The DOI matches its Crossref record; 53 of the 53 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 10 of the 34 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Dendritic spine geometry is critical for AMPA receptor expression in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons
Open accessAbstract
Dendritic spines serve as preferential sites of excitatory synaptic connections and are pleomorphic. To address the structure-function relationship of the dendritic spines, we used two-photon uncaging of glutamate to allow mapping of functional glutamate receptors at the level of the single synapse. Our analyses of the spines of CA1 pyramidal neurons reveal that AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid)-type glutamate receptors are abundant (up to 150/spine) in mushroom spines but sparsely distributed in thin spines and filopodia. The latter may be serving as the structural substrates of the silent synapses that have been proposed to play roles in development and plasticity of synaptic transmission. Our data indicate that distribution of functional AMPA receptors is tightly correlated with spine geometry and that receptor activity is independently regulated at the level of single spines.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Using two-photon uncaging of a newly developed caged glutamate, this study mapped functional AMPA receptors on individual dendritic spines of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. It finds that AMPA receptor expression is tightly correlated with spine-head geometry, with mushroom spines bearing many receptors and thin spines/filopodia few, suggesting independent regulation at single spines.
Key findings
- AMPA-type glutamate receptors are abundant in mushroom spines (up to 150/spine) but sparsely distributed in thin spines and filopodia; thin spines and filopodia may serve as structural substrates of silent synapses.
- Glutamate sensitivity of individual spines correlated strongly with spine-head volume: correlation coefficient r = 0.69–0.90 (0.80 ± 0.07; n = 9) within one dendrite, 0.89 in one example, and 0.77 for the average of 9 dendrites; correlation with spine length was weak and negative (r = 0.30).
- Nonstationary fluctuation analysis estimated 46–147 AMPA receptors in mushroom spines (82 ± 31; mean ± s.d., n = 8), with single-channel currents of 0.4–0.8 pA (0.6 ± 0.1 pA); estimated opening probability was 0.27, suggesting postsynaptic AMPA receptors are not saturated by glutamate from a single vesicle.
- Autocorrelation analysis along dendrites showed no correlation even in neighboring spines for glutamate sensitivities or spine-head volumes, suggesting AMPA receptor expression is controlled independently at the level of individual spines.
Methods
- Two-photon uncaging of MNI-glutamate combined with whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology and fluorescence imaging in cultured hippocampal neurons and acute hippocampal slices from rats (cultured neurons from P1 Wistar rats, used at 17–25 days; slices from 15–22 day old Sprague–Dawley rats unless otherwise stated; some young animals 7–9 days old).
- Functional mapping used pseudorandom scanning at 0.33 μm lateral intervals and z-axis sections separated by 0.8 μm, recording 2pEPSCs at −70 mV; spine-head volume was estimated from fluorescence images, and autocorrelation and nonstationary fluctuation analysis (with 0.1 mM cyclothiazide) were used.
- Analysis included kinetic/diffusion modeling of glutamate concentration and AMPA receptor opening, correlation coefficients, coefficients of variation, and estimation of receptor number and single-channel current.
Limitations
- Stated in the paper: the mechanism by which spine-head volume affects AMPA receptor trafficking remains to be determined, and whether thin spines, filopodia, and dendritic shafts transform into thicker spines after long-term potentiation is unknown. Spatial resolution in slices was slightly reduced (0.6 μm laterally and 1.4 μm axially) because of the lower numerical aperture lens, so dendrites with relatively sparse spines (~1 spine/μm) were studied; correlation values were reduced by channel noise (CV ~0.08) and sampling error (CV = 0.1).
- Evident from the text: experiments were performed at room temperature (23–25°C), in cultured neurons or acute slices from juvenile rats, and the main structure–function relationship is correlational rather than causal; some analyses relied on small samples (e.g., n = 7–9 dendrites, n = 8 for fluctuation analysis).
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
23 Own result · 10 No full text of the sources · 7 Own interpretation · 6 Own method · 5 No basis given · 4 Partly supported · 2 Supported so far · 1 Couldn’t confirm · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, two-photon excitation of MNI-glutamate permits the functional mapping of glutamate sensitivity with a spatiotemporal resolution similar to that achieved by activation of presynaptic terminals (~0.4μm and ~0.1 ms)28.”
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [28] Rusakov, D. A. & Kullmann, D. M. Extrasynaptic glutamate diffusion in the hippocampus: ultrastructural constraints, uptake, and receptor activation. J. Neurosci. 18, 3158–3170 (1998). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Synaptic currents and Activation of extrasynaptic receptors sections discuss modeled glutamate diffusion and receptor activation at distances around 400–465 nm; they do not describe the resolution of functional mapping. Searches for MNI-glutamate, two-photon excitation, and the claimed 0.1 ms resolution found no passage addressing the comparison with presynaptic-terminal activation. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“This observation suggests that the expression of AMPA receptors is controlled independently at a level of the individual spine, consistent with the classical notion that a single spine may behave as an independent chemical compartment to regulate synaptic transmission13, 14.”
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [13] Harris, K. M. & Stevens, J. K. Dendritic spines of CA 1 pyramidal cells in the rat hippocampus: serial electron microscopy with reference to their biophysical characteristics. J. Neurosci. 9, 2982–2997 (1989). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Serial electron microscopy section (p. 2983) proposes that constricted spine necks might limit diffusion to neighboring synapses, supporting the cited notion of a spine as a possible chemical compartment. The discussion of spine geometry and synaptic efficacy (page not specified in our copy) likewise treats compartmentation as a possibility. Neither passage establishes that AMPA-receptor expression is controlled independently at each spine. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] Yuste, R. & Denk, W. Dendritic spines as basic functional units of neuronal integration. Nature 375, 682–684 (1995). source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In addition, our study suggests that thin spines and filopodia may be postsynaptic components of silent synapses28, 32, 34, 44.”
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [28] Rusakov, D. A. & Kullmann, D. M. Extrasynaptic glutamate diffusion in the hippocampus: ultrastructural constraints, uptake, and receptor activation. J. Neurosci. 18, 3158–3170 (1998). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Activation of extrasynaptic receptors section discusses NMDA-receptor activation at neighboring synapses and notes that dendritic spines may change shape, but does not identify thin spines or filopodia as components of silent synapses. Searches for “filopodia,” “thin spines,” and “silent synapses” found no passage making that connection; silent synapses appear in the References. (LLM, conf=0.74)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [32] Gomperts, S. N., Rao, A., Craig, A. M., Malenka, R. C. & Nicoll, R. A. Postsynaptically silent synapses in single neuron cultures. Neuron 21, 1443–1451 (1998). source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [34] Durand, G. M., Kovalchuk, Y. & Konnerth, A. Long-term potentiation and functional synapse induction in developing hippocampus. Nature 381, 71–75 (1996). source
- Partly supportedcites [44] Fiala, J. C., Feinberg, M., Popov, V. & Harris, K. M. Synaptogenesis via dendritic filopodia in developing hippocampal area CA1. J. Neurosci. 18, 8900–8911 (1998). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report synapses on filopodia, and the Analysis describes how the postsynaptic process was identified as a spine or filopodium. The paper also mentions thin spines, but our copy does not identify synapses on either structure as silent; that qualification is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.82)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Regions of glutamate sensitivity tended to be asymmetrically localized to one portion of a spine (Figs. 3h and 4c–j), consistent with the predominant localization of AMPA receptors within PSDs with a diameter of 0.1 to 0.5μm13, 19, 20.”
