The DOI matches its Crossref record; 52 of the 58 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 15 of the 21 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Oligodendrocytes produce amyloid-β and contribute to plaque formation alongside neurons in Alzheimer’s disease model mice
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) is thought to be neuronally derived in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, transcripts of amyloid precursor protein ( APP ) and amyloidogenic enzymes are equally abundant in oligodendrocytes (OLs). By cell-type-specific deletion of Bace1 in a humanized knock-in AD model, APP NLGF , we demonstrate that OLs and neurons contribute to Aβ plaque burden. For rapid plaque seeding, excitatory projection neurons must provide a threshold level of Aβ. Ultimately, our findings are relevant for AD prevention and therapeutic strategies.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Oligodendrocytes express amyloidogenic machinery and contribute to Aβ plaque burden in a humanized APP knock-in AD mouse model, but excitatory neurons must supply a threshold level of Aβ for rapid plaque seeding. Cell-type-specific Bace1 deletion shows oligodendroglial Aβ accounts for roughly 30% of plaque burden, while neuronal Aβ drives most plaque formation.
Key findings
- Mouse and human oligodendrocytes express APP, BACE1, PSEN1 and PSEN2 at levels similar to neurons; in human cortical tissue, approximately 50% of gray matter oligodendrocytes expressed considerable APP and BACE1 mRNA in both AD cases and controls.
- Oligodendrocyte-specific Bace1 knockout in APPNLGF mice (OL-Bace1cKO;AD) reduced plaque burden by approximately 30% versus controls in both sexes, with the greatest decrease in plaque amount and size in the alveus.
- Excitatory neuron-specific Bace1 knockout (ExN-Bace1cKO;AD) reduced plaque burden by 95–98% versus controls, but soluble Aβ42 remained at 14.925% ± 0.066% in cortex and 27.604% ± 0.072% in white matter, indicating residual non-excitatory-neuron Aβ production.
- OL-ExN-Bace1cKO;AD mice developed almost no cerebral plaques and showed almost complete loss of Aβ42 compared with ExN-Bace1cKO;AD samples; heterozygous APPNLGF mice developed less than 10% plaque burden rather than 50%, and 12-month-old ExN-Bace1cKO;AD mice showed considerable plaque deposition.
Methods
- Reanalyzed four mouse and three human single-cell/single-nucleus RNA sequencing datasets for APP, BACE1, PSEN1 and PSEN2 expression using Seurat and SCTransform; validated expression with in situ hybridization in mouse and human tissue.
- Generated conditional Bace1 knockout APPNLGF knock-in mice using Cnp-Cre for oligodendrocytes and Nex-Cre for dorsal telencephalic excitatory neurons, with littermate controls; analyzed both sexes.
- Used light sheet microscopy of Congo red-stained hemibrains at 6 months for plaque burden, electrochemiluminescence immunoassay for Aβ38/Aβ40/Aβ42, western blotting, electron microscopy, and in vitro oligodendrocyte cultures; statistics included unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-tests and one-way ANOVA with Tukey multiple comparison tests, with n = 5 per sex for LSM and n = 7 per group for immunoassay.
Limitations
- The paper states that Bace1 conditional knockout could not be validated by immunocytochemistry using the 3D5 antibody; validation was instead performed by immunoblotting sorted oligodendrocytes.
- The paper states that blinding was not possible for various imaging analyses because Bace1 conditional knockout visibly affected plaque load, and that no statistical methods were used to pre-determine sample sizes.
- Evident from the text: Cnp-Cre showed low but nonzero neuronal recombination (cortical 0.756% ± 0.057%; hippocampal 0.468% ± 0.111% tdTomato+ neurons), and human tissue analysis used a small sample (control: one female, two male; AD: two female, two male).
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Claims the paper makes
20 Own result · 16 Own method · 13 Own interpretation · 3 Partly supported · 3 No full text of the sources · 2 Couldn’t confirm · 1 Supported · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“transcripts of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and amyloidogenic enzymes are equally abundant in oligodendrocytes (OLs).”
