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Synaptic versus extrasynaptic NMDA receptor signalling: implications for neurodegenerative disorders
Open accessAbstract
There is a long-standing paradox that NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors (NMDARs) can both promote neuronal health and kill neurons. Recent studies show that NMDAR-induced responses depend on the receptor location: stimulation of synaptic NMDARs, acting primarily through nuclear Ca(2+) signalling, leads to the build-up of a neuroprotective 'shield', whereas stimulation of extrasynaptic NMDARs promotes cell death. These differences result from the activation of distinct genomic programmes and from opposing actions on intracellular signalling pathways. Perturbations in the balance between synaptic and extrasynaptic NMDAR activity contribute to neuronal dysfunction in acute ischaemia and Huntington's disease, and could be a common theme in the aetiology of neurodegenerative diseases. Neuroprotective therapies should aim to both enhance the effect of synaptic activity and disrupt extrasynaptic NMDAR-dependent death signalling.
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“research suggests that synaptic NMDAR transmission promotes cell survival and that extra-synaptic NMDARs promote cell death through p38MAPK inhibition and activation, respectively [25].”
From Ketamine in neuropsychiatric disorders: an update (2024) · cites this paper as [25]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Augmented release of glutamate from astrocytes has been shown to be decrease brain-derived neurotrophic factor and increase excitotoxicity (Hardingham and Bading, 2010).”
From Inflammation in Fear- and Anxiety-Based Disorders: PTSD, GAD, and Beyond (2017) · cites this paper as Hardingham and Bading, 2010
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“PI3K/AKT and RAS/ERK signaling pathways also control processes associated with neural excitotoxicity and cell survival [191].”
From The ASD Living Biology: from cell proliferation to clinical phenotype (2019) · cites this paper as [191]
In the citing paper
“While redox state modulates NMDAR function, activation of synaptic NMDARs strengthens neuronal antioxidant defense mechanisms (Hardingham and Bading, 2010).”
From Redox dysregulation, neuroinflammation, and NMDA receptor hypofunction: A “central hub” in schizophrenia pathophysiology? (2016) · cites this paper as Hardingham and Bading, 2010
In the citing paper
“Interestingly, synaptic NMDAR activation boosts GSH, thioredoxin, and peroxiredoxin systems via calcium-mediated signaling involving activation of CREB and inhibition of FOXO (Hardingham and Bading, 2010; Papadia et al., 2008).”
From Redox dysregulation, neuroinflammation, and NMDA receptor hypofunction: A “central hub” in schizophrenia pathophysiology? (2016) · cites this paper as Hardingham and Bading, 2010
In the citing paper
“Moreover, GABAergic interneuron-specific deletion of Grin1 has been show to lead to increased ROS levels which are exacerbated by post-weaning social isolation, in association with down-regulation of peroxisome proliferative activated receptor-γ, coactivator 1α (PPARGC1A, also known as PGC-1α), a regulator of mitochondrial energy metabolism and antioxidant defences 78 .”
From Linking early-life NMDAR hypofunction and oxidative stress in schizophrenia pathogenesis (2016) · cites this paper as [78]
In the citing paper
“Both immunohistochemical and electrophysiological studies have confirmed the existence of extra-synaptic NMDARs, which are not located in the post-synaptic density 68, and are primarily comprised of GluN2B-containing heterotetramers 28, 29.”