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [13] Harris, K. M. & Stevens, J. K. Dendritic spines of CA 1 pyramidal cells in the rat hippocampus: serial electron microscopy with reference to their biophysical characteristics. J. Neurosci. 9, 2982–2997 (1989). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The citation follows the sentence’s PSD explanation, while the asymmetric glutamate-sensitivity observation is presented as the citing paper’s own finding. In “Relationships between hippocampal spine geometry and,” Harris and Stevens describe PSDs as occupying only a small portion of spine surface and suggest that larger PSDs contain more receptors. Our copy does not establish that the receptors are specifically AMPA receptors or give the stated 0.1–0.5 μm PSD diameter. (LLM, conf=0.79)
- Partly supportedcites [19] Nusser, Z. et al. Cell type and pathway dependence of synaptic AMPA receptor number and variability in the hippocampus. Neuron 21, 545–559 (1998). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s Figure 9 caption shows AMPA-receptor labeling at synaptic junctions on spines, supporting the localization invoked to explain the citing authors’ own glutamate-sensitivity observations. It also shows labeling in the spine apparatus and extrasynaptic membrane, and the passages do not establish the stated PSD diameter of 0.1–0.5 μm. The asymmetric glutamate-sensitivity finding is attributed to the citing paper’s figures, not to this source. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [20] Takumi, Y., Ramirez-Leon, V., Laake, P., Rinvik, E. & Ottersen, O.P. Different modes of expression of AMPA and NMDA receptors in hippocampal synapses. Nat. Neurosci. 2, 618–624 (1999). source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“The relationship between spine geometry and expression of functional AMPA receptors demonstrated here provides substantial support to the hypothesis that neuronal fine structures have functional correlates in the brain13, 18, 21.”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [13] Harris, K. M. & Stevens, J. K. Dendritic spines of CA 1 pyramidal cells in the rat hippocampus: serial electron microscopy with reference to their biophysical characteristics. J. Neurosci. 9, 2982–2997 (1989). source
In “Serial electron microscopy,” the paper reports that spine-head dimensions correlate with postsynaptic density area and presynaptic vesicle number, and interprets this as evidence that spine-head dimensions reflect synaptic efficacy. That supports the cited hypothesis that neuronal fine structure has functional correlates. The AMPA-receptor relationship is described as demonstrated in the citing paper itself, not attributed to this source; page numbers are not shown for the decisive passages. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not matchedcites [18] Cajal, R. y. Histologie du Systeme Nerveux de l'Homme et des Vertebres (Maloine, Paris, 1911).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [21] Segal, M., Korkotian, E. & Murphy, D. D. Dendritic spine formation and pruning: common cellular mechanisms? Trends Neurosci. 23, 53–57 (2000). source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Under physiological conditions, MNI-glutamate was stable for 24 hours, and did not activate any current at a concentration of 10 mM.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This uncaging regime produced little or no photodamage29, as shown by the stability of the amplitudes of the 2pEPSCs over 1 min (Fig. 1h).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] Hopt, A. & Neher, E. Highly nonlinear photodamage in two-photon fluorescence microscopy. Biophys. J. 80, 2029–2036 (2001). source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Under physiological conditions, MNI-glutamate was stable for 24 hours, and did not activate any current at a concentration of 10 mM.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The time course of 2pEPSC is well-predicted (smooth line in Fig. 1c) from rapid photolysis (10μs) of MNI-glutamate within a focal volume of two-photon excitation with lateral and axial full-width-at-half-maximal (FWHM) diameter of 0.29 and 0.89μm, respectively (black lines in Fig. f and g; see Methods).”
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The spatial resolution of glutamate receptor activation was inferred from a small, isolated, glutamate-sensitive region of a dendrite (Fig. 2d), yielding lateral and axial FWHM diameters of 0.45 and 1.1μm, respectively (green lines in Fig. 1f and g).”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 13
- Probably not a substantial claim. 16
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Given that each spine receives only one synaptic input13, our data indicate the highest possible degree of freedom is available in synaptic connections in the dendrites, which has been assumed in the learning models of most neural network theories17.”
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [13] Harris, K. M. & Stevens, J. K. Dendritic spines of CA 1 pyramidal cells in the rat hippocampus: serial electron microscopy with reference to their biophysical characteristics. J. Neurosci. 9, 2982–2997 (1989). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [17] Arbib, M. A. The Handbook of Brain Theory and Neural Networks (MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1995). source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“These data are consistent with the correlation between AMPA receptor immunoreactivity and the size of PSD19, 20, because the size of PSD is nearly proportional to the spine-head volume13.”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [19] Nusser, Z. et al. Cell type and pathway dependence of synaptic AMPA receptor number and variability in the hippocampus. Neuron 21, 545–559 (1998). source
Figure 4B and 4D report significant positive correlations between synapse size and AMPA-receptor immunoparticle content in Schaffer collateral and mossy fiber synapses. The separate claim about spine-head volume is attached to citation 13, not to this source. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [20] Takumi, Y., Ramirez-Leon, V., Laake, P., Rinvik, E. & Ottersen, O.P. Different modes of expression of AMPA and NMDA receptors in hippocampal synapses. Nat. Neurosci. 2, 618–624 (1999). source
- Supportedcites [13] Harris, K. M. & Stevens, J. K. Dendritic spines of CA 1 pyramidal cells in the rat hippocampus: serial electron microscopy with reference to their biophysical characteristics. J. Neurosci. 9, 2982–2997 (1989). source
The Serial electron microscopy section reports that PSD area is positively correlated with spine volume, much more strongly with spine-head volume than with spine-neck volume. The Discussion describes spine-head dimensions as proportional to PSD area. The AMPA receptor immunoreactivity correlation is attached to other citations, not this source. (LLM, conf=0.93)
hedgedcorrelationaln = 9- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, it did not affect either the amplitude (Fig. 1b) or the time course (Fig. 1b, inset) of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs), indicating that it does not exert an antagonistic effect at AMPA receptors.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We developed a methoxy derivative of nitroindolino-glutamate, MNI-glutamate (Fig. 1a), that possesses a two-photon cross section (0.06 GM; 1 GM = 10−50 cm4s/photon2) sufficiently large for biological application (see Methods).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thin spines exhibited little (Fig. 4a and b) or slight glutamate sensitivity (Fig. 4c–e), and thick mushroom spines displayed large sensitivity to uncaged glutamate (Fig. 4f–j).”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The spatial resolution of AMPA-receptor mapping was slightly reduced compared with cultured neurons, 0.6μm laterally and 1.4μm axially, because of the smaller numerical aperture (NA) of the lens used (0.9).”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In young animals (7 to 9 days old), dendrites were decorated only sparsely with spines34, and most of the dendritic shaft was devoid of glutamate sensitivity (Fig. 4l), although marked expression of functional AMPA receptors was already apparent in mushroom spines present (Fig. 4l).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [34] Durand, G. M., Kovalchuk, Y. & Konnerth, A. Long-term potentiation and functional synapse induction in developing hippocampus. Nature 381, 71–75 (1996). source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The glutamate sensitivity of each PSD (as defined by the maximum glutamate sensitivity of a spine) was significantly correlated with the volume of the spine head (Fig. 5a); the correlation coefficient (r) was 0.69–0.90 (0.80 ± 0.07; n = 9) within one dendrite (0.89, Fig. 5b) and 0.77 for average of 9 dendrites (Fig. 5c).”
