The DOI matches its Crossref record; 51 of the 51 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 34 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Size- and shape-dependent foreign body immune response to materials implanted in rodents and non-human primates
Open accessAbstract
The efficacy of implanted biomedical devices is often compromised by host recognition and subsequent foreign body responses. Here, we demonstrate the role of the geometry of implanted materials on their biocompatibility in vivo. In rodent and non-human primate animal models, implanted spheres 1.5 mm and above in diameter across a broad spectrum of materials, including hydrogels, ceramics, metals and plastics, significantly abrogated foreign body reactions and fibrosis when compared with smaller spheres. We also show that for encapsulated rat pancreatic islet cells transplanted into streptozotocin-treated diabetic C57BL/6 mice, islets prepared in 1.5-mm alginate capsules were able to restore blood-glucose control for up to 180 days, a period more than five times longer than for transplanted grafts encapsulated within conventionally sized 0.5-mm alginate capsules. Our findings suggest that the in vivo biocompatibility of biomedical devices can be significantly improved simply by tuning their spherical dimensions.
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“At 7 days post-transplantation a glucose tolerance test (GTT) was used to evaluate the kinetics of blood glucose correction and no significant delays were measured as a function of capsule geometry”
§ Size- and shape-dependent foreign body immune response to materials implanted in rodents and non-human primates > Abstract
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In the paper
“Western blot analysis of α-SMA expression within the cellular overgrowth on spheres showed a significant decrease as sphere size was increased”
§ Size- and shape-dependent foreign body immune response to materials implanted in rodents and non-human primates > Abstract
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In the paper
“These findings were further validated through a multiplexed inflammatory mouse cytokine profile (Figure 2e).”
§ Size- and shape-dependent foreign body immune response to materials implanted in rodents and non-human primates > Abstract
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In the paper
“In rodent and non-human primate animal models, implanted spheres 1.5 mm and above in diameter across a broad spectrum of materials, including hydrogels, ceramics, metals, and plastics, significantly abrogated foreign body reactions and fibrosis when compared to smaller spheres.”
§ Size- and shape-dependent foreign body immune response to materials implanted in rodents and non-human primates > Abstract
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In the paper
“q-PCR expression analysis of fibrosis markers, collagen 1a1 (Col1a1), collagen 1a2 (Col1a2), and αSMA, verified that increasing sphere size resulted in a significant reduction of fibrosis formation directly on spheres”
§ Size- and shape-dependent foreign body immune response to materials implanted in rodents and non-human primates > Abstract
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In the paper
“These analyses revealed that across all materials tested (SLG20 alginate, LF10/60 alginate, stainless steel, glass, polycaprolactone, and polystyrene) increasing sphere size led to a significant reduction of innate immune cell accumulation in peripheral tissue.”
§ Size- and shape-dependent foreign body immune response to materials implanted in rodents and non-human primates > Abstract
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In the paper
“q-PCR expression analysis of additional fibrosis markers, namely collagen 1a1 (Col1a1), collagen 1a2 (Col1a2), and αSMA, further indicated reduced cellular deposition as the sphere size was increased”
§ Size- and shape-dependent foreign body immune response to materials implanted in rodents and non-human primates > Abstract
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In the paper
“The difference in both BG normalization (Figure 4b) and fraction cured (Figure 4d) was significantly different (p<0.0001) between the 0.5 mm and 1.5 mm capsule groups following the initial failure in regulating BGs by the 0.5 mm group (~day 25) throughout the remainder of the experiment.”
§ Size- and shape-dependent foreign body immune response to materials implanted in rodents and non-human primates > Abstract
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“We observed no significant differences in diffusion kinetics of glucose (Supplemental Figure S10) or insulin (Supplemental Figure S11) as a function of capsule geometry”
§ Size- and shape-dependent foreign body immune response to materials implanted in rodents and non-human primates > Abstract
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In the paper
“We also show that for encapsulated rat pancreatic islet cells transplanted into streptozotocin-treated diabetic C57BL/6 mice, islets prepared in 1.5 mm alginate capsules were able to restore blood-glucose control for up to 180 days, a period more than 5-fold longer than for transplanted grafts encapsulated within conventionally sized 0.5-mm alginate capsules.”
