Synaptic degeneration in Alzheimer disease
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is characterized by progressive cognitive decline in older individuals accompanied by the presence of two pathological protein aggregates - amyloid-β and phosphorylated tau - in the brain. The disease results in brain atrophy caused by neuronal loss and synapse degeneration. Synaptic loss strongly correlates with cognitive decline in both humans and animal models of AD. Indeed, evidence suggests that soluble forms of amyloid-β and tau can cause synaptotoxicity and spread through neural circuits. These pathological changes are accompanied by an altered phenotype in the glial cells of the brain - one hypothesis is that glia excessively ingest synapses and modulate the trans-synaptic spread of pathology. To date, effective therapies for the treatment or prevention of AD are lacking, but understanding how synaptic degeneration occurs will be essential for the development of new interventions. Here, we highlight the mechanisms through which synapses degenerate in the AD brain, and discuss key questions that still need to be answered. We also cover the ways in which our understanding of the mechanisms of synaptic degeneration is leading to new therapeutic approaches for AD.
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Synapse degeneration is widely observed across multiple neurodegenerative diseases and is increasingly recognized as a central cause of dementia.
“Synapses are the hub of neuron communications, and their degeneration is widely observed across multiple neurodegenerative diseases and increasingly recognized as a central cause of dementia 2,4,5,8,16 .”
From NAD+ hydrolase Sarm1 is a key driver of synapse degeneration and memory loss in Alzheimer’s disease (2025) · cites this paper as [8]
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- Authors
- Tzioras, M., McGeachan, R. I., Durrant, C. S., & Spires-Jones, T. L.
- Affiliations
- UK Dementia Research Institute (GB)
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Neurology
- Published
- 2022-12-13
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 19-38
- ISSN
- 1759-4758 (ISSN-L)
- 1759-4766
- OpenAlex
- W4311242262
- Cited by
- 504
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 134 · 2025: 164 · 2024: 147 · 2023: 59
- FWCI
- 12.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council (MR/V00610X/1)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, synaptic degeneration, synaptotoxicity, amyloid-beta, tau phosphorylation, glial cells, cognitive decline
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Alzheimer Disease, Animals, Brain, Humans, Synapses, Amyloid beta-Peptides, tau Proteins
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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