plaincorrelationaln = 9- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The maximal glutamate sensitivity of a spine reflects the number of functional AMPA receptors in that spine.
In the paper
“The two-photon action cross section of MNI-glutamate was obtained as 0.06 GM at 730 nm, using azid-1 as a standard compound with a known action cross section of 1.0 GM at 730 nm48.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [48] Brown, E. B., Shear, J. B., Adams, S. R., Tsien, R. Y. & Webb, W. W. Photolysis of caged calcium in femtoliter volumes using two-photon excitation. Biophys. J. 76, 489–499 (1999). source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The time course of 2pEPSC (Fig. 3bA–C) is similar to spontaneous mEPSCs (Fig. 3bE).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also detected slow NMDA-mediated currents when Mg2+ was removed from the extracellular solution; the distribution of these currents was less heterogeneous than that of AMPA receptors, and most spines expressed NMDA receptors (data not shown).”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For instance, the peak glutamate concentration at the center of irradiation reaches 0.6 mM focally, at a laser power of 7 mW, MNI-glutamate concentration (CMNI) of 8 mM, the duration of irradiation (td) of 50 μs.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and those larger than 20 μs predict greater loss of spatial resolution than actually obtained (Fig. 1f)”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The evoked currents had a small coefficient of variation (CV) of 0.08, consistent with the post-synaptic action of glutamate23.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [23] Liu, G., Choi, S. & Tsien, R. W. Variability of neurotransmitter concentration and nonsaturation of postsynaptic AMPA receptors at synapses in hippocampal cultures and slices. Neuron 22, 395–409 (1999). source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the condition listed above, the peak opening probability was 0.15 and 0.2 for 2pEPSC and mEPSC, respectively.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This might result from less effective transport of AMPA receptors into thinner spines with smaller volume-to-surface ratios.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The animal experiments were approved by the animal experiment committee of the National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Japan.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The spine-head volume was estimated by total fluorescence of the spine head in the fluorescence images, which was calibrated using the large spine head whose volume (0.087μm3, spine A in Fig. 3f) could be directly estimated by a FWHM diameter.”
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The error due to the sampling intervals was estimated as 0.1 (CV), given the spatial resolution of glutamate mapping as 0.6μm laterally and 1.4μm axially.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such a weak correlation may be due to the presence of several spines with long length and small spine-head volume (Fig. 5e).”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“These data conform with the development of AMPA receptor immunoreactivity in CA1 pyramidal neurons35.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [35] Petralia, R. S. et al. Selective acquisition of AMPA receptors over postnatal development suggests a molecular basis for silent synapses. Nat. Neurosci. 2, 31–36 (1999). source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The point spread function of the focal volume of two-photon excitation were estimated using a 0.1μm fluorescent beads as 0.29 μm (FWHM) laterally and 0.89 μm axially for the inverted microscope (NA, 1.2), and 0.39μm laterally and 1.28μm axially for the upright microscope (NA, 0.9).”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The access resistance was 70% compensated for the experiments shown in Fig. 1c–g but not for others.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We estimated the CV of the two-photon excitation to be less than 0.03, by measuring the two-photon excited fluorescence of a polar tracer, Alexa Fluor 594 hydrizide (0.2 mM, Molecular Probes, Eugene, Oregon), applied to slice preparations similarly to MNI-glutamate.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Using two-photon excitation of a caged-glutamate compound, we showed that the expression of functional AMPA receptors among spines shows a large range (CV, 0.5), varying from the minimal (silent) to those bearing more than 140 AMPA channels, and has a strong correlation with spine-head volume.”
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This powerful approach thus allows the optical stimulation of dendritic processes in brain slices at the level of the individual synapse.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
The maximal glutamate sensitivity of a spine reflects the number of functional AMPA receptors in that spine.
“The glutamate sensitivity of each PSD (as defined by the maximum glutamate sensitivity of a spine) was significantly correlated with the volume of the spine head (Fig. 5a);”
The paper relies on this without support.
In the presence of 0.1 mM cyclothiazide, the opening probability of AMPA receptors is greater than 0.5.
“We added the desensitization inhibitor cyclothiazide (0.1 mM, CTZ) to increase the opening probability of AMPA receptors to greater than 0.5.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The largest mEPSC (~19 pA) likely occurred in the mushroom spines with the largest number of AMPA receptors (N = 147, i = 0.48 pA).
“because the opening probability of the AMPA receptors was estimated as 0.27, given that the largest mEPSC was ~19 pA (n = 222) in our experiments, and that such mEPSC likely occurred in the mushroom spines with largest number of AMPA receptors (N = 147, i = 0.48 pA).”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Spine head size is positively correlated with mEPSC amplitude [65], and the functional loss of NMDA receptors in DG granule cells has been associated with impairments in pattern separation [8].”
From Arf4 Determines Dentate Gyrus-Mediated Pattern Separation by Regulating Dendritic Spine Development (2012) · cites this paper as [65]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Given that large spines have been shown to express AMPA receptors abundantly8”
From Structural basis of long-term potentiation in single dendritic spines (2004) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“Two-photon uncaging allows the release of glutamate within a small focal volume8, so that activation of glutamate receptors is limited to a region within ca. 1 μm of the uncaging beam.”
From Structural basis of long-term potentiation in single dendritic spines (2004) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“which express a small number of AMPA receptors8.”