- Also stated in: § Main · plain
“expression levels were similar between neurons and OLs”
§ Oligodendrocytes produce amyloid-β and contribute to plaque formation alongside neurons in Alzheimer’s disease model mice > Abstract
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [9] Depp, C. et al. Myelin dysfunction drives amyloid-β deposition in models of Alzheimer’s disease. Nature 618, 349–357 (2023). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The section “Myelin dysfunction affects APP metabolism” (Fig. 3; page not provided) describes APP and processing enzymes in mouse axonal swellings, not transcript abundance in oligodendrocytes versus neurons. Searches for APP, BACE1, PSEN1 and PSEN2 expression comparisons in mouse and human tissue found no passage establishing the claimed similarity. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Could not verifycites [10] Ximerakis, M. et al. Single-cell transcriptomic profiling of the aging mouse brain. Nat. Neurosci. 22, 1696–1708 (2019). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Identification of cell types section describes single-cell profiles from mouse brains, including neurons and oligodendrocytes, but does not compare expression of APP, BACE1, PSEN1 or PSEN2 between them. Searches for those genes and amyloid precursor protein found no such comparison in our copy, which is truncated; the claim about human tissue is also unaddressed. (LLM, conf=0.72)
- Could not verifycites [11] Zeisel, A. et al. Molecular architecture of the mouse nervous system. Cell 174, 999–1014 (2018). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section on the oligodendrocyte lineage describes cell types and regional expression patterns, but does not compare APP or amyloidogenic-enzyme transcript abundance between oligodendrocytes and neurons. Searches for APP, BACE1, PSEN1, PSEN2, and amyloidogenic enzymes found no passage addressing that comparison in mouse or human tissue. Page numbers were unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Could not verifycites [12] Zhou, Y. et al. Human and mouse single-nucleus transcriptomics reveal TREM2-dependent and TREM2-independent cellular responses in Alzheimer’s disease. Nat. Med. 26, 131–142 (2020). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section on AD-reactive oligodendrocytes and the Discussion describe changes in myelination, metabolic-response, C4b and Serpina3n transcripts, but do not compare amyloidogenic-pathway transcript abundance between oligodendrocytes and neurons. Searches for APP, BACE1, PSEN1, PSEN2 and amyloidogenic enzymes found no passage establishing the claimed similarity in mouse or human tissue. No page numbers were available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.75)
- Could not verifycites [13] Jäkel, S. et al. Altered human oligodendrocyte heterogeneity in multiple sclerosis. Nature 566, 543–547 (2019). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s Abstract (page not provided) describes oligodendrocyte subclusters and their similarities across human and mouse tissue, but does not compare amyloidogenic-gene expression in oligodendrocytes and neurons. Searches for APP, BACE1, PSEN1, PSEN2, and amyloid precursor protein found no passage addressing the claimed equal abundance. (LLM, conf=0.72)
- Could not verifycites [14] Lake, B. B. et al. Integrative single-cell analysis of transcriptional and epigenetic states in the human adult brain. Nat. Biotechnol. 36, 70–80 (2018). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section on oligodendrocyte maturation reports myelin and glutamate-receptor gene expression, not a neuron–oligodendrocyte comparison of amyloidogenic genes (page unavailable). Searches for APP, BACE1, PSEN1, PSEN2, and amyloidogenic enzymes found no passage in our copy establishing that their transcript levels are similar in mouse or human nervous tissue. (LLM, conf=0.74)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Main · plain
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“the inferior colliculus, receiving limited cortical input (Extended Data Fig. 8c) primarily from the auditory cortex19, was spared from plaque attenuation in ExN-Bace1cKO;AD mice.”