From Mechanisms of ketamine action as an antidepressant (2018) · cites this paper as [68]
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“…to neuropsychiatric disorders There is increasing evidence that NMDA-dependent cortical plasticity is altered in many neuropsychiatric illnesses (Hardingham and Bading, 2010), including Alzheimer disease (Wang et al., 2009), Parkinson’s disease (Meoni et al., 1999), dystonia (Akopian et al.,…”
BackgroundRevisiting Traumatic Brain Injury: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Interventions
Jarrahi, A., Braun, M., Ahluwalia, M., Gupta, R. V., Wilson, M., Munie, S., Ahluwalia, P. K., Vender, J. R., Vale, F. Ĺ., Dhandapani, K. M., et al. (2020) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines8100389 · Cited by 241
Calpain-1 and Calpain-2: The Yin and Yang of Synaptic Plasticity and Neurodegeneration
Baudry, M., & Bi, X. (2016) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2016.01.007 · Cited by 225
Abdallah, C. G., Sanacora, G., Duman, R. S., & Krystal, J. H. (2018) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.05.010 · Cited by 219
Neuronal networks provide rapid neuroprotection against spreading toxicity
Samson, A. J., Robertson, G. R., Zagnoni, M., & Connolly, C. N. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep33746 · Cited by 218
Delineating the GRIN1 phenotypic spectrum: A distinct genetic NMDA receptor encephalopathy
Lemke, J. R., Geider, K., Helbig, K. L., Heyne, H. O., Schütz, H., Hentschel, J., Courage, C., Depienne, C., Nava, C., Heron, D., et al. (2016) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000002740 · Cited by 200
“In contrast to GluN2/3 subunits, which each have specific spatial and temporal expression patterns throughout the CNS, GluN1 encoded by GRIN1 is a ubiquitous component of the receptor.(4,5) Mutations of the NMDAR subunits are associated with a variety of different neurodevelopmental phenotypes,(3) including intellectu…”
BackgroundGRIN2B mutations in west syndrome and intellectual disability with focal epilepsy
Lemke, J. R., Hendrickx, R., Geider, K., Laube, B., Schwake, M., Harvey, R. J., James, V. M., Pepler, A., Steiner, I., Hörtnagel, K., et al. (2013) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.24073 · Cited by 208
Dysregulation of neural calcium signaling in Alzheimer disease, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia
Berridge, M. J. (2013) · Prion · doi:10.4161/pri.21767 · Cited by 218
Takahashi, K., Foster, J. B., & Lin, C. G. (2015) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-015-1937-8 · Cited by 227
“The activation of synaptic NMDA receptors promotes cell survival while extrasynaptic NMDA receptor activation promotes cell death which is termed excitotoxicity (for review see: [100, 101]).”
BackgroundKETAMINE'S MECHANISM OF ACTION: A PATH TO RAPID‐ACTING ANTIDEPRESSANTS
Abdallah, C. G., Adams, T. G., Kelmendi, B., Esterlis, I., Sanacora, G., & Krystal, J. H. (2016) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22501 · Cited by 206
“, reduced dendritic arborization, decreased dendritic length, synaptic loss, and neuronal death).[52] As such, blockage of extrasynaptic NMDA receptors promotes synaptogenesis.”
Dysfunctional synapse in Alzheimer's disease – A focus on NMDA receptors
Mota, S. I., Ferreira, I. L., & Rego, A. C. (2013) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.08.013 · Cited by 215
“Interestingly, extrasynaptic NMDARs have been largely associated with NMDARs excitotoxicity in AD (Hardingham and Bading, 2010).”
InfluentialMorgan, T. E., Davis, D. A., Iwata, N., Tanner, J. A., Snyder, D., Ning, Z., Kam, W. W.-Y., Hsu, Y., Winkler, J. W., Chen, J., et al. (2011) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.1002973 · Cited by 204
“…the possibility that nPM could be neurotoxic through glutamatergic mechanisms, particularly N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors, which are implicated in hypoxic-ischemic neuronal damage and excitotoxic cell death (Hardingham and Bading 2010; Lynch and Guttmann 2002; Mizuno et al. 2008).”
BackgroundNMDA Receptors in the Central Nervous System
Hansen, K. B., Yi, F., Perszyk, R. E., Menniti, F. S., & Traynelis, S. F. (2017) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-7321-7_1 · Cited by 216
Current view on the functional regulation of the neuronal K+-Cl− cotransporter KCC2
Medina, I., Friedel, P., Rivera, C., Kahle, K. T., Kourdougli, N., Uvarov, P., & Pellegrino, C. (2014) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2014.00027 · Cited by 210
“At these doses, NMDA triggers several neurotoxic signaling cascades (Hardingham et al., 2002; Ivanov et al., 2006), reviewed by Medina (2007) and Hardingham and Bading (2010).”
BackgroundZhou, X., Hollern, D. P., Liao, J., Andrechek, E. R., & Wang, H. (2013) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/cddis.2013.82 · Cited by 202
“This is in contrast to the prevailing hypothesis, emphasizing that ex-NMDAR contributes to excitotoxicity by shutting off pro-survival signaling.(7,8,28) By carefully controlling NMDAR activation at different locations, we showed that blocking syn-NMDAR ablated cell death after”
BackgroundResultMechanisms of specificity in neuronal activity-regulated gene transcription
Lyons, M. R., & West, A. E. (2011) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.05.003 · Cited by 209
“Different pools of NMDARs differentially regulate transcription—The subunit composition of NMDARs has a strong effect on their function (Hardingham and Bading, 2010).”