From Structural basis of long-term potentiation in single dendritic spines (2004) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“Amplitudes of AMPA currents were 1–25 pA, (measured with perforated patch-clamp experiments), which were within the range of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents8.”
From Structural basis of long-term potentiation in single dendritic spines (2004) · cites this paper as [8]
Citations
Cites
Crank, J. (1956) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 18,978
Park, G. S. (1975) · Polymer · doi:10.1016/0032-3861(75)90130-5 · Cited by 15,035
A synaptic model of memory: long-term potentiation in the hippocampus
Bliss, T. V. P., & Collingridge, G. L. (1993) · Nature · doi:10.1038/361031a0 · Cited by 11,566
The Handbook of brain theory and neural networks
(1996) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.33-4484 · Cited by 3,913
Long-Term Potentiation--A Decade of Progress?
Malenka, R. C., & Nicoll, A. R. A. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.285.5435.1870 · Cited by 2,729
Xu, C., & Webb, W. W. (1996) · Journal of the Optical Society of America B · doi:10.1364/josab.13.000481 · Cited by 2,198
The Handbook of brain theory and neural networks
(2003) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.41-0300 · Cited by 1,540
Dendritic spine changes associated with hippocampal long-term synaptic plasticity
Engert, F., & Bonhoeffer, T. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/19978 · Cited by 1,412
Histologie du Système Nerveux de Lʼhomme et des Vertébrés
MNH, &. (1998) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/00005072-199809000-00011 · Cited by 1,351
Rapid Spine Delivery and Redistribution of AMPA Receptors After Synaptic NMDA Receptor Activation
Shi, S.-H., Hayashi, Y., Petralia, R. S., Zaman, S. H., Wenthold, R. J., Svoboda, K., & Malinow, R. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.284.5421.1811 · Cited by 1,276
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 601–700 of 1,565
Two-photon uncaging, from neuroscience to materials
Piant, S., Bolze, F., & Specht, A. (2016) · Optical Materials Express · doi:10.1364/ome.6.001679 · Cited by 45
Transient global cerebral ischemia induces rapid and sustained reorganization of synaptic structures
Zhu, L., Wang, L., Ju, F., Ran, Y., Wang, C., & Zhang, S. (2016) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x16674736 · Cited by 43
Site-specific abnormalities in the visual system of a mouse model of CDKL5 deficiency disorder
Lupori, L., Sagona, G., Fuchs, C., et al. (2019) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddz102 · Cited by 44
“shaped and stubby-shaped) or mature (mushroom and cupshaped) (20,39).”
BackgroundMemory Deficits in Aging and Neurological Diseases
Khan, Z. U., Martín‐Montañez, E., Navarro‐Lobato, I., & Muly, E. C. (2014) · Progress in molecular biology and translational science · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-420170-5.00001-5 · Cited by 48
AMPA receptors gate spine Ca 2+ transients and spike-timing-dependent potentiation
Holbro, N., Grunditz, Å., Wiegert, J. S., & Oertner, T. G. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1004562107 · Cited by 45
Molecular mechanisms of dendritic spine development and maintenance [Review]
Sala, C., Cambianica, I., & Rossi, F. (2008) · Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis · doi:10.55782/ane-2008-1696 · Cited by 45
“Mushroom spines have larger, more complex PSDs with a higher density of glutamate receptors (Matsuzaki et al. 2001, Nicholson et al. 2006).”
BackgroundA new synaptic player leading to autism risk: Met receptor tyrosine kinase
Judson, M. C., Eagleson, K. L., & Levitt, P. (2011) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11689-011-9081-8 · Cited by 43
“Changes of this magnitude, while seemingly modest, have been shown to translate into a linear enhancement of Ca++ influx, which on a per spine basis would increase excitatory synaptic transmission (Matsuzaki et al. 2001), consistent with our recent electrophysiological data (see below).”
ResultRapid Estradiol Modulation of Neuronal Connectivity and Its Implications for Disease
Srivastava, D. P., & Penzes, P. (2011) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2011.00077 · Cited by 46
“Thus structural reorganization of forebrain spiny synapses appears to be a powerful mechanism for information storage.”
BackgroundPalma-Cerda, F., Auger, C., Crawford, D. J., Hodgson, A. C. C., Reynolds, S. J., Cowell, J. K., Swift, K. A. D., Cais, O., Vyklický, L., Corrie, J. E. T., et al. (2012) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.05.010 · Cited by 43
Monocular deprivation induces dendritic spine elimination in the developing mouse visual cortex
Zhou, Y., Lai, B., & Gan, W. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-05337-6 · Cited by 45
Metabolic constraints on synaptic learning and memory
Karbowski, J. (2019) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00092.2019 · Cited by 51
“This calcium influx modulates various internal molecular pathways, with the end result of affecting the number of AMPA receptors on the spine membrane, likely by modulating their endoand exocytosis rates (Gordon et al 2005; Pougnet et al 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialUltrastructural comparison of dendritic spine morphology preserved with cryo and chemical fixation
Tamada, H., Blanc, J., Korogod, N., Petersen, C. C. H., & Knott, G. W. (2020) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.56384 · Cited by 44
Regulation of synaptic signalling by postsynaptic, non‐glutamate receptor ion channels
Bloodgood, B. L., & Sabatini, B. L. (2007) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2007.148353 · Cited by 45
“…to overcome these obstacles, we and other labs have used two-photon laser photoactivation (2PLP) of caged glutamate to directly stimulate the postsynaptic terminal located on dendritic spines in brain slices (Matsuzaki et al. 2001; Smith et al. 2003; Carter & Sabatini, 2004; Sobczyk et al. 2005).”
BackgroundMethodDeger, M., Helias, M., Rotter, S., & Diesmann, M. (2012) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002689 · Cited by 44
“An inactive contact models a thin, either newly formed or recently shrunk dendritic spine that has much less AMPA receptors [42,43] and contributes little to firing the postsynaptic neuron.”
BackgroundIto, K., Hirooka, Y., Kimura, Y., Sagara, Y., & Sunagawa, K. (2006) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.0000238125.21656.9e · Cited by 44
Krieger, M., Both, M., Kranig, S. A., Pitzer, C., Klugmann, M., Vogt, G., Draguhn, A., & Schneider, A. (2012) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep00697 · Cited by 42
“A lthough conclusive evidence is still missing, this type of spine has bee n correlated with high synaptic strength by numerous studies (Chakravarthy et al., 2006; Geinisman et al., 1991; Matsuzaki et al., 2001).”
