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The oral microbiome – an update for oral healthcare professionals
Open accessAbstract
For millions of years, our resident microbes have coevolved and coexisted with us in a mostly harmonious symbiotic relationship. We are not distinct entities from our microbiome, but together we form a 'superorganism' or holobiont, with the microbiome playing a significant role in our physiology and health. The mouth houses the second most diverse microbial community in the body, harbouring over 700 species of bacteria that colonise the hard surfaces of teeth and the soft tissues of the oral mucosa. Through recent advances in technology, we have started to unravel the complexities of the oral microbiome and gained new insights into its role during both health and disease. Perturbations of the oral microbiome through modern-day lifestyles can have detrimental consequences for our general and oral health. In dysbiosis, the finely-tuned equilibrium of the oral ecosystem is disrupted, allowing disease-promoting bacteria to manifest and cause conditions such as caries, gingivitis and periodontitis. For practitioners and patients alike, promoting a balanced microbiome is therefore important to effectively maintain or restore oral health. This article aims to give an update on our current knowledge of the oral microbiome in health and disease and to discuss implications for modern-day oral healthcare.
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“Accumulation of subgingival biofilms initiates development of clinical signs of gingivitis”
From The dental plaque biofilm matrix (2021) · cites this paper as [278]
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“Thus, the abundance covariations observed in both stomatotypes may partly reflect the underlying diversity of biofilm succession stages comprised in our samples and would support the main axis of previously observed core community changes in dental plaque.”
From Citizen science charts two major “stomatotypes” in the oral microbiome of adolescents and reveals links with habits and drinking water composition (2018) · cites this paper as [1]
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“As a result of complex interactions between subgingival biofilms and the host immune response, gingivitis can further develop to periodontitis with concomitant loss of periodontal supportive tissues (Figure 7B).239,278,279”
From The dental plaque biofilm matrix (2021) · cites this paper as [278]
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“Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease driven by dysbiosis of dental biofilms (Baker et al., 2023; Kilian et al., 2016; Kinane et al., 2017).”
From Enhanced control of periodontitis by an artificial intelligence‐enabled multimodal‐sensing toothbrush and targeted mHealth micromessages: A randomized trial (2024) · cites this paper as Kilian et al., 2016
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Dannewitz, B., Holtfreter, B., & Eickholz, P. (2021) · Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz · doi:10.1007/s00103-021-03373-2 · Cited by 58
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“Oral pathogens take advantage of the imbalance, leading to diseases such as caries and periodontal disease [20,21].”
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Comparison of the oral microbiome in mouthwash and whole saliva samples
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Physiological Changes and Interactions Between Microbiome and the Host During Pregnancy
Zakaria, Z. Z., Al-Rumaihi, S. F., Al-Absi, R. S., Farah, H., Elamin, M., Nader, R., Bouabidi, S., Suleiman, S. E. K., Nasr, S., & Al‐Asmakh, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2022.824925 · Cited by 61
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“The presence of beta- lactamases in oral pathogens is well in line with our results (Roos et al., 1986; Kleinfelder et al., 2000).”
ResultOral Biofilm and Its Impact on Oral Health, Psychological and Social Interaction
Meseret, A. G. (2021) · International Journal of Oral and Dental Health · doi:10.23937/2469-5734/1510127 · Cited by 56
“Saliva not only helps to maintain an environment that allows biofilms to flourish, but also modulates the layers of plaque with the help of numerous proteins, including enzymes and glycoproteins, and minerals, which control biofilm build-up and activity [6].”
BackgroundHuang, S. W., He, T., Yue, F., Xu, X., Wang, L., Zhu, P., Teng, F., Sun, Z., Liu, X., Jing, G., et al. (2021) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.03281-20 · Cited by 76
“Notably, although taxonomic shift in plaque took place as early as 24 h after dental prophylaxis (by acquiring microbial colonizers from saliva [11, 20]), it was accompanied by a delayed functional shift, as revealed by plaque metabolome analysis.”
BackgroundInvestigating the demographic history of Japan using ancient oral microbiota
Eisenhofer, R., Kanzawa‐Kiriyama, H., Shinoda, K., & Weyrich, L. S. (2020) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2019.0578 · Cited by 36
“A potential driver of this difference is oral disease status, as all of the female samples had evidence of periodontal disease, which has been demonstrated inmodern populations to impactmicrobiome composition [85,87,100].”
BackgroundKreth, J., Merritt, J. L., Pfeifer, C. S., KHAJOTIA, S. S., & Ferracane, J. L. (2020) · Journal of Dental Research · doi:10.1177/0022034520927690 · Cited by 64
“Currently, oral diseases are best described as problems of oral ecology, also referred to as dysbiosis (Kilian et al. 2016; Lamont et al. 2018), and innovative dental materials are being produced that possess antimicrobial and bioactive properties (Chen et al. 2018).”