§ Size- and shape-dependent foreign body immune response to materials implanted in rodents and non-human primates > Abstract
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In the paper
“Z-stacked confocal imaging of the retrieved 1.5 mm spheres confirms minimal cellular deposition, a lack of immune macrophages, and fibrosis-associated activated myofibroblast coverage”
§ Size- and shape-dependent foreign body immune response to materials implanted in rodents and non-human primates > Abstract
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In the paper
“Immunofluorescence stained z-stacked confocal images of retrieved materials showed a significant decrease in macrophage (CD68) and myofibroblast (αSMA) deposition across all materials tested, and significantly, large SLG20 alginate, LF10/60 (endotoxin containing alginate), glass, and stainless steel spheres had negligible cellular deposition”
§ Size- and shape-dependent foreign body immune response to materials implanted in rodents and non-human primates > Abstract
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In the paper
“Dark field phase contrast images from retrieved capsules show that the 1.5 mm spheres are largely devoid of cellular deposition while the 0.3 mm sized spheres are covered with deposited cells and are clumped together in fibrotic tissue”
§ Size- and shape-dependent foreign body immune response to materials implanted in rodents and non-human primates > Abstract
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In the paper
“Bright-field images from retrieved materials 14 days post-implant revealed significant cellular deposition on the medium-sized versions of all materials tested. Interestingly, all materials tested at an increased size led to a marked reduction of the thickness of cellular overgrowth deposition”
§ Size- and shape-dependent foreign body immune response to materials implanted in rodents and non-human primates > Abstract
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In the paper
“Bright field and Z-stacked confocal images obtained from retrieved glass microspheres show that the large spheres are devoid of any cellular deposition while the smaller spheres are significantly clumped together and embedded within a thick fibrotic capsule”
§ Size- and shape-dependent foreign body immune response to materials implanted in rodents and non-human primates > Abstract
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In the paper
“The obtained in situ images reveal that the 1.5 mm-sized spheres remain translucent and are not embedded into host omentum/fat tissue after 14 days; conversely, the 0.5 mm sized spheres are impeded in to the omentum/fat tissue”
§ Size- and shape-dependent foreign body immune response to materials implanted in rodents and non-human primates > Abstract
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In the paper
“All mice (n = 5) in the 0.5 mm capsule group failed (i.e. BG above 200 mg/dl for 3 consecutive measurements), on average, by 30 days following transplantation, while in the 1.5 mm capsule group (n = 5), stayed cured, on average, even until 175 days (greater than a 5-fold increase) post-transplantation”
§ Size- and shape-dependent foreign body immune response to materials implanted in rodents and non-human primates > Abstract
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In the paper
“Dark field imaging revealed that the 0.5 mm capsules were covered in cellular deposition and clumped but the 1.5 mm capsules were largely clean and void of cellular deposition”
§ Size- and shape-dependent foreign body immune response to materials implanted in rodents and non-human primates > Abstract
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In the paper
“To ensure that the size-modulated fibrotic response effect is not simply a function of surface area, we implanted spheres of two sizes, 0.5 mm and 1.5 mm, normalized in total surface area.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“Dark field phase contrast images of the retrieved spheres revealed only limited cellular deposition on the 1.5 mm-sized spheres and significant cellular deposition on the 0.5 mm sized spheres”
§ Size- and shape-dependent foreign body immune response to materials implanted in rodents and non-human primates > Abstract
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- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
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In the paper
“Dark field phase contrast images from retrieved spheres show a marked reduction in cellular deposition onto spheres as their size is increased”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“Interestingly, the larger spheres had significantly reduced fibrotic deposition”
§ Size- and shape-dependent foreign body immune response to materials implanted in rodents and non-human primates > Abstract
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In the paper
“At both 14 and 28 days post implantation retrieval time points the 1.5 mm-sized SLG20 alginate spheres were not embedded in host tissue and freely dissociated from the implant site upon incision with a biopsy punch”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“extensive embedding and fibrosis buildup (up to 100 μm thick) is visible enveloping the implanted cylinders and medium sized spheres.”
§ Size- and shape-dependent foreign body immune response to materials implanted in rodents and non-human primates > Abstract
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In the paper
“4 out of 5 mice in the 0.5 mm capsule group had comparatively diminished PDX-1 expression and all 5 mice showed high levels of alpha smooth muscle expression; conversely, high levels of PDX-1 and minimal alpha smooth muscle actin were detected in capsules retrieved from all 5 mice in the 1.5 mm capsule group”
§ Size- and shape-dependent foreign body immune response to materials implanted in rodents and non-human primates > Abstract
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In the paper
“This phenotype was elevated at day 4 for both sizes of spheres implanted in mice, and decreased by day 7 for the 1.5 mm-sized spheres.”
§ Size- and shape-dependent foreign body immune response to materials implanted in rodents and non-human primates > Abstract
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In the paper
“Notably, on 1.5 mm-sized spheres we observed negligible numbers of neutrophil cells and a limited number of myeloid and macrophage cells at all time points.”