BackgroundLoss of thin spines and small synapses contributes to defective hippocampal function in aged mice
Xu, B., Sun, A., He, Y., Qian, F., Xi, S., Long, D., & Chen, Y. (2018) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.07.010 · Cited by 40
Koster, K. P., Francesconi, W., Berton, F., Alahmadi, S., Srinivas, R., & Yoshii, A. (2019) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.40316 · Cited by 41
Xiao, R., Zhong, H., Li, X., Ma, Y., Zhang, R., Wang, L., Zang, Z., & Fan, X. (2020) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2020.00231 · Cited by 41
Roles of palmitoylation in structural long-term synaptic plasticity
Ji, B., & Skup, M. (2021) · Molecular Brain · doi:10.1186/s13041-020-00717-y · Cited by 44
Kasai, H., Kishimoto, T. E., Nemoto, T., Hatakeyama, H., Liu, T., & Takahashi, N. K. (2006) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2006.07.008 · Cited by 42
Self-citationExperience-Dependent, Rapid Structural Changes in Hippocampal Pyramidal Cell Spines
Kitanishi, T., Ikegaya, Y., Matsuki, N., & Yamada, M. K. (2009) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp012 · Cited by 42
Arf4 Determines Dentate Gyrus-Mediated Pattern Separation by Regulating Dendritic Spine Development
Jain, S., Yoon, S. Y., Zhu, L., Brodbeck, J., Dai, J., Walker, D., & Huang, Y. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0046340 · Cited by 43
“Spine head size is positively correlated with mEPSC amplitude [65], and the functional loss of NMDA receptors in DG granule cells has been associated with impairments in pattern separation [8].”
BackgroundGiachero, M., Calfa, G. D., & Molina, V. A. (2015) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.22409 · Cited by 44
“…total density of dendritic spines in DH. Importantly, dendritic spines are the structural loci for the majority of the excitatory synapses on the mammalian CNS (Yuste, 2011) and their particular morphology influences its functional properties (Matsuzaki et al., 2001; Yuste and Bonhoeffer, 2001).”
BackgroundThe mechanisms underlying the spatial spreading of signaling activity
Yasuda, R., & Murakoshi, H. (2011) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2011.02.008 · Cited by 44
“It has been demonstrated that photolysis of caged glutamate with 2-photon excitation can excite glutamate receptors on single spines [18].”
BackgroundGonzález‐Burgos, I., Rivera-Cervantes, M. C., Velázquez-Zamora, D. A., Feria‐Velasco, A., & García‐Segura, L. M. (2011) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2012/309494 · Cited by 42
Accelerators, Brakes, and Gears of Actin Dynamics in Dendritic Spines
Pontrello, C. G., & Ethell, I. M. (2009) · The Open Neuroscience Journal · doi:10.2174/1874082000903020067 · Cited by 45
“While immature thin spines with smaller heads are flexible and can rapidly enlarge or shrink in response to changes in synaptic activity [19-22], mature mushroom-shaped spines with larger heads are less likely to change, but show higher sensitivity to glutamate than immature thin spines [23-26].”
BackgroundRyugo, D. K., Baker, C. A., Montey, K. L., Chang, L., Coco, A., Fallon, J. B., & Shepherd, R. K. (2009) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.22262 · Cited by 42
“Circumscribed release sites with associated receptors would facilitate the near-simultaneous binding of neurotransmitter and its rapid dispersion, thereby facilitating the rapid time course of excitatory postsynaptic currents (Matsuzaki et al., 2001; Franks et al., 2002).”
BackgroundSimultaneous multi‐site two‐photon photostimulation in three dimensions
Go, M. A., Stricker, C., Redman, S., et al. (2012) · Journal of Biophotonics · doi:10.1002/jbio.201100101 · Cited by 42
Quantitative 3-D morphometric analysis of individual dendritic spines
Basu, S., Saha, P. K., Roszkowska, M., Magnowska, M., Bączyńska, E., Das, N., Plewczyński, D., & Włodarczyk, J. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-21753-8 · Cited by 43
Medvedev, N. I., Rodriguez, J. J., Popov, V. I., Davies, H. A., Tigaret, C. M., Schoepfer, R., & Stewart, M. G. (2008) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.06005.x · Cited by 42
“An investigation by Matsuzaki et al. (2001) also suggested that distribution of functional AMPARs is tightly correlated with spine geometry.”
BackgroundLong‐term stability of axonal boutons in the mouse barrel cortex
Qiao, Q., Ma, L., Li, W., Tsai, J., Yang, G., & Gan, W. (2015) · Developmental Neurobiology · doi:10.1002/dneu.22311 · Cited by 42
“Because the size of synapses correlates with synaptic strength (Harris and Stevens, 1989; Matsuzaki et al., 2001; Knott et al., 2006), changes in axonal bouton morphology indicate that synaptic strength may be modified without axonal bouton turnover.”
BackgroundOxytocin excites nucleus accumbens shell neurons in vivo
Moaddab, M., Hyland, B. I., & Brown, C. H. (2015) · Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.mcn.2015.08.013 · Cited by 41
“Given that dendritic spine density is presumed to reflect excitatory synaptic drive (Matsuzaki et al., 2001), the loss of dendritic spines following repeated morphine administration might also decrease medial NAcSh neuron excitability.”
Multi-point Scanning Two-photon Excitation Microscopy by Utilizing a High-peak-power 1042-nm Laser
Otomo, K., Hibi, T., Murata, T., et al. (2015) · Analytical Sciences · doi:10.2116/analsci.31.307 · Cited by 41
Self-citationNeuronal activity drives matching of pre- and postsynaptic function during synapse maturation
Kay, L., Humphreys, L., Eickholt, B. J., & Burrone, J. (2011) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2826 · Cited by 41
Ueno, T., Yamada, J., Nishijima, H., Arai, A., Migita, K., Baba, M., Ueno, S., & Tomiyama, M. (2014) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2013.12.014 · Cited by 43
“Dendritic spine size is tightly correlated with the strength of the synapse (Matsuzaki et al., 2001) and is actively regulated during synaptic plasticity (Matsuzaki et al., 2004).”
BackgroundShigenaga, A., Yamamoto, J., Sumikawa, Y., et al. (2010) · Tetrahedron Letters · doi:10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.03.079 · Cited by 41
AMPA-Type Glutamate Receptor Conductance Changes and Plasticity: Still a Lot of Noise
Benke, T. A., & Traynelis, S. F. (2018) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-018-2491-1 · Cited by 44
Deficiency of AMPAR–Palmitoylation Aggravates Seizure Susceptibility
Itoh, M., Yamashita, M., Kaneko, M., Okuno, H., Abe, M., Yamazaki, M., Natsume, R., Yamada, D., Kaizuka, T., Suwa, R., et al. (2018) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1590-18.2018 · Cited by 40
“Spine volumes were quantified as described previously (Matsuzaki et al., 2001, 2004).”