BackgroundMechanisms underlying NMDA receptor synaptic/extrasynaptic distribution and function
Gladding, C. M., & Raymond, L. A. (2011) · Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.mcn.2011.05.001 · Cited by 214
Neuroimmune Function and the Consequences of Alcohol Exposure
Crews, F. T. (2015) · Alcohol research · doi:10.35946/arcr.v37.2.15 · Cited by 203
“, N-methyl-d-aspartate [NMDA] receptors) and excitotoxicity, resulting in either rapid or delayed neuronal death, which is associated with reduced CREB (Hardingham and Bading 2010).”
Life Extension Factor Klotho Prevents Mortality and Enhances Cognition in hAPP Transgenic Mice
Dubal, D. B., Zhu, L., Sanchez, P. E., Worden, K., Broestl, L., Johnson, E. C. B., Ho, K., Yu, G.-Q., Kim, D., Bétourné, A., et al. (2015) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5791-12.2015 · Cited by 196
“Klotho elevation enriches GluN2B in postsynaptic densities of hAPP mice The biological consequences of NMDAR stimulation are critically dependent on whether the receptors are located in synaptic or extrasynaptic sites (Hardingham and Bading, 2010).”
BackgroundPham, T. H., & Gardier, A. M. (2019) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.02.017 · Cited by 186
d-glutamate and Gut Microbiota in Alzheimer’s Disease
Chang, C.-H., Lin, C.-H., & Lane, H.-Y. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21082676 · Cited by 191
“Finally, these effects may contribute to the inhibition of apoptosis and promotion of cell survival [72,73].”
BackgroundA further update on the role of excitotoxicity in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease
Ambrosi, G., Cerri, S., & Blandini, F. (2014) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-013-1149-z · Cited by 195
Astrocyte NMDA receptors' activity sustains neuronal survival through a Cdk5–Nrf2 pathway
Jimenez-Blasco, D., Santofimia-Castaño, P., Gonzalez, A., Almeida, A., & Bolaños, J. P. (2015) · Cell Death & Differentiation · doi:10.1038/cdd.2015.49 · Cited by 196
“tive oxygen species (ROS) responsible for oxidative damage and neurodegeneration.(1,2) To defend themselves against”
BackgroundHijacking the Neuronal NMDAR Signaling Circuit to Promote Tumor Growth and Invasion
Li, L., & Hanahan, D. (2013) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.02.051 · Cited by 194
Singh, A. K., Kashyap, M. P., Tripathi, V., Singh, S., Garg, G., & Rizvi, S. I. (2016) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-016-0129-3 · Cited by 196
Karpova, A., Mikhaylova, M., Bera, S., Bär, J., Reddy, P. P., Behnisch, T., Rankovic, V., Spilker, C., Bethge, P., Sahin, J., et al. (2013) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.02.002 · Cited by 198
“Most importantly, extrasynaptic NMDAR signaling has no effect on ERK1/2 phosphorylation, whereas sustained synaptic NMDAR signaling triggers the nuclear import of active ERK1/2 (Ivanov et al., 2006; Kim et al., 2005; Hardingham and Bading, 2010).”
InfluentialMitochondria: hub of injury responses in the developing brain
Hagberg, H., Mallard, C. E., Rousset, C. I., & Thornton, C. (2014) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(13)70261-8 · Cited by 199
STING orchestrates the neuronal inflammatory stress response in multiple sclerosis
Woo, M. S., Mayer, C., Binkle-Ladisch, L., Sonner, J. K., Rosenkranz, S. C., Shaposhnykov, A., Rothammer, N., Tsvilovskyy, V., Lorenz, S., Raich, L., et al. (2024) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2024.05.031 · Cited by 197
Psychiatric Disorders: Diagnosis to Therapy
Krystal, J. H., & State, M. W. (2014) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.02.042 · Cited by 197
Mithaiwala, M. N., Santana-Coelho, D., Porter, G. A., & O’Connor, J. C. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10061548 · Cited by 190
Extracellular glutamate: functional compartments operate in different concentration ranges
Moussawi, K., Riegel, A., Nair, S., & Kalivas, P. W. (2011) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2011.00094 · Cited by 184
“Electron microscopy reveals that akin to synaptic NMDAr, approximately 80% of the extrasynaptic NMDAr are localized to points of near contact between adjacent processes (Hardingham and Bading, 2010; Petralia et al., 2010).”