§ Size- and shape-dependent foreign body immune response to materials implanted in rodents and non-human primates > Abstract
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In the paper
“Dark field microscope images of the retrieved spheres revealed only limited cellular deposition onto spheres implanted in mice with depleted macrophages and conversely significant cellular deposition onto spheres received from mice with macrophages (Supplemental Figure S13).”
§ Size- and shape-dependent foreign body immune response to materials implanted in rodents and non-human primates > Abstract
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In the paper
“In probing macrophage and neutrophil cells, by four days post-implantation we observed significantly increased accumulation on 0.5 mm-sized spheres, which appears to plateau by day 7 (Figure 5b and c).”
§ Size- and shape-dependent foreign body immune response to materials implanted in rodents and non-human primates > Abstract
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In the paper
“Macrophage cells have remarkable plasticity that allows them to efficiently respond to environmental signals and change their phenotype to address the implicated stimuli43.”
§ Size- and shape-dependent foreign body immune response to materials implanted in rodents and non-human primates > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43] Gordon, S. Alternative activation of macrophages. Nature Rev. Immunol. 3, 23–35 (2003). source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The surface roughness of material spheres we evaluated here only included relatively smooth surfaced materials (<1 μm roughness)32, 33.”
§ Size- and shape-dependent foreign body immune response to materials implanted in rodents and non-human primates > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32] Lekka, M., Sainz-Serp, D., Kulik, A. J. & Wandrey, C. Hydrogel microspheres: Influence of chemical composition on surface morphology, local elastic properties, and bulk mechanical characteristics. Langmuir 20, 9968–9977 (2004). source
- Not checked yetcites [33] Shellenberger, K. & Logan, B. E. Effect of molecular scale roughness of glass beads on colloidal and bacterial deposition. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36, 184–189 (2002). source
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“At the macro level (>100 μm in size), it is generally held that thicker materials produce a proportionally higher magnitude of foreign body responses and fibrosis3, 21.”
§ Size- and shape-dependent foreign body immune response to materials implanted in rodents and non-human primates > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Nichols, S. P., Koh, A., Storm, W. L., Shin, J. H. & Schoenfisch, M. H. Biocompatible materials for continuous glucose monitoring devices. Chem. Rev. 113, 2528–2549 (2013). source
- Not checked yetcites [21] Helton, K. L., Ratner, B. D. & Wisniewski, N. A. Biomechanics of the sensor-tissue interface-effects of motion, pressure, and design on sensor performance and the foreign body response-part I: Theoretical framework. J. Diabetes Sci. Technol. 5, 632–646 (2011). source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Among the shapes tested, circular rods produced the least amount of foreign body responses followed by pentagonal, and then triangular.”
§ Size- and shape-dependent foreign body immune response to materials implanted in rodents and non-human primates > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] Matlaga, B. F., Yasenchak, L. P. & Salthouse, T. N. Tissue response to implanted polymers: The significance of sample shape. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 10, 391–397 (1976). source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Meanwhile, a regulatory macrophage phenotype has been characterized to correlate with elevated expression of Interleukin 10 (IL10), TNF superfamily member 14 (Light), and Sphingosine Kinase 1 (Sphk1)44, 45, 46.”
§ Size- and shape-dependent foreign body immune response to materials implanted in rodents and non-human primates > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [44] Mosser, D. M. & Edwards, J. P. Exploring the full spectrum of macrophage activation. Nature Rev. Immunol. 8, 958–969 (2008). source
- Not checked yetcites [45] Murray, P. J. et al. Macrophage activation and polarization: Nomenclature and experimental guidelines. Immunity 41, 14–20 (2014). source
- Not checked yetcites [46] Gordon, S. & Martinez, F. O. Alternative activation of macrophages: Mechanism and functions. Immunity 32, 593–604 (2010). source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“They found that increasing the size of implanted materials resulted in larger foreign body reactions, and the formation of a thicker layer of fibrosis around the implant23.”
§ Size- and shape-dependent foreign body immune response to materials implanted in rodents and non-human primates > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] Ward, W. K., Slobodzian, E. P., Tiekotter, K. L. & Wood, M. D. The effect of microgeometry, implant thickness and polyurethane chemistry on the foreign body response to subcutaneous implants. Biomaterials 23, 4185–4192 (2002). source
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In the paper
“Furthermore, an EGFP transgene included in this model enables the in situ fluorescent monitoring of macrophage cells42.”
