The neurobiological foundation of memory retrieval
Open accessAbstract
Memory retrieval involves the interaction between external sensory or internally generated cues and stored memory traces (or engrams) in a process termed 'ecphory'. While ecphory has been examined in human cognitive neuroscience research, its neurobiological foundation is less understood. To the extent that ecphory involves 'reawakening' of engrams, leveraging recently developed technologies that can identify and manipulate engrams in rodents provides a fertile avenue for examining retrieval at the level of neuronal ensembles. Here we evaluate emerging neuroscientific research of this type, using cognitive theory as a guiding principle to organize and interpret initial findings. Our Review highlights the critical interaction between engrams and retrieval cues (environmental or artificial) for memory accessibility and retrieval success. These findings also highlight the intimate relationship between the mechanisms important in forming engrams and those important in their recovery, as captured in the cognitive notion of 'encoding specificity'. Finally, we identify several questions that currently remain unanswered.
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Our findings support recent frameworks suggesting that retrieval failure reflects reduced accessibility, rather than loss, of a stored engram.
“Furthermore, our findings support recent frameworks suggesting that retrieval failure reflects reduced accessibility, rather than loss, of a stored engram.”
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Memory engrams: Recalling the past and imagining the future
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Infraslow histaminergic dynamics govern priming states to gate moment-to-moment memory accessibility
Morishita, Y., Takamura, Y., Nishimura, K., Yokoi, Y., Ishihama, Y., Idutsu, R., Ono, M., Matsumoto, R., Hitora-Imamura, N., Minami, M., et al. (2026) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2026.05.019
- Authors
- Frankland, P. W., Josselyn, S. A., & Köhler, S.
- Affiliations
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CA)
- Western University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Frankland, Paul W.
- Köhler, Stefan
- Venue
- Nature Neuroscience
- Published
- 2019-09-24
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1576-1585
- ISSN
- 1097-6256 (ISSN-L)
- 1546-1726
- PMC
- PMC6903648
- OpenAlex
- W2976971804
- Cited by
- 228
- References
- 114
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 2
- FWCI
- 2.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Nature Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Scholarship@Western (Western University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Gouvernement du Canada | Canadian Institutes of Health Research (FDN388455)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- memory retrieval, memory engrams, retrieval cues, encoding specificity, neuronal ensembles, memory accessibility, memory formation, mice
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Memory, Neurobiology, Mental Recall, Cognitive Science
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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