MethodMechanical Principles Governing the Shapes of Dendritic Spines
Alimohamadi, H., Bell, M. K., Halpain, S., & Rangamani, P. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.657074 · Cited by 39
“Such spines have therefore been called “memory spines,” in the sense that their potentiated strength reflects a history of high activity and thus “memory” storage, yet their capacity for further potentiation may be near saturation (Matsuzaki et al., 2001; Kasai et al., 2003; Ganeshina et al., 2004; Ashby et al., 2006;…”
BackgroundHuang, Y. H., Sinha, S. R., Fedoryak, O. D., et al. (2005) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi048051m · Cited by 41
Self-citationFlash photolysis using a light emitting diode: An efficient, compact, and affordable solution
Bernardinelli, Y., Haeberli, C., & Chatton, J. (2005) · Cell Calcium · doi:10.1016/j.ceca.2005.03.001 · Cited by 41
The organization of AMPA receptor subunits at the postsynaptic membrane
Jacob, A., & Weinberg, R. J. (2014) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.22404 · Cited by 43
“…by more than an order of magnitude; this variation is closely correlated with spine volume, and also with measures of synaptic efficacy, including the number of AMPARs (Kharazia and Weinberg, 1999, Takumi et al., 1999, Racca et al., 2000; Matsuzaki et al., 2001; Nicholson and Geinisman, 2009).”
BackgroundHennig, A.-L. K., Deodato, D., Asad, N., et al. (2019) · The Journal of Organic Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.joc.9b02780 · Cited by 40
Post‐translational palmitoylation of ionotropic glutamate receptors in excitatory synaptic functions
Hayashi, T. (2020) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.15050 · Cited by 39
Asl, M. M., Vahabie, A., Valizadeh, A., & Tass, P. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Network Physiology · doi:10.3389/fnetp.2022.817524 · Cited by 39
Cui, L., Murikinati, S. R., Wang, D., Zhang, X., Duan, W., & Zhao, L. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0064684 · Cited by 39
“The mushroom spine has a large head containing larger and more complex PSDs [25] with high density of a-amino-3hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA) receptors [26].”
BackgroundDiacylglycerol kinase β accumulates on the perisynaptic site of medium spiny neurons in the striatum
Hozumi, Y., Fukaya, M., Adachi, N., Saito, N., Otani, K., Kondo, H., Watanabe, M., & Goto, K. (2008) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06547.x · Cited by 43
“…of the dendritic spines is a strong determinant for the efficacy of synaptic transmission although regulation of the number of synaptic AMPA-type glutamate receptors (Matsuzaki et al., 2001) and the dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton underlie their remarkable structural plasticity (Matus, 2000).”
BackgroundOptofluidic control of rodent learning using cloaked caged glutamate
Cuttoli, R. D.-D., Chauhan, P. S., Reyes, A. P., Fauré, P., Mourot, A., & Ellis‐Davies, G. C. R. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1920869117 · Cited by 38
“But since caged glutamates do not antagonize ionotropic glutamate receptors (20, 22), the off-target effects do not limit the use of such probes for the study of these receptors in vitro (23).”
BackgroundSelf-citationDecreased dendritic spine density and abnormal spine morphology in Fyn knockout mice
Babus, L. W., Little, E. M., Keenoy, K. E., Minami, S., Chen, E., Song, J. M., Caviness, J., Koo, S. Y., Pak, D. T. S., Rebeck, G. W., et al. (2011) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2011.07.059 · Cited by 38
EPSPs Measured in Proximal Dendritic Spines of Cortical Pyramidal Neurons
Acker, C. D., Hoyos, E., & Loew, L. M. (2016) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0050-15.2016 · Cited by 43
“activation (Matsuzaki et al., 2001).”
Dingess, P. M., Darling, R. A., Derman, R. C., Wulff, S. S., Hunter, M. L., Ferrario, C. R., & Brown, T. E. (2017) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2017.57 · Cited by 38
Dendritic spine abnormalities in mental retardation
Halbach, O. V. B. U. (2010) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/s00441-010-1070-9 · Cited by 43
Spine pruning in 5xFAD mice starts on basal dendrites of layer 5 pyramidal neurons
Crowe, S. E., & Ellis‐Davies, G. C. R. (2013) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-013-0518-6 · Cited by 41
“Both spine number and morphology have been shown to relate to synaptic strength (Matsuzaki et al. 2001).”
Self-citationJudkewitz, B., Roth, A., & Häusser, M. (2006) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2006.04.011 · Cited by 39
“Caged MNI-glutamate is so far the only caged neurotransmitter with a sufficient two-photon cross-section and has been successfully used to map the locations of glutamate receptors on hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons with singlespine resolution (Matsuzaki et al., 2001).”
MethodAlfarez, D. N., Karst, H., Velzing, E. H., Joëls, M., & Krugers, H. J. (2007) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.20360 · Cited by 39
“…shape is believed to contribute to synaptic plasticity as well as long-term memory (Engert and Bonhoeffer, 1999; Maletic-Savatic et al., 1999; Shi et al., 1999; Geinisman et al., 2001; Jourdain et al., 2003; Matsuzaki et al., 2001; Lang et al., 2004; Matsuzaki et al., 2004; Lamprecht et al., 2006).”
BackgroundFocal motility determines the geometry of dendritic spines☆
Roelandse, M., Welman, A., Wagner, U., Hagmann, J., & Matus, A. I. (2003) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(03)00405-6 · Cited by 41
Activity-Dependent Spine Morphogenesis: A Role for the Actin-Capping Protein Eps8
Stamatakou, E., Marzo, A., Gibb, A. J., & Salinas, P. C. (2013) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0998-12.2013 · Cited by 41
Intra-synapse-type and inter-synapse-type relationships between synaptic size and AMPAR expression
Fukazawa, Y., & Shigemoto, R. (2012) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2012.01.006 · Cited by 38
“This result is in accordance with theoretical predictions [15] and previous experiments showing the positive correlation of the AMPAR-mediated response at single spines with their volume in CA1 pyramidal cells [16] considering the positive correlation with PSD size and spine volume in these cells [17].”
ResultThe influence of stress and gonadal hormones on neuronal structure and function
Farrell, M. R., Gruene, T. M., & Shansky, R. M. (2015) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.03.003 · Cited by 42
“In addition to potential differences in spine density, spine head volume and distinct spine head morphology have emerged as potential mechanisms of plasticity (Humeau et al., 2005; Matsuzaki et al., 2001).”