BackgroundMAGUKs, Synaptic Development, and Synaptic Plasticity
Zheng, C.-Y., Seabold, G. K., Hořák, M., & Petralia, R. S. (2011) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/1073858410386384 · Cited by 201
Gąsiorowska, A., Wydrych, M., Drapich, P., Zadrożny, M., Steczkowska, M., Niewiadomski, W., & Niewiadomska, G. (2021) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2021.654931 · Cited by 199
Pharmacology of dextromethorphan: Relevance to dextromethorphan/quinidine (Nuedexta®) clinical use
Taylor, C. P., Traynelis, S. F., Siffert, J. O., Pope, L. E., & Matsumoto, R. R. (2016) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.04.010 · Cited by 195
The neuropathobiology of multiple sclerosis
Woo, M. S., Engler, J. B., & Friese, M. A. (2024) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-024-00823-z · Cited by 205
“Suppression of the TCA might be regulated on a transcriptional level, which was demonstrated in an independent study that performed neuronal translatome profiling at a similar disease stage in EAE 104 .”
The role of glutamate transporters in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders
O'Donovan, S. M., Sullivan, C. R., & McCullumsmith, R. E. (2017) · Schizophrenia · doi:10.1038/s41537-017-0037-1 · Cited by 189
“It results in non-specific glutamate binding, activation of glutamate receptors and “runaway” excitatory transmission that may eventually result in neurotoxic cell death.(8,9) Thus, glutamate clearance is an essential and highly regulated process controlled by a family of transporter proteins that constitute at least…”
BackgroundInflammation in schizophrenia: A question of balance
Leza, J. C., García‐Bueno, B., Bioque, M., Arango, C., Parellada, M., Kim, Q., O’Donnell, P., & Bernardo, M. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.05.014 · Cited by 188
Calcium signalling and psychiatric disease: bipolar disorder and schizophrenia
Berridge, M. J. (2014) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/s00441-014-1806-z · Cited by 181
“The role of enhanced oxidation in driving these phenotypic alterations of the inhibitory interneurons is also consistent with studies of the changes in the antioxidant mechanisms that have been described in neurodegenerative disorders (Hardingham and Bading 2010) including schizophrenia.”
ResultTranssynaptic modulation of kainate receptor functions by C1q-like proteins
Matsuda, K., Budisantoso, T., Mitakidis, N., Sugaya, Y., Miura, E., Kakegawa, W., Yamasaki, M., Konno, K., Uchigashima, M., Abe, M., et al. (2016) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2016.04.001 · Cited by 180
“While AMPA receptors mediate fast neurotransmission at the postsynaptic site, NMDA receptors regulate synaptic plasticity and cell survival at postsynaptic and extrasynaptic sites, respectively 3 (Hardingham and Bading, 2010).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Hardingham, G. E., & Bading, H.
- Affiliations
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- Heidelberg University (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Hardingham, Giles E.
- Bading, Hilmar
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Neuroscience
- Published
- 2010-09-15
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 682-696
- ISSN
- 1471-003X (ISSN-L)
- 1471-0048
- PMC
- PMC2948541
- OpenAlex
- W1966556202
- Cited by
- 1,644
- References
- 167
- Citations by year
- 2026: 83 · 2025: 109 · 2024: 100 · 2023: 111 · 2022: 93 · 2021: 125 · 2020: 112 · 2019: 92 · 2018: 98 · 2017: 99 · 2016: 117 · 2015: 103 · 2014: 128 · 2013: 111 · 2012: 87
- FWCI
- 7.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Nature reviews. Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung
- Wellcome Trust (94018, 087491, 088156)
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Medical Research Council
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Amino Acid Enzymes and Metabolism
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Keywords
- NMDA receptor, synaptic NMDA receptors, extrasynaptic NMDA receptors, neuroprotection, neuronal cell death, intracellular signaling, ischemia, Huntington's disease, neurodegenerative diseases, neuroprotective therapy
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Synapses, Signal Transduction, Gene Expression, Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Cell Death, Oxidative Stress, Neuroprotective Agents, Neurodegenerative Diseases
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