Early Alzheimer’s disease pathology in human cortex involves transient cell states
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Summary: Cellular perturbations underlying Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are primarily studied in human postmortem samples and model organisms. Here we generated a single-nucleus atlas from a rare cohort of cortical biopsies from living individuals with varying degrees of AD pathology. We next performed a systematic cross-disease and cross-species integrative analysis to identify a set of cell states that are specific to early AD pathology. These changes–which we refer to as the Early Cortical Amyloid Response—were prominent in neurons, wherein we identified a transitional hyperactive state preceding loss of excitatory neurons, which we confirmed by acute slice physiology on independent biopsy specimens. Microglia overexpressing neuroinflammatory-related processes also expanded as AD pathology increased. Lastly, both oligodendrocytes and pyramidal neurons upregulated genes associated with amyloid beta production and processing during this early hyperactive phase. Our integrative analysis provides an organizing framework for targeting circuit dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and amyloid production early in AD pathogenesis.
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Six microglial sub-populations were identified; Micro1, Micro2, Micro4, Micro5 corresponded to HM_0, GPNMB_EYA2/LPL_CD83, CRM_CCL3 and HM_4 phenotypes.
“We identified six microglial sub-populations. Micro1, Micro2, Micro4, Micro5 sub-populations corresponded to previously identified HM_0, GPNMB_EYA2/LPL_CD83, CRM_CCL3 and HM_4 microglial phenotypes, respectively (Fig. 5a, Supplementary Fig. 9a–c) [23].”
From Characterisation of premature cell senescence in Alzheimer's disease using single nuclear transcriptomics (2024) · cites this paper as [23]
Cultured oligodendrocytes are capable of generating detectable levels of Aβ in vitro.
“Cultured oligodendrocytes (OLs) are capable of generating detectable levels of Aβ in vitro4–6.”
From Oligodendrocytes produce amyloid-β and contribute to plaque formation alongside neurons in Alzheimer’s disease model mice (2024) · cites this paper as [6]
The mean expression of genes implicated in Aβ synthesis in oligodendrocytes was replicated in the SEA-AD data, with oligodendrocytes having the highest levels of both APP and PSEN1.
“The mean expression of genes implicated in Aβ synthesis in oligodendrocytes (BACE1, BACE2, PSEN1, PSEN2, APH1A, NCSTN15) was replicated in the SEA-AD data (Fig. 7d), with oligodendrocytes having the highest levels of both APP and PSEN1.”
From Integrated multimodal cell atlas of Alzheimer’s disease (2024) · cites this paper as [15]
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- Authors
- Gazestani, V., Kamath, T., Nadaf, N. M., Dougalis, A., Burris, S. J., Rooney, B., Junkkari, A., Vanderburg, C., Pelkonen, A., Gomez-Budia, M., Välimäki, N.-N., Rauramaa, T., Therrien, M., Koivisto, A. M., Tegtmeyer, M., Herukka, S.-K., Abdulraouf, A., Marsh, S. E., Hiltunen, M., Nehme, R., Malm, T., Stevens, B., Leinonen, V., & Macosko, E. Z.
- Affiliations
- Broad Institute (US)
- University of Eastern Finland (FI)
- Harvard University (US)
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- Boston Children's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Macosko, Evan Z.
- ORCID
- Gazestani, Vahid
- Kamath, Tushar
- Nadaf, Naeem M.
- Dougalis, Antonios
- Burris, S.J.
- Junkkari, Antti
- Vanderburg, Charles
- Pelkonen, Anssi
- Välimäki, Nelli-Noora
- Rauramaa, Tuomas
- Therrien, Martine
- Koivisto, Anne M.
- Tegtmeyer, Matthew
- Herukka, Sanna-Kaisa
- Abdulraouf, Abdulraouf
- Marsh, Samuel E.
- Hiltunen, Mikko
- Nehme, Ralda
- Malm, Tarja
- Stevens, Beth
- Leinonen, Ville
- Macosko, Evan Z.
- Venue
- Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-09
- Volume
- 186
- Issue
- 20
- Pages
- 4438-4453.e23
- ISSN
- 0092-8674 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC11107481
- OpenAlex
- W4387142556
- Semantic Scholar
- 0bc86a078fdbbef06d6ccdcc8888cd11c71708ca
- Cited by
- 209
- References
- 121
- Citations by year
- 2026: 65 · 2025: 73 · 2024: 63 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 37.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 393 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Cell (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Alzheimer's Association
- Itä-Suomen Yliopisto
- European Commission (328287)
- Academy of Finland (334801)
- Suomen Kulttuurirahasto
- Kuopion Yliopistollinen Sairaala (5252614)
- National Institutes of Health
- Pohjois-Savon Rahasto
- National Institute on Aging (F30AG069446)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (T32GM008313, T32GM007753, T32GM144273)
- HORIZON EUROPE European Research Council (101043584)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- early Alzheimer's disease, cortical biopsy, neuronal hyperactivity, microglial neuroinflammation, oligodendrocytes, pyramidal neurons, amyloid-beta production, circuit dysfunction
- MeSH terms
- Single-Cell Gene Expression Analysis, Alzheimer Disease, Amyloid, Biopsy, Cell Nucleus, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Neurons, Amyloid beta-Peptides, Microglia, Pyramidal Cells
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