§ Oligodendrocytes produce amyloid-β and contribute to plaque formation alongside neurons in Alzheimer’s disease model mice > Main
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [19] Blackwell, J. M., Lesicko, A. M., Rao, W., De Biasi, M. & Geffen, M. N. Auditory cortex shapes sound responses in the inferior colliculus. eLife 9, e51890 (2020). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) states that the auditory cortex sends feedback to the inferior colliculus and that the colliculus receives inputs from auditory-cortex neurons. It does not establish that auditory cortex is the primary source of the colliculus’s cortical input. Citation 19 is attached to that anatomical clause, not to the separate plaque-attenuation finding. (LLM, conf=0.78)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Aβ fibrillation and plaque formation follow sigmoidal growth kinetics20,21”
§ Oligodendrocytes produce amyloid-β and contribute to plaque formation alongside neurons in Alzheimer’s disease model mice > Main
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [20] Lee, C. C., Nayak, A., Sethuraman, A., Belfort, G. & McRae, G. J. A three-stage kinetic model of amyloid fibrillation. Biophys. J. 92, 3448–3458 (2007). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The In vitro fibrillation kinetics section describes sigmoidal behavior in amyloid fibrillation and reports that the model fits Aβ-40 fibrillation data. It identifies Aβ-40 as a protein fragment that aggregates into plaques, but does not show that plaque formation itself follows sigmoidal kinetics; the Conclusions likewise concern fibril formation, not plaque growth. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Supportedcites [21] Burgold, S., Filser, S., Dorostkar, M. M., Schmidt, B. & Herms, J. In vivo imaging reveals sigmoidal growth kinetic of β-amyloid plaques. Acta Neuropathol. Commun. 2, 30 (2014). source
The Introduction says that in vitro Aβ aggregation follows a sigmoidal curve. The Results section reports that growth of individual plaques in vivo could be fitted to a sigmoid function. Together, these support the claim about Aβ fibrillation and plaque growth. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“a threshold level of Aβ accumulation is essential for plaque seeding to occur.”
§ Oligodendrocytes produce amyloid-β and contribute to plaque formation alongside neurons in Alzheimer’s disease model mice > Main
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [20] Lee, C. C., Nayak, A., Sethuraman, A., Belfort, G. & McRae, G. J. A three-stage kinetic model of amyloid fibrillation. Biophys. J. 92, 3448–3458 (2007). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The 'Effects of seeding' section says fibril growth requires sufficient nuclei, and 'In vitro fibrillation kinetics' applies the model to Aβ-40. Neither section establishes that Aβ must accumulate to a threshold before plaque seeding can occur; the seeding example concerns insulin fibrils. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Supportedcites [21] Burgold, S., Filser, S., Dorostkar, M. M., Schmidt, B. & Herms, J. In vivo imaging reveals sigmoidal growth kinetic of β-amyloid plaques. Acta Neuropathol. Commun. 2, 30 (2014). source
The Discussion’s Figure 7 caption identifies a minimum critical concentration of Aβ necessary to form plaque seeds. The Discussion also models new plaque formation when Aβ concentration is above that threshold. Page numbers were not supplied in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the residual amount of WM Aβ42 was higher in ExN-Bace1cKO;AD brains (27.604% ± 0.072%).”
§ Oligodendrocytes produce amyloid-β and contribute to plaque formation alongside neurons in Alzheimer’s disease model mice > Main
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“immunolabeling of 5×FAD brain slices with the human APP-specific antibody, 1D1, revealed that human APP reactivity in neuronal soma is almost restricted to the cortex (Extended Data Fig. 8d) and hippocampus, confirming the Thy1.2 promoter domain.”
§ Oligodendrocytes produce amyloid-β and contribute to plaque formation alongside neurons in Alzheimer’s disease model mice > Main
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The unchanged levels of Bace1 transcript in the thalamus of ExN-Bace1cKO;AD mice”
§ Oligodendrocytes produce amyloid-β and contribute to plaque formation alongside neurons in Alzheimer’s disease model mice > Main
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“OL-ExN-Bace1cKO;AD lysates showed an almost complete loss of Aβ42 when compared to ExN-Bace1cKO;AD samples”
§ Oligodendrocytes produce amyloid-β and contribute to plaque formation alongside neurons in Alzheimer’s disease model mice > Main
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“OL-Bace1cKO;AD brains contained less insoluble and soluble Aβ42 compared to controls, especially in the WM.”
§ Oligodendrocytes produce amyloid-β and contribute to plaque formation alongside neurons in Alzheimer’s disease model mice > Main
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“analysis of 12-month-old ExN-Bace1cKO;AD mice revealed considerable plaque deposition”
§ Oligodendrocytes produce amyloid-β and contribute to plaque formation alongside neurons in Alzheimer’s disease model mice > Main
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 13
- It may state two separate claims as one. 10
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“No statistical methods were used to pre-determine sample sizes, but sample sizes for primary experiments (that is, quantitative LSM of cKOs and immunoassay) are similar to those shown in our previous publication9.”
