology

Abstract

RNA-based therapeutics, such as small-interfering (siRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), aptamers, synthetic mRNAs and CRISPR-Cas9, have great potential to target a large part of the currently undruggable genes and gene products and to generate entirely new therapeutic paradigms in disease, ranging from cancer to pandemic influenza to Alzheimer's disease. However, for these RNA modalities to reach their full potential, they first need to overcome a billion years of evolutionary defenses that have kept RNAs on the outside of cells from invading the inside of cells. Overcoming the lipid bilayer to deliver RNA into cells has remained the major problem to solve for widespread development of RNA therapeutics, but recent chemistry advances have begun to penetrate this evolutionary armor.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1038/nbt.3802

Cites

105 of 105 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Many obstacles still exist despite the rise in studies on delivery platforms, including toxicity and the precise distribution of mRNA to extrahepatic organs.

    “Many obstacles still exist despite the rise in studies on delivery platforms, including toxicity and the precise distribution of mRNA to extrahepatic organs [13, 14].”
  • Independent of administration route, several evolutionary barriers prevent intrusion of foreign nucleic acids and limit delivery of exogenous mRNA.

    “Independent of the administration route, several evolutionary barriers are designed to prevent any intrusion of foreign nucleic acids and thus limit the delivery of exogenous mRNA [74].”

    From Three decades of messenger RNA vaccine development (2019) · cites this paper as [74]

  • RNA interference technology enables downregulation of disease-related genes and protein expression.

    “For instance, RNA interference (RNAi) technology enables the downregulation of disease related genes and protein expression; mRNA mediates the expression and supplementation of therapeutic proteins; the CRISPR gene editing system facilitates gene engineering in vivo or through cell engineering ex vivo.[6, 9, 11, 17–20]”
  • The CRISPR gene editing system facilitates gene engineering in vivo or through cell engineering ex vivo.

    “For instance, RNA interference (RNAi) technology enables the downregulation of disease related genes and protein expression; mRNA mediates the expression and supplementation of therapeutic proteins; the CRISPR gene editing system facilitates gene engineering in vivo or through cell engineering ex vivo.[6, 9, 11, 17–20]”
  • mRNA mediates the expression and supplementation of therapeutic proteins.

    “For instance, RNA interference (RNAi) technology enables the downregulation of disease related genes and protein expression; mRNA mediates the expression and supplementation of therapeutic proteins; the CRISPR gene editing system facilitates gene engineering in vivo or through cell engineering ex vivo.[6, 9, 11, 17–20]”

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Dowdy, S. F.
Affiliations
University of California San Diego (US)
Corresponding author
Dowdy, Steven F
Venue
Nature Biotechnology
Published
2017-02-27
Volume
35
Issue
3
Pages
222-229
ISSN
  • 0733-222X (ISSN-L)
  • 1087-0156
  • 1546-1696
OpenAlex
W2594133976
Cited by
1,139
References
105
Citations by year
2026: 103 · 2025: 130 · 2024: 147 · 2023: 133 · 2022: 130 · 2021: 141 · 2020: 104 · 2019: 88 · 2018: 120 · 2017: 41
FWCI
9.04
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Nature Biotechnology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Interference and Gene Delivery
  • Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms
Keywords
RNA therapeutics, RNA delivery, lipid bilayers, siRNA, microRNA, antisense oligonucleotides, aptamers, synthetic mRNA, CRISPR/Cas9
MeSH terms
RNAi Therapeutics, Animals, Cell Membrane, Humans, RNA, RNA Interference, Nanocapsules, Molecular Targeted Therapy

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review