Language continuity despite population replacement in Remote Oceania
Open accessAbstract
Recent genomic analyses show that the earliest peoples reaching Remote Oceania—associated with Austronesian-speaking Lapita culture—were almost completely East Asian, without detectable Papuan ancestry. However, Papuan-related genetic ancestry is found across present-day Pacific populations, indicating that peoples from Near Oceania have played a significant, but largely unknown, ancestral role. Here, new genome-wide data from 19 ancient South Pacific individuals provide direct evidence of a so-far undescribed Papuan expansion into Remote Oceania starting ~2,500 yr bp, far earlier than previously estimated and supporting a model from historical linguistics. New genome-wide data from 27 contemporary ni-Vanuatu demonstrate a subsequent and almost complete replacement of Lapita-Austronesian by Near Oceanian ancestry. Despite this massive demographic change, incoming Papuan languages did not replace Austronesian languages. Population replacement with language continuity is extremely rare—if not unprecedented—in human history. Our analyses show that rather than one large-scale event, the process was incremental and complex, with repeated migrations and sex-biased admixture with peoples from the Bismarck Archipelago. Genome-wide data from ancient and modern individuals in Remote Oceania indicate population replacement but language continuity over the past 2,500 years. Papuan migrations led to almost complete genetic replacement of in situ East Asian-derived populations, but not replacement of Austronesian languages.
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Ancient DNA studies of Polynesia have sequenced only four samples from one western Polynesian island and three near-modern samples from one eastern Polynesian island, with low genotype density and limited overlap.
“Meanwhile, ancient DNA studies have sequenced only four samples from one island in western Polynesia and three near-modern samples from one island in eastern Polynesia, all with low genotype density, still lower between-sample genotype overlap, and different time frames17,18.”
From Paths and timings of the peopling of Polynesia inferred from genomic networks (2021) · cites this paper as [18]
The Results (‘Different genetic trajectory in Polynesia’; page unavailable) report three genome-wide samples from Ra’iātea, eastern Polynesia, dated to the 18th century. The paper also reports three Tongan samples, but does not establish the claimed total of four western Polynesian samples from one island; nor does it state that all samples had low genotype density or quantify between-sample overlap. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Posth, C., Nägele, K., Colleran, H., Valentin, F., Bedford, S., Kami, K. W., Shing, R., Buckley, H., Kinaston, R., Walworth, M., Clark, G. R., Reepmeyer, C., Flexner, J., Maric, T., Moser, J., Gresky, J., Kiko, L., Robson, K. J., Auckland, K., Oppenheimer, S. J., Hill, A. V. S., Mentzer, A. J., Zech, J., Petchey, F., Roberts, P., Jeong, C., Gray, R. D., Krause, J., & Powell, A.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology (DE)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Australian National University (AU)
- Vanuatu Cultural Centre (VU)
- University of Otago (NZ)
- James Cook University (AU)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Zentrale (DE)
- John Radcliffe Hospital (GB)
- Centre for Human Genetics (GB)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- University of Waikato (NZ)
- Corresponding author
- Posth, Cosimo
- Colleran, Heidi
- Krause, Johannes
- Powell, Adam
- ORCID
- Posth, Cosimo
- Nägele, Kathrin
- Colleran, Heidi
- Valentin, Frédérique
- Bedford, Stuart
- Buckley, Hallie
- Kinaston, Rebecca
- Walworth, Mary
- Clark, Geoffrey R.
- Reepmeyer, Christian
- Flexner, James
- Gresky, Julia
- Robson, Kathryn J.
- Auckland, Kathryn
- Oppenheimer, Stephen J.
- Hill, Adrian V. S.
- Mentzer, Alexander J.
- Petchey, Fiona
- Roberts, Patrick
- Jeong, Choongwon
- Gray, Russell D.
- Krause, Johannes
- Powell, Adam
- Venue
- Nature Ecology & Evolution
- Published
- 2018-02-27
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 731-740
- ISSN
- 2397-334X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5868730
- OpenAlex
- W2791986603
- Semantic Scholar
- 0b3c7a9eeece23219b252c1702c8e1c194829233
- Cited by
- 233
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 73 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 7
- FWCI
- 10.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Ecology & Evolution (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- ResearchOnline - JCU (James Cook University) (submittedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- ANU Open Research (Australian National University) (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Research Commons (University of Waikato) (submittedVersion)
- Seoul National University Open Repository (Seoul National University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Forensic and Genetic Research
- Social Sciences › Geography, Planning and Development › Pacific and Southeast Asian Studies
- Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Language and cultural evolution
- Keywords
- language continuity, population replacement, Austronesian languages, Lapita culture, Remote Oceania, Near Oceania, Ni-Vanuatu, Bismarck Archipelago, sex-biased admixture, genetic ancestry
- MeSH terms
- DNA, Ancient, Humans, Language, Population Dynamics, Genome, Human, Oceania
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