§ Oligodendrocytes produce amyloid-β and contribute to plaque formation alongside neurons in Alzheimer’s disease model mice > Methods > Data analysis, statistics and figure preparation
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [9] Depp, C. et al. Myelin dysfunction drives amyloid-β deposition in models of Alzheimer’s disease. Nature 618, 349–357 (2023). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The cited paper’s Methods describe LSM procedures, and its results give sample sizes for some experiments, but the retrieved passages do not say whether statistical methods were used to predetermine sample sizes. Nor do they establish that the citing paper’s quantitative LSM and immunoassay sample sizes are similar to those in this paper. Searches for the sample-size statement, cKOs, LSM and immunoassay did not resolve the comparison. (LLM, conf=0.75)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“myelin alterations have been implicated in AD7–9”
§ Oligodendrocytes produce amyloid-β and contribute to plaque formation alongside neurons in Alzheimer’s disease model mice > Main
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [7] Chen, J. F. et al. Enhancing myelin renewal reverses cognitive dysfunction in a murine model of Alzheimer’s disease. Neuron 109, 2292–2307 (2021). source
The Introduction states that multiple lines of evidence show significant alterations in myelin and oligodendroglia in AD-related pathology. It also describes myelin abnormalities in AD models and white-matter alterations in patients with AD. The claim does not assert that myelin alterations cause AD, which the Introduction says remains unclear. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Supportedcites [8] Mathys, H. et al. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of Alzheimer’s disease. Nature 570, 332–337 (2019). source
The Abstract reports that myelination-related processes were recurrently perturbed in multiple cell types and suggests a role in AD pathophysiology. The Discussion likewise says the data highlight myelination-related processes in AD pathogenesis. These passages support the broad claim that myelin alterations have been implicated in AD. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Supportedcites [9] Depp, C. et al. Myelin dysfunction drives amyloid-β deposition in models of Alzheimer’s disease. Nature 618, 349–357 (2023). source
The 'Myelin decline in patients with AD' section reports reduced intracortical myelin density in autopsy samples from patients with AD. The 'Ageing myelin as a risk factor for AD' section also discusses myelin alterations in AD models and identifies myelin-related transcripts altered in patients. These passages support the broad statement that myelin alterations have been implicated in AD. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ExN-Bace1cKO;AD brains were almost devoid of insoluble Aβ, but a moderate amount (14.925% ± 0.066%) of soluble Aβ42 was detected in ExN-Bace1cKO;AD cortical tissue.”
§ Oligodendrocytes produce amyloid-β and contribute to plaque formation alongside neurons in Alzheimer’s disease model mice > Main
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cell-type-specific losses of BACE1 diminished β C-terminal fragments (β-CTFs) in the cKOs and restored FL-APP to nearly baseline WT amounts.”
§ Oligodendrocytes produce amyloid-β and contribute to plaque formation alongside neurons in Alzheimer’s disease model mice > Main
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Levels of presenilin-1 (PSEN1) remained unchanged.”
§ Oligodendrocytes produce amyloid-β and contribute to plaque formation alongside neurons in Alzheimer’s disease model mice > Main
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Accordingly, plaque sizes were smaller, and microgliosis was markedly reduced”
§ Oligodendrocytes produce amyloid-β and contribute to plaque formation alongside neurons in Alzheimer’s disease model mice > Main
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No animals or data points were excluded from this study.”
§ Oligodendrocytes produce amyloid-β and contribute to plaque formation alongside neurons in Alzheimer’s disease model mice > Methods > Data analysis, statistics and figure preparation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“cKO of Bace1 did not result in any changes to neuronal nor axonal abundance”
§ Oligodendrocytes produce amyloid-β and contribute to plaque formation alongside neurons in Alzheimer’s disease model mice > Main
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Selected images were randomized using a Fiji filename-randomizer plugin, and counting was done using the Fiji CellCounter plugin.”