BackgroundFour-dimensional multi-site photolysis of caged neurotransmitters
Go, M. A., To, M., Stricker, C., Redman, S., Bachor, H., Stuart, G. J., & Daria, V. R. (2013) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2013.00231 · Cited by 36
“Laser-scanning systems utilizing galvanometer (GM) mirrors (Gasparini and Magee, 2001; Matsuzaki et al., 2001; Branco et al., 2010) implemented in conventional two-photon laser-scanning microscopes provide quasi-simultaneous multi-site stimulation by scanning the laser beam at fast rates (∼10 kHz;…”
BackgroundMatched Pre- and Post-Synaptic Changes Underlie Synaptic Plasticity over Long Time Scales
Loebel, A., Bé, J.-V. L., Richardson, M. J. E., Markram, H., & Herz, A. V. M. (2013) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3740-12.2013 · Cited by 35
“This hypothesis is supported by anatomical and functional attributes of synaptic connections that are observed at a single point in time: synapses with larger spines, which are associated with larger efficacies, have larger active zones that include more release sites (Schikorski and Stevens, 1997, 1999; Matsuzaki et…”
BackgroundNeuro-immune interactions across development: A look at glutamate in the prefrontal cortex
Macht, V. A. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.039 · Cited by 39
Dvorkin, R., & Ziv, N. E. (2016) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002572 · Cited by 38
Dopamine Axon Targeting in the Nucleus Accumbens in Adolescence Requires Netrin-1
Cuesta, S., Nouel, D., Reynolds, L. M., Morgunova, A., Torres‐Berrío, A., White, A., Hernández, G., Cooper, H. M., & Flores, C. (2020) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2020.00487 · Cited by 40
Light-coupled cryo-plunger for time-resolved cryo-EM
Yoder, N., Jalali‐Yazdi, F., Noreng, S., Houser, A. M., Baconguis, I., & Gouaux, E. (2020) · Journal of Structural Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107624 · Cited by 40
“To assess the capacity of our apparatus to uncage compounds more commonly used in biochemistry or neuroscience experiments, we tested the flash-plunge device with 4methoxy-7-nitroindolinyl caged L-glutamate (MNI-glutamate) (Matsuzaki et al., 2001), a caged compound routinely used for photo-activation of N-methyl-D-asp…”
MethodTwo-photon imaging with diffractive optical elements
Yuste, R. (2009) · Frontiers in Neural Circuits · doi:10.3389/neuro.04.006.2009 · Cited by 37
“…activity of individual synapses (Yuste and Denk, 1995) or neuronal populations (Cossart et al., 2003), whereas with two-photon uncaging of neurotransmitters, one can activate or inactivate neurons, or parts of a neuron, at will (Denk et al., 1994; Matsuzaki et al., 2001; Nikolenko et al., 2007).”
Ruan, Y., Lei, Z., Fan, Y., Zou, B., & Xu, Z. C. (2008) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.21816 · Cited by 39
“It has reported that a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptors are located on mushroom spines (Matsuzaki et al., 2001), and activation of AMPA receptors in cultured hippocampal neurons induces alteration in spine morphology to produce an irregular profile characteristic…”
BackgroundEder, M., Zieglgänsberger, W., & Dodt, H. (2002) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.22-17-07558.2002 · Cited by 38
The multi-stage plasticity in the aggression circuit underlying the winner effect
Yan, R., Wei, D., Varshneya, A., Shan, L., Dai, B., Asencio, H., Gollamudi, A., & Lin, D. (2024) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2024.09.030 · Cited by 40
Boinapally, S., Huang, B., Abe, M., et al. (2014) · The Journal of Organic Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jo501425p · Cited by 37
Self-citationMicrodomains in Forebrain Spines: an Ultrastructural Perspective
Rácz, B., & Weinberg, R. J. (2012) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-012-8345-y · Cited by 41
“Spine volume itself predicts the size of the postsynaptic density (PSD), the number of AMPA receptors (AMPARs) at the synapse, and the magnitude of excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in response to presynaptic glutamate release [25, 26, 27, 28, 29].”
Two-photon imaging of synaptic plasticity and pathology in the living mouse brain
Grutzendler, J., & Gan, W. (2006) · NeuroRx · doi:10.1016/j.nurx.2006.07.005 · Cited by 37
“Unlike spines, filopodia contain little or no AMPA receptors that are important for synaptic transmission.(71) The lifetime of filopodia in both young and adult cortex is on the order of hours whereas spines have a lifetime of many months.”
BackgroundActin dynamics and the evolution of the memory trace
Rudy, J. W. (2014) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2014.12.007 · Cited by 38
miR‐124‐dependent tagging of synapses by synaptopodin enables input‐specific homeostatic plasticity
Dubes, S., Soula, A., Benquet, S., Tessier, B., Poujol, C., Favereaux, A., Thoumine, O. R., & Letellier, M. (2022) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.15252/embj.2021109012 · Cited by 39
Two-Step Wiring Plasticity – A mechanism for estrogen-induced rewiring of cortical circuits
Srivastava, D. P. (2012) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.01.006 · Cited by 37
TrkB but not trkC receptors are necessary for postnatal maintenance of hippocampal spines
von Bohlen und Halbach, O., Minichiello, L., & Unsicker, K. (2008) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.02.028 · Cited by 37
Evaluation of cranial window types forin vivotwo-photon imaging of brain microstructures
Isshiki, M., & Okabe, S. (2013) · Microscopy · doi:10.1093/jmicro/dft043 · Cited by 42
Neuritin can normalize neural deficits of Alzheimer’s disease
An, K., Jung, J. H., Jeong, A. Y., Kim, H. G., Jung, S., Lee, K., Kim, H. J., Kim, S.-J., Jeong, T.-Y., Son, Y., et al. (2014) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/cddis.2014.478 · Cited by 35
“with AMPA receptors and are thereby potently sensitive to presynaptic glutamate release.(2,58) The expression of neur-”
BackgroundSong, J. M., DiBattista, A. M., Sung, Y. M., Ahn, J. M., Turner, R. S., Yang, J., Pak, D. T. S., Lee, H., & Hoe, H.-S. (2013) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.11.023 · Cited by 37
“Specifically, longer spines are thought of as substrates for conversion into mature spines via LTP-type mechanisms, while wider spines typically mediate stronger synaptic transmission (Matsuzaki et al., 2001).”
BackgroundBosch, C., Muhaisen, A., Pujadas, L., Soriano, E., & Martı́nez, A. (2016) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2016.00138 · Cited by 34
Mechanical regulation of synapse formation and plasticity
Minegishi, T., Kastian, R. F., & Inagaki, N. (2022) · Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.05.017 · Cited by 39
Wennagel, D., Braz, B. Y., Capizzi, M., Barnat, M., & Humbert, S. (2022) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111261 · Cited by 36
Esparza, M. A., Bollati, F. A., García‐Keller, C., Virgolini, M. B., Lopez, L. M., Brusco, A., Shen, H., Kalivas, P. W., & Cancela, L. M. (2012) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08239.x · Cited by 36
“…diameter, and because spines with large PSDs exhibit higher levels of AMPAR immunoreactivity than spines with smaller PSDs (Harris & Stevens, 1989; Matsuzaki et al., 2001; Nakagawa et al., 2005), it is likely that, in the NAc of the stress ⁄ cocaine group, large spines (i.e. with greater size…”
BackgroundNestor, M. W., Cai, X., Stone, M. R., Bloch, R. J., & Thompson, S. M. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016197 · Cited by 37
“Larger dendritic spines contain more AMPARs and generate larger responses to glutamate [2,46].”