§ Size- and shape-dependent foreign body immune response to materials implanted in rodents and non-human primates > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42] Burnett, S. H. et al. Conditional macrophage ablation in transgenic mice expressing a Fas-based suicide gene. J. Leukocyte Biol. 75, 612–623 (2004). source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“There is a broad spectrum of macrophage activations which can be categorized into three states namely, classical activation (pro-inflammatory, MClassic), alternative activation (pro-healing, MWound), and regulatory activation (MReg)44.”
§ Size- and shape-dependent foreign body immune response to materials implanted in rodents and non-human primates > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [44] Mosser, D. M. & Edwards, J. P. Exploring the full spectrum of macrophage activation. Nature Rev. Immunol. 8, 958–969 (2008). source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A pro-wound healing phenotype of macrophage correlates with up regulation in expression of Dendritic Cell Immune Receptor (Dcir), Stabilin 1 (Stab1), chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 22 (CCL22), Chitinase-like 3 (YM1), and Arginase 1 (Arg1)44, 45, 46.”
§ Size- and shape-dependent foreign body immune response to materials implanted in rodents and non-human primates > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [44] Mosser, D. M. & Edwards, J. P. Exploring the full spectrum of macrophage activation. Nature Rev. Immunol. 8, 958–969 (2008). source
- Not checked yetcites [45] Murray, P. J. et al. Macrophage activation and polarization: Nomenclature and experimental guidelines. Immunity 41, 14–20 (2014). source
- Not checked yetcites [46] Gordon, S. & Martinez, F. O. Alternative activation of macrophages: Mechanism and functions. Immunity 32, 593–604 (2010). source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This effect was demonstrated to be independent of total implanted surface area and visible with all materials tested.”
§ Size- and shape-dependent foreign body immune response to materials implanted in rodents and non-human primates > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further, our finding suggests that simply increasing implant size is insufficient to resist foreign body responses and that a spherical shape is also integral for resisting host fibrosis/rejection.”
§ Size- and shape-dependent foreign body immune response to materials implanted in rodents and non-human primates > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A pro-inflammatory macrophage phenotype correlates with elevated expression of Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNF α), Interleukin 1 (IL1), and Interferon Regulatory Factor 5 (IRF5)44, 45, 46.”
§ Size- and shape-dependent foreign body immune response to materials implanted in rodents and non-human primates > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [44] Mosser, D. M. & Edwards, J. P. Exploring the full spectrum of macrophage activation. Nature Rev. Immunol. 8, 958–969 (2008). source
- Not checked yetcites [45] Murray, P. J. et al. Macrophage activation and polarization: Nomenclature and experimental guidelines. Immunity 41, 14–20 (2014). source
- Not checked yetcites [46] Gordon, S. & Martinez, F. O. Alternative activation of macrophages: Mechanism and functions. Immunity 32, 593–604 (2010). source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
No prior study has examined the effect of sphere diameter on biocompatibility.
“Interestingly, to our knowledge no one has studied the effect of sphere diameter on biocompatibility.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Larger 1.5 mm sized spherical capsules have not previously been evaluated for islet cell encapsulation.
“Thus, to our knowledge larger 1.5 mm sized spherical capsules have previously not been evaluated for islet cell encapsulation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Findings in rodents and non-human primates about foreign body response to implanted spheres translate to humans.
“Our findings suggest that the in vivo biocompatibility of biomedical devices can be significantly improved by simply tuning their spherical dimensions.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Smoother implant designs, avoiding sharp corners which can be particularly damaging to tissue when motion between the two occurs, can also be implemented to decrease tissue damage and chronic FBR (Veiseh et al., 2015).”
From Foreign Body Reaction to Implanted Biomaterials and Its Impact in Nerve Neuroprosthetics (2021) · cites this paper as Veiseh et al., 2015
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Interestingly, while decreasing the size of encapsulation devices down to the scale of individual islet microcapsules increases nutrient diffusion shortly after transplantation when compared to macroencapsulation devices, smaller capsule sizes have been shown to also induce a robust foreign body response and subsequent fibrosis.”
From Developments in stem cell-derived islet replacement therapy for treating type 1 diabetes (2023) · cites this paper as [103]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This extensive study showed observation in size effect to be persistent in in vivo mouse, rat, and monkey models, implanting in both subcutaneous and intraperitoneal space, irrespective to the range of materials used, including alginate, stainless steel, glass, PCL, and polystyrene (PS).”
From Unraveling and Harnessing the Immune Response at the Cell–Biomaterial Interface for Tissue Engineering Purposes (2024) · cites this paper as [122]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“However, these size observations are restricted to spherical shapes, as changing the geometry and increasing the biomaterial size provoked in contrast fibrosis or implant rejection.”