§ Oligodendrocytes produce amyloid-β and contribute to plaque formation alongside neurons in Alzheimer’s disease model mice > Methods > ISH
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Due to the visible effects that Bace1 cKO has on the plaque load, blinding was not possible for various imaging analyses.”
§ Oligodendrocytes produce amyloid-β and contribute to plaque formation alongside neurons in Alzheimer’s disease model mice > Methods > Data analysis, statistics and figure preparation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In all assays performed, two technical replicates of samples and calibrators were included.”
§ Oligodendrocytes produce amyloid-β and contribute to plaque formation alongside neurons in Alzheimer’s disease model mice > Methods > Electrochemiluminescence Aβ immunoassay
plainn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Experimenters were blinded in the analysis of electron microscopy data.”
§ Oligodendrocytes produce amyloid-β and contribute to plaque formation alongside neurons in Alzheimer’s disease model mice > Methods > Data analysis, statistics and figure preparation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most experimental cohorts were defined by genotype, and littermate controls were analyzed.”
§ Oligodendrocytes produce amyloid-β and contribute to plaque formation alongside neurons in Alzheimer’s disease model mice > Methods > Mouse models, husbandry and genotyping
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we failed to validate Bace1 cKO via immunocytochemistry using the 3D5 antibody”
§ Oligodendrocytes produce amyloid-β and contribute to plaque formation alongside neurons in Alzheimer’s disease model mice > Main
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both sexes were used and indicated in the respective figures.”
§ Oligodendrocytes produce amyloid-β and contribute to plaque formation alongside neurons in Alzheimer’s disease model mice > Methods > Mouse models, husbandry and genotyping
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We only observed a loss of 3D5 labeling in the mossy fibers in Bace1 KO (Extended Data Fig. 5c), yet no somatic BACE1 was observed”
§ Oligodendrocytes produce amyloid-β and contribute to plaque formation alongside neurons in Alzheimer’s disease model mice > Main
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Statistical tests were chosen based on tests for normality.”
§ Oligodendrocytes produce amyloid-β and contribute to plaque formation alongside neurons in Alzheimer’s disease model mice > Methods > Data analysis, statistics and figure preparation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
Bace1 is the rate-limiting enzyme in Aβ generation.
“conditionally knock out Bace1 (Bace1 cKO), the rate-limiting enzyme in Aβ generation”
The paper relies on this without support.
Oligodendrocyte lineage cells are abundantly present in both gray matter and white matter.
“Because OL lineage cells are abundantly present in both gray matter and white matter (WM)”
Citations
Cites
Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis
Schindelin, J., Arganda-Carreras, I., Frise, E., Kaynig, V., Longair, M., Pietzsch, T., Preibisch, S., Rueden, C., Saalfeld, S., Schmid, B., et al. (2012) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.2019 · Cited by 66,890 · cited 1×
“All 2D image analysis was performed on Fiji (version 1.53c) 41 .”
Integrated analysis of multimodal single-cell data
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Influentialggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis
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Self-citationThe antibody aducanumab reduces Aβ plaques in Alzheimer’s disease
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“Notably, the 30% plaque reduction in OL-Bace1 cKO ;AD mice falls in the range of effect sizes achieved by aducanumab 24 and the FDA-approved lecanemab 25 antibody therapies.”
Cellular Scaling Rules for the Brains of Marsupials: Not as “Primitive” as Expected
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“…e , Mouse nervous tissue inputs for sequencing from each study are shown. f , UMAP visualization of cell types from a human brain snRNA-seq dataset 12 . g , Feature plots showcasing expression of key amyloidogenic genes ( APP , BACE1 , PSEN1 and PSEN2 ) across all cell types in control human…”
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“Gene expression levels are visualized in half violin plots using the R package raincloudplots (version 0.0.4) 32 .”
