Human skeletal muscle possesses an epigenetic memory of hypertrophy
Open accessAbstract
It is unknown if adult human skeletal muscle has an epigenetic memory of earlier encounters with growth. We report, for the first time in humans, genome-wide DNA methylation (850,000 CpGs) and gene expression analysis after muscle hypertrophy (loading), return of muscle mass to baseline (unloading), followed by later hypertrophy (reloading). We discovered increased frequency of hypomethylation across the genome after reloading (18,816 CpGs) versus earlier loading (9,153 CpG sites). We also identified AXIN1, GRIK2, CAMK4, TRAF1 as hypomethylated genes with enhanced expression after loading that maintained their hypomethylated status even during unloading where muscle mass returned to control levels, indicating a memory of these genes methylation signatures following earlier hypertrophy. Further, UBR5, RPL35a, HEG1, PLA2G16, SETD3 displayed hypomethylation and enhanced gene expression following loading, and demonstrated the largest increases in hypomethylation, gene expression and muscle mass after later reloading, indicating an epigenetic memory in these genes. Finally, genes; GRIK2, TRAF1, BICC1, STAG1 were epigenetically sensitive to acute exercise demonstrating hypomethylation after a single bout of resistance exercise that was maintained 22 weeks later with the largest increase in gene expression and muscle mass after reloading. Overall, we identify an important epigenetic role for a number of largely unstudied genes in muscle hypertrophy/memory.
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The initial training phase opens the structural bottleneck, permanently altering the chromatin landscape of the rDNA loci.
“The initial training phase opens the structural bottleneck, permanently altering the chromatin landscape of the rDNA loci [118,121].”
From Ribosome Biogenesis as a Putative Bottleneck to Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy: Mechanisms, Human Evidence, and Practical Modulators (2026) · cites this paper as [118]
The Results section on genome-wide DNA methylation reports that initial resistance training changed CpG methylation and that one cluster remained hypomethylated through unloading and reloading. It does not identify those changes as occurring at rDNA loci, describe a structural bottleneck, or establish that any chromatin change is permanent; another cluster reverted during unloading. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSeaborne et al. discovered an exploratory epigenetic memory in which genes that regulate tissue structure and ribosomal RNA promoters underwent significant hypomethylation (activation) during the initial training phase.
“They discovered an exploratory epigenetic memory in which genes that regulate tissue structure and ribosomal RNA promoters underwent significant hypomethylation (activation) during the initial training phase.”
From Ribosome Biogenesis as a Putative Bottleneck to Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy: Mechanisms, Human Evidence, and Practical Modulators (2026) · cites this paper as [118]
The Results section on temporal DNA methylation patterns reports that gene clusters became hypomethylated during initial loading, providing initial evidence of an epigenetic memory. The Results section on gene expression reports significant hypomethylation during loading for one cluster, but does not identify it as genes regulating tissue structure or report significant hypomethylation of ribosomal RNA promoters. The claim’s specific targets are therefore unsupported by our copy (no page numbers provided). (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe rDNA promoters appeared to remain structurally "open" and biochemically primed for Pol I initiation.
“The rDNA promoters appeared to remain structurally “open” and biochemically primed for Pol I initiation [118,120].”
From Ribosome Biogenesis as a Putative Bottleneck to Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy: Mechanisms, Human Evidence, and Practical Modulators (2026) · cites this paper as [118]
The Results section reports CpG methylation changes and gene expression in skeletal muscle, but does not identify rDNA promoters as remaining open or primed for Pol I initiation. Searches of our copy for rDNA, RNA polymerase I, and promoter accessibility found no passage addressing that claim; page numbers were unavailable. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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“The initial training phase opens the structural bottleneck, permanently altering the chromatin landscape of the rDNA loci [118,121].”
- Authors
- Seaborne, R. A., Strauss, J., Cocks, M., Shepherd, S., O’Brien, T. D., van Someren, K. A., Bell, P. G., Murgatroyd, C., Morton, J. P., Stewart, C. E., & Sharples, A. P.
- Affiliations
- Keele University (GB)
- Liverpool John Moores University (GB)
- Northumbria University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Sharples, Adam P.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2018-01-30
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1898-1898
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5789890
- OpenAlex
- W2791038745
- Cited by
- 334
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 50 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 53 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 12
- FWCI
- 12.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- e-space (Manchester Metropolitan University) (acceptedVersion)
- Liverpool John Moores University (acceptedVersion)
- Keele Research Repository (Keele University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- GlaxoSmithKline
- Liverpool John Moores University
- Keele University
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Physical Performance
- Keywords
- skeletal muscle hypertrophy, epigenetic memory, DNA methylation, hypomethylation, muscle unloading, reloading, resistance training, gene expression, AXIN1, GRIK2, TRAF1, UBR5, HEG1, SETD3, BICC1, STAG1, muscle mass
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Humans, Hypertrophy, Male, Gene Expression, Muscle, Skeletal, DNA Methylation, Epigenesis, Genetic, Epigenomics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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