BackgroundA review of co-culture models to study the oral microenvironment and disease
Mountcastle, S. E., Cox, S. C., Sammons, R. L., Jabbari, S., Shelton, R. M., & Kuehne, S. A. (2020) · Journal of Oral Microbiology · doi:10.1080/20002297.2020.1773122 · Cited by 62
“polymicrobial biofilms, which are particularly relevant when looking at plaque-related pathogenesis [5].”
BackgroundInfluentialLaheij, A. M. G. A., Raber‐Durlacher, J. E., Koppelmans, R. G. A., Huysmans, M. C. D. N. J. M., Potting, C. M. J., van Leeuwen, S. J. M., Hazenberg, M. D., Brennan, M. T., Bültzingslöwen, I. V., Johansson, J., et al. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-53073-w · Cited by 67
Self-citationBacterial biofilm composition in healthy subjects with and without caries experience.
Schoilew, K., Ueffing, H., Dalpke, A. H., Wolff, B., Frese, C., Wolff, D., & Boutin, S. (2019) · Journal of Oral Microbiology · doi:10.1080/20002297.2019.1633194 · Cited by 71
Gut Microbiota and Salivary Diagnostics: The Mouth Is Salivating to Tell Us Something
Kodukula, K., Faller, D. V., Harpp, D. N., Kanara, I., Pernokas, J., Pernokas, M., Powers, W. R., Soukos, N. S., Steliou, K., & Moos, W. H. (2017) · BioResearch open access · doi:10.1089/biores.2017.0020 · Cited by 70
“Dysbiosis of the oral microbiome can lead to periodontitis,(136,153) which promotes pathogenic bacterial growth and facilitates dissemination of oral bacteria systemically.(131,153) A causative link between oral pathogens and changes in”
BackgroundInfluentialMalcangi, G., Inchingolo, A., Casamassima, L., Trilli, I., Ferrante, L., Inchingolo, F., Palermo, A., Inchingolo, A., & Dipalma, G. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17050762 · Cited by 55
The oral microbiome, pancreatic cancer and human diversity in the age of precision medicine
Herremans, K. M., Riner, A. N., Cameron, M. E., McKinley, K. L., Triplett, E. W., Hughes, S. J., & Trevino, J. G. (2022) · Microbiome · doi:10.1186/s40168-022-01262-7 · Cited by 62
Periodontitis associates with species-specific gene expression of the oral microbiota
Belstrøm, D., Constancias, F., Drautz‐Moses, D. I., Schuster, S. C., Veleba, M., Mahé, F., & Givskov, M. (2021) · npj Biofilms and Microbiomes · doi:10.1038/s41522-021-00247-y · Cited by 57
Fragkioudakis, I., Riggio, M., & Apatzidou, D. (2020) · Journal of Medical Microbiology · doi:10.1099/jmm.0.001247 · Cited by 55
The evolutionary history of the human oral microbiota and its implications for modern health
Weyrich, L. S. (2020) · Periodontology 2000 · doi:10.1111/prd.12353 · Cited by 45
Role of Carbon Monoxide in Host–Gut Microbiome Communication
Hopper, C., Cruz, L. K. D. L., Lyles, K. V. M., Wareham, L. K., Gilbert, J. A., Eichenbaum, Z., Magierowski, M., Poole, R. K., Wollborn, J., & Wang, B. (2020) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00586 · Cited by 73
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“It is presently recognized that an imbalance of the normal microbiota, called dysbiosis, disrupts host homeostasis and causes periodontal tissue destruction [5, 6].”
BackgroundMucosa–Environment Interactions in the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Lucchino, B., Spinelli, F. R., Iannuccelli, C., Guzzo, M. P., Conti, F., & Franco, M. D. (2019) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells8070700 · Cited by 56
“According to the role of oral dysbiosis in the pathogenesis of the CP [85], several pathogens have been linked to the disruption of local immune tolerance.”
BackgroundChild Dental Caries – A Global Problem of Inequality
Manton, D. (2018) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2018.06.006 · Cited by 55
“Frequent dietary free-sugar consumption allows cariogenic bacteria to thrive due to a decrease in pH and increase in extracellular glycans, creating an ecological shift in the biofilm microbiome with an increase in the proportion of cariogenic microorganisms [3].”
BackgroundRole of Oral and Gut Microbiota in Dietary Nitrate Metabolism and Its Impact on Sports Performance
González-Soltero, R., Bailén, M., de Lucas, B., Ramírez-Goercke, M. I., Pareja-Galeano, H., & Larrosa, M. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12123611 · Cited by 54
“The oral microbiota is the second most diverse microbial community in the human body, and comprises 50–100 billion bacteria from more than 700 prokaryotic taxa, including a variety of facultative anaerobic bacteria with nitrate reductase activity [40].”
BackgroundManaging Oral Health in the Context of Antimicrobial Resistance
Bessa, L. J., Botelho, J., Machado, V., Alves, R. C., & Mendes, J. J. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192416448 · Cited by 57
“When the oral microbiome is perturbed, dysbiosis is installed, with disease-promoting bacteria taking over and causing an oral disease condition [3].”