From Unraveling and Harnessing the Immune Response at the Cell–Biomaterial Interface for Tissue Engineering Purposes (2024) · cites this paper as [122]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Veiseh et al. supported this dimension effect, as spheres with a small diameter (≤0.5 mm) induced severe FBR, while large spheres (1.5 mm) scarcely provoked FBR.[ 122 ]”
From Unraveling and Harnessing the Immune Response at the Cell–Biomaterial Interface for Tissue Engineering Purposes (2024) · cites this paper as [122]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Spherical implants of 0.5 mm diameter generate higher degrees of FBR than larger 1.5 mm ones, an effect which is consistent for a wide range of materials (Veiseh et al., 2015).”
From Foreign Body Reaction to Implanted Biomaterials and Its Impact in Nerve Neuroprosthetics (2021) · cites this paper as Veiseh et al., 2015
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Similarly, shape appears to directly influence FBR, with sharper edges generating more fibrosis than spherical implants (Veiseh et al., 2015).”
From Foreign Body Reaction to Implanted Biomaterials and Its Impact in Nerve Neuroprosthetics (2021) · cites this paper as Veiseh et al., 2015
In the citing paper
“recent evidence suggests that material geometry, or size and shape, may in fact dominate the overall response.5-7”
From Micro- and Nanopatterned Topographical Cues for Regulating Macrophage Cell Shape and Phenotype (2015) · cites this paper as [6]
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Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Conflicting duration of blood-glucose control
MajorThe 1.5-mm capsule group is described as remaining cured on average until day 175, when the experiment stopped. Later, the paper says mice in that treatment group lost blood-glucose control after approximately 140 days.
“while in the 1.5 mm capsule group (n = 5), stayed cured, on average, even until 175 days (greater than a 5-fold increase) post-transplantation, when the experiment was stopped”
“Interestingly, while we did not observe significant buildup of fibrosis on the capsules upon retrieval after 180 days, however the mice in this treatment group lost blood glucose control after approximately 140 days.”
Figure 4c is assigned to two different results
MinorThe text cites Figure 4c for both histology of retrieved primate implants and a glucose-tolerance test of transplanted islets, leaving the panel's identity inconsistent.
“H&E stained sections of retrieved large spheres confirmed negligible cellular deposition and a lack of fibrosis (Figure 4c).”
“At 7 days post-transplantation a glucose tolerance test (GTT) was used to evaluate the kinetics of blood glucose correction and no significant delays were measured as a function of capsule geometry (Figure 4c).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Veiseh, O., Doloff, J. C., Ma, M., Vegas, A. J., Tam, H. H., Bader, A. R., Li, J., Langan, E., Wyckoff, J., Loo, W. S., Jhunjhunwala, S., Chiu, A., Siebert, S., Tang, K., Hollister-Lock, J., Aresta-Dasilva, S., Bochenek, M., Mendoza-Elias, J., Wang, Y., Qi, M., Lavin, D. M., Chen, M., Dholakia, N., Thakrar, R., Lacík, I., Weir, G. C., Oberholzer, J., Greiner, D. L., Langer, R., & Anderson, D. G.
- Affiliations
- Boston Children's Hospital (US)
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research At MIT (US)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- University of Illinois Chicago (US)
- Joslin Diabetes Center (US)
- University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School (US)
- Corresponding author
- Anderson, Daniel G.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Materials
- Published
- 2015-05-18
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 643-651
- ISSN
- 1476-1122 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4660
- PMC
- PMC4477281
- OpenAlex
- W1482515349
- Cited by
- 897
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 63 · 2025: 71 · 2024: 77 · 2023: 79 · 2022: 72 · 2021: 118 · 2020: 107 · 2019: 98 · 2018: 67 · 2017: 69 · 2016: 65 · 2015: 11
- FWCI
- 71.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Nature Materials (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship@UMassChan (acceptedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PMC
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (4r37eb000244-34, 5u54ca119349-05)
- National Cancer Institute (U54CA151884, CA151884, P30CA014051, P30-CA-14051, U54 CA-119349)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK091526)
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (EB-000244, R01EB000244, R37-EB000244, EB 000351, R01EB000351)
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (DE013023, R01DE013023)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Pancreatic function and diabetes
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Bone Tissue Engineering Materials
- Keywords
- foreign body reaction, biocompatibility, implant geometry, islet transplantation, alginate capsules, streptozotocin-induced diabetes, fibrosis, hydrogels, ceramics, metals, plastics, non-human primates, rodent models
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Foreign-Body Reaction, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Primates, Mice
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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