InfluentialDisruption of Cnp1 uncouples oligodendroglial functions in axonal support and myelination
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“…half violin plots of key amyloidogenic genes in neurons and OLs normalized by the SCTransform normalization method from additional human datasets 13,14 . j , Positive rate bar plots of APP processing genes in mouse and human nervous tissue inputs. k , Human nervous tissue inputs for sequencing…”
Spatial Transcriptomics and In Situ Sequencing to Study Alzheimer’s Disease
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“…half violin plots of key amyloidogenic genes in neurons and OLs normalized by the SCTransform normalization method from additional human datasets 13,14 . j , Positive rate bar plots of APP processing genes in mouse and human nervous tissue inputs. k , Human nervous tissue inputs for sequencing…”
Self-citationSingle-cell transcriptomic profiling of the aging mouse brain
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Self-citationMyelin dysfunction drives amyloid-β deposition in models of Alzheimer’s disease
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“Analysis of g-ratio was conducted as previously described 9 .”
InfluentialSelf-citationEnhancing myelin renewal reverses cognitive dysfunction in a murine model of Alzheimer’s disease
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“Details of antibodies used for western blotting are listed in Supplementary Tables 7 and 8.”
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“Aβ fibrillation and plaque formation follow sigmoidal growth kinetics 20,21 , and a threshold level of Aβ accumulation is essential for plaque seeding to occur.”
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Early Alzheimer’s disease pathology in human cortex involves transient cell states
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“First, 150 µl of Diluent 35 was added into each well for blocking before the plates were sealed and incubated with shaking at room temperature for 1 h.”
Self-citationIntegrative single-cell analysis by transcriptional and epigenetic states in human adult brainPreprint
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BACE1 inhibition more effectively suppresses initiation than progression of β-amyloid pathology
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“( b ) Expression level half violin plots of amyloidogenic pathway genes in all cell types of human nervous tissue inputs with SCTransform normalization from all chosen human datasets 28–30 .”
InfluentialZhao, J., Paganini, L., Mucke, L., Gordon, M., Refolo, L., Carman, M., Sinha, S., Oltersdorf, T., Lieberburg, I., & McConlogue, L. (1996) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.271.49.31407 · Cited by 84 · cited 1×
“In Alzheimer’s disease (AD), amyloid-β (Aβ) production has primarily been attributed to excitatory neurons (ExNs) 1 , despite emerging evidence that other cell types might contribute to Aβ production 2,3 .”
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“( a ) Expression level half violin plots of amyloidogenic pathway genes in all cell types of mouse nervous tissue inputs with SCTransform normalization method from all chosen mouse datasets 9,26,27 .”
Auditory cortex shapes sound responses in the inferior colliculus
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Self-citationIn vivo imaging reveals sigmoidal growth kinetic of β-amyloid plaques
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“Aβ fibrillation and plaque formation follow sigmoidal growth kinetics 20,21 , and a threshold level of Aβ accumulation is essential for plaque seeding to occur.”
CNS myelination requires VAMP2/3-mediated membrane expansion in oligodendrocytes
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“In concordance with recent findings 17 , only a very low percentage of cortical (0.756% ± 0.057”
InfluentialTranscardial perfusion versus immersion fixation for assessment of peripheral nerve regeneration
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“In Alzheimer’s disease (AD), amyloid-β (Aβ) production has primarily been attributed to excitatory neurons (ExNs) 1 , despite emerging evidence that other cell types might contribute to Aβ production 2,3 .”
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“In Alzheimer’s disease (AD), amyloid-β (Aβ) production has primarily been attributed to excitatory neurons (ExNs) 1 , despite emerging evidence that other cell types might contribute to Aβ production 2,3 .”
Oligodendrocytes are a Novel Source of Amyloid Peptide Generation
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Axonal and Schwann Cell BACE1 Is Equally Required for Remyelination of Peripheral Nerves
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“We assessed Cnp-Cre specificity using a stop-flox tdTomato reporter mouse line as transient neuronal Cnp-Cre activity has been detected to varying degrees 15,16 .”
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“( a ) Expression level half violin plots of amyloidogenic pathway genes in all cell types of mouse nervous tissue inputs with SCTransform normalization method from all chosen mouse datasets 9,26,27 .”
Isolation and Culture of Oligodendrocytes
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BACE1 in central nervous system myelination revisited
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Extraction of Soluble and Insoluble Protein Fractions from Mouse Brains and Spinal Cords
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“We assessed Cnp-Cre specificity using a stop-flox tdTomato reporter mouse line as transient neuronal Cnp-Cre activity has been detected to varying degrees 15,16 .”
