Child Psychiatry Branch of the National Institute of Mental Health Longitudinal Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Human Brain Development
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The advent of magnetic resonance imaging, which safely allows in vivo quantification of anatomical and physiological features of the brain, has revolutionized pediatric neuroscience. Longitudinal studies are useful for the characterization of developmental trajectories (ie, changes in imaging measures by age). Developmental trajectories (as opposed to static measures) have proven to have greater power in discriminating healthy from clinical groups and in predicting cognitive/behavioral measures, such as IQ. Here we summarize results from an ongoing longitudinal pediatric neuroimaging study that has been conducted at the Child Psychiatry Branch of the National Institute of Mental Health since 1989. Developmental trajectories of structural MRI brain measures from healthy youth are compared and contrasted with trajectories in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and childhood-onset schizophrenia. Across ages 5-25 years, in both healthy and clinical populations, white matter volumes increase and gray matter volumes follow an inverted U trajectory, with peak size occurring at different times in different regions. At a group level, differences related to psychopathology are seen for gray and white matter volumes, rates of change, and for interconnectedness among disparate brain regions.
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Brain maturation continues after adolescence; post-adolescent increases in white matter are linear while changes in cortical gray matter are non-linear.
“In a large-scale longitudinal pediatric neuroimaging study, brain maturation was found to continue after adolescence: post-adolescent increases in white matter are linear while the changes in the cortical gray matter are non-linear.”
From Emerging Adulthood, a Pre-adult Life-History Stage (2020) · cites this paper as [28]
Cortical white matter continues to increase into the mid-twenties.
“Cortical white matter in particular continues to increase into the mid-twenties, which is likely related to the efficiency and speed of cortical connectivity (27, 28).”
From Emerging Adulthood, a Pre-adult Life-History Stage (2020) · cites this paper as [28]
The continued increase in cortical white matter into the mid-twenties is likely related to the efficiency and speed of cortical connectivity.
“Cortical white matter in particular continues to increase into the mid-twenties, which is likely related to the efficiency and speed of cortical connectivity (27, 28).”
From Emerging Adulthood, a Pre-adult Life-History Stage (2020) · cites this paper as [28]
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- Authors
- Giedd, J. N., Raznahan, A., Alexander-Bloch, A., Schmitt, E., Gogtay, N., & Rapoport, J. L.
- Affiliations
- National Institute of Mental Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Giedd, Jay N
- Venue
- Neuropsychopharmacology
- Published
- 2014-09-08
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 43-49
- ISSN
- 0893-133X (ISSN-L)
- 1740-634X
- PMC
- PMC4262916
- OpenAlex
- W2079227251
- Cited by
- 297
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 2.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Neuropsychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- brain development, developmental trajectories, structural MRI, white matter volume, gray matter volume, inverted U-shaped relationship, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, childhood schizophrenia, healthy youth, longitudinal neuroimaging, brain connectivity
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Brain, Child, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, National Institute of Mental Health (U.S.), United States
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