BackgroundRadaic, A., Ganther, S., Kamarajan, P., Grandis, J. R., Yom, S. S., & Kapila, Y. L. (2021) · Periodontology 2000 · doi:10.1111/prd.12388 · Cited by 66
“nucleatum binding to tumor cells by binding d- galactose- beta(13)- Nacetyl- dgalactosamine, a polysaccharide overexpressed in colorectal cancer, whereas fatty acid– binding protein 2– deficient bacteria show reduced d- galactose- beta(13)- Nacetyl- d- galactosamine binding.”
Burton, M. J., Clarkson, J., Goulão, B., Glenny, A., McBain, A. J., Schilder, A. G., Webster, K. E., & Worthington, H. V. (2020) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013627 · Cited by 15
“The microbiome is increasingly recognised as playing a vital role in preventing colonisation with invading pathogens, supporting the host immune system and a variety of other functions (Kilian 2016; Man 2017).”
BackgroundVarzakas, T. H., & Αντωνιάδου, Μ. (2024) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods13081224 · Cited by 80
The role of oral bacteria in COVID-19
Patel, J., & Sampson, V. (2020) · The Lancet Microbe · doi:10.1016/s2666-5247(20)30057-4 · Cited by 52
Enax, J., Fabritius, H., Fabritius-Vilpoux, K., Amaechi, B., & Meyer, F. (2019) · Open Dentistry Journal · doi:10.2174/1874210601913010274 · Cited by 52
Silvestre, A. L. P., dos Santos, A. M., de Oliveira, A. B., Ferrisse, T. M., Brighenti, F. L., Meneguin, A. B., & Chorilli, M. (2023) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124489 · Cited by 69
Comparison of Blood Bacterial Communities in Periodontal Health and Periodontal Disease
Emery, D. C., Cerajewska, T. L., Seong, J., Davies, M., Paterson, A. R., Allen, S. J., & West, N. X. (2021) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2020.577485 · Cited by 62
Fusobacterium is enriched in oral cancer and promotes induction of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)
Michikawa, C., Gopalakrishnan, V., Harrandah, A. M., Karpinets, T. V., Garg, R. R., Chu, R. A., Park, Y. P., Chukkapallia, S. S., Yadlapalli, N., Erikson, K., et al. (2022) · Neoplasia · doi:10.1016/j.neo.2022.100813 · Cited by 57
Compositional Differences in the Oral Microbiome of E-cigarette Users
Chopyk, J., Bojanowski, C. M., Shin, J. H., Moshensky, A., Fuentes, A. L., Bonde, S. S., Chuki, D., Pride, D. T., & Alexander, L. E. C. (2021) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.599664 · Cited by 65
“There are factors that may have significant contributions to the oral microbiome that were not included in this study, such as diet, alcohol consumption, oral hygiene, and even host genetics (e.g., physical properties of the oral landscape, immune response; Kilian et al., 2016; Murtaza et al., 2019; Ulloa et al., 2019…”
BackgroundOral health and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: A review
Gianos, E., Jackson, E. A., Tejpal, A., Aspry, K. E., O’Keefe, J. H., Aggarwal, M., Jain, A., Itchhaporia, D., Williams, K. A., Sr., Batts, T. C., et al. (2021) · American Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ajpc.2021.100179 · Cited by 63
Environmental and Human Microbiome for Health
Panthee, B., Gyawali, S., Panthee, P., & Techato, K. (2022) · Life · doi:10.3390/life12030456 · Cited by 68
“Similarly, a healthy host-microbiota relationship confers normal regulation of cardiovascular and digestive systems, resistance to pathogen colonization and supports host for defense, and anti-inflammatory, metabolic, and antioxidant potential become available [22].”
BackgroundImpact of Oral Hygiene Discontinuation on Supragingival and Salivary Microbiomes
Belstrøm, D., Sembler‐Møller, M. L., Grande, M. A., Kirkby, N. S., Cotton, S. L., Paster, B. J., Twetman, S. H. A., & Holmstrup, P. (2017) · JDR Clinical & Translational Research · doi:10.1177/2380084417723625 · Cited by 48
“As saliva does not harbor an endogenous microbiota, the salivary microbiota is believed to be a compilation of bacteria shed from oral surfaces (Kilian et al. 2016; Krishnan et al. 2017).”
BackgroundKuraji, R., Shiba, T., Dong, T. S., Numabe, Y., & Kapila, Y. L. (2023) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v29.i6.967 · Cited by 53
C3-targeted therapy in periodontal disease: moving closer to the clinic
Hajishengallis, G., Hasturk, H., Lambris, J. D., Apatzidou, D., Belibasakis, G., Bostancı, N., Corby, P., Cutler, C., D'Aiuto, F., Hajishengallis, E., et al. (