Gazestani, V., Kamath, T., Nadaf, N. M., Burris, S. J., Rooney, B., Junkkari, A., Vanderburg, C. R., Rauramaa, T. H., Therrien, M., Tegtmeyer, M., et al. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.06.03.543569 · Cited by 9
CNS myelination requires VAMP2/3-mediated membrane expansion in oligodendrocytesPreprint
Lam, M., Takeo, K., Almeida, R. G. D., et al. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.07.08.498895 · Cited by 7
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Self-citation
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Inflammatory aspects of Alzheimer’s disease
Lucena, P. B., & Heneka, M. T. (2024) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-024-02790-2 · Cited by 152
White matter aging and its impact on brain function
Groh, J., & Simons, M. (2025) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2024.10.019 · Cited by 124
Oligodendrocytes in Alzheimer’s disease pathophysiology
Kedia, S., & Simons, M. (2025) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-025-01873-x · Cited by 86
“Indeed, using an AD mouse model expressing a humanized and mutated APP gene under its own regulatory elements, oligodendrocytes were identified as contributors to Aβ load 66,67 .”
Fanlo-Ucar, H., Picón-Pagès, P., Herrera-Fernández, V., ILL‐Raga, G., & Muñoz, F. J. (2024) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox13101208 · Cited by 94
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Metadata
- Authors
- Sasmita, A. O., Depp, C., Nazarenko, T., Sun, T., Siems, S. B., Ong, E. C., Nkeh, Y. B., Böhler, C., Yu, X., Bues, B., Evangelista, L., Mao, S., Morgado, B., Wu, Z., Ruhwedel, T., Subramanian, S., Börensen, F., Overhoff, K., Spieth, L., Berghoff, S. A., Sadleir, K. R., Vassar, R., Eggert, S., Goebbels, S., Saito, T., Saido, T., Saher, G., Möbius, W., Castelo-Branco, G., Klafki, H.-W., Wirths, O., Wiltfang, J., Jäkel, S., Yan, R., & Nave, K.-A.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences (DE)
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- University College Cork (IE)
- LMU Klinikum (DE)
- Northwestern University (US)
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science (JP)
- Universitätsmedizin Göttingen (DE)
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DE)
- UConn Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sasmita, Andrew Octavian
- Depp, Constanze
- Nave, Klaus-Armin
- ORCID
- Sasmita, Andrew Octavian
- Depp, Constanze
- Sun, Ting
- Siems, Sophie B.
- Ong, Erinne Cherisse
- Nkeh, Yakum B.
- Bues, Bastian
- Evangelista, Lisa
- Morgado, Barbara
- Ruhwedel, Torben
- Subramanian, Swati
- Spieth, Lena
- Berghoff, Stefan A.
- Sadleir, Katherine Rose
- Vassar, Robert
- Eggert, Simone
- Goebbels, Sandra
- Saito, Takashi
- Saido, Takaomi
- Saher, Gesine
- Möbius, Wiebke
- Castelo-Branco, Gonçalo
- Klafki, Hans-Wolfgang
- Wirths, Oliver
- Wiltfang, Jens
- Jäkel, Sarah
- Yan, Riqiang
- Nave, Klaus-Armin
- Venue
- Nature Neuroscience
- Published
- 2024-08-05
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1668-1674
- ISSN
- 1097-6256 (ISSN-L)
- 1546-1726
- PMC
- PMC11374705
- OpenAlex
- W4401339790
- Cited by
- 125
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 51 · 2025: 57 · 2024: 17
- FWCI
- 17.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nature Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (submittedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Open access LMU (Ludwid Maxmilian's Universitat Munchen) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DZNE Pub (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- GoeScholar The Publication Server of the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (TRR-274)
- Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- oligodendrocytes, amyloid-beta, Alzheimer's disease, amyloid plaques, amyloid precursor protein, BACE1, humanized mice
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, Animals, Disease Models, Animal, Humans, Mice, Transgenic, Neurons, Oligodendroglia, Amyloid beta-Peptides, Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases, Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor, Mice, Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases, Plaque, Amyloid
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