BackgroundSynthetic and photochemical studies of substituted 1-acyl-7-nitroindolines
Papageorgiou, G., Ogden, D., Kelly, G. P., & Corrie, J. E. T. (2005) · Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences · doi:10.1039/b508756b · Cited by 36
Lab-on-a-brain: Implantable micro-optical fluidic devices for neural cell analysis in vivo
Takehara, H., Nagaoka, A., Noguchi, J., Akagi, T., Kasai, H., & Ichiki, T. (2014) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep06721 · Cited by 36
Self-citationEnríquez-Barreto, L., Cuesto, G., Domıńguez-Iturza, N., Gavilán, E., Ruano, D., Sandi, C., Fernández‐Ruiz, A., Martín-Vázquez, G., Herreras, Ó., & Morales, M. (2014) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2013.00054 · Cited by 33
“Accordingly, small spines are highly motile, capable of rapid expansion, with NMDA being the predominant receptor, whereas large spines are highly stable and have a predominance of AMPA receptors (Matsuzaki et al., 2001; Alvarez et al., 2007).”
BackgroundNoguchi, J., Nagaoka, A., Hayama, T., Ucar, H., Yagishita, S., Takahashi, N. K., & Kasai, H. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-50445-0 · Cited by 38
Self-citationTiam1 is Critical for Glutamatergic Synapse Structure and Function in the Hippocampus
Rao, S., Kay, Y., & Herring, B. E. (2019) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1566-19.2019 · Cited by 35
“Together, our findings strongly suggest that reducing Tiam1 expression in DG granule neurons decreases the number of glutamatergic synapses that express AMPARs.”
BackgroundInfluentialHeterosynaptic cross-talk of pre- and postsynaptic strengths along segments of dendrites
Tong, R., Chater, T. E., Emptage, N. J., & Goda, Y. (2021) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108693 · Cited by 32
Remodeling of synapses in the CA1 area of the hippocampus after transient global ischemia
Ruan, Y., Han, X., Shi, Z., Lei, Z., & Xu, Z. C. (2012) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.05.035 · Cited by 37
“In keeping with this, it has been reported that perforated synapses are overwhelmingly formed on the mushroom spines which expressed predominately a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPARs), and only a few of AMPA receptors were distributed in thin spines and filopodia (Matsuzaki et al., 2…”
BackgroundTwo-photon microscopy with diffractive optical elements and spatial light modulators
Watson, B. O. (2010) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2010.00029 · Cited by 32
“Caged neurotransmitters such as glutamate (Matsuzaki et al., 2001; Fino et al., spatial light modulator-basEd scanlEss two-photon microscopy We and others have developed another multibeam approach which uses SLMs in one- photon (Lutz et al., 2008) and two-photon regimes (Nikolenko et al., 2008).”
BackgroundFunctional rescue of excitatory synaptic transmission in the developing hippocampus in Fmr1-KO mouse
Meredith, R. M., de Jong, R., & Mansvelder, H. D. (2010) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2010.08.026 · Cited by 35
“AMPA receptor levels have previously been correlated with spine morphology profiles (Matsuzaki et al., 2001; Nusser et al., 1998).”
BackgroundLuczynski, P., Moquin, L., & Gratton, A. P. (2015) · Stress · doi:10.3109/10253890.2015.1073256 · Cited by 33
“…to be more plastic (Portera-Cailliau et al., 2003; Wallace & Bear, 2004; Yuste & Bonhoeffer, 2001), mushroom-shaped spines are crucial for the formation of mature, long-lasting excitatory synapses (Holtmaat et al., 2005; Kasai et al., 2003; Matsuzaki et al., 2001, 2004; Petrak et al., 2005).”
BackgroundSiemsen, B. M., Giannotti, G., McFaddin, J. A., Scofield, M. D., & McGinty, J. F. (2018) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-018-1805-z · Cited by 35
Chen, Y., Bourne, J. N., Pieribone, V. A., & Fitzsimonds, R. M. (2004) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200404090-00018 · Cited by 37
“[7] demonstrated a tight correlation with the distribution of AMPARs with spine morphology.”
BackgroundContreras, D., Piña, R., Carvallo, C., Godoy, F., Ugarte, G., Zeise, M., Rozas, C., & Morales, B. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23137099 · Cited by 35
“In particular, mushroom spines with large PSDs contain more AMPA receptors, making these synapses stronger [42,43].”
BackgroundThe glutamatergic synapse: a complex machinery for information processing
Maio, V. D. (2021) · Cognitive Neurodynamics · doi:10.1007/s11571-021-09679-w · Cited by 38
Ugarte, G., Piña, R., Contreras, D., Godoy, F., Rubio, D., Rozas, C., Zeise, M. L., Vidal, R., Escobar, J., & Morales, B. (2023) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology12091241 · Cited by 35
Metadata
- Authors
- Matsuzaki, M., Ellis-Davies, G. C. R., Nemoto, T., Miyashita, Y., Iino, M., & Kasai, H.
- Affiliations
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences (JP)
- The University of Tokyo (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Kasai, Haruo
- Venue
- Nature Neuroscience
- Published
- 2001-10-22
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1086-1092
- ISSN
- 1097-6256 (ISSN-L)
- 1546-1726
- PMC
- PMC4229049
- OpenAlex
- W1798313689
- Semantic Scholar
- 0791a25208e00590f1e05aade330dddd88a94dc4
- Cited by
- 1,563
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 70 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 90 · 2020: 71 · 2019: 76 · 2018: 75 · 2017: 65 · 2016: 78 · 2015: 84 · 2014: 75 · 2013: 75 · 2012: 81
- FWCI
- 10.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (submittedVersion)
- PubMed Central (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM 53395, R01 GM053395)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- dendritic spines, AMPA receptors, spine geometry, mushroom spines, filopodia, silent synapses, CA1 pyramidal neurons, hippocampus, glutamate uncaging, excitatory synapses, synaptic plasticity
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cells, Cultured, Dendrites, Electrophysiology, Glutamates, Hippocampus, Indoles, Mathematics, Microscopy, Fluorescence, Photolysis, Molecular Structure, Rats, Wistar, Pyramidal Cells, Receptors, AMPA, Patch-Clamp Techniques, Glutamic Acid, Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, Cell Surface Extensions, Rats, In Vitro Techniques
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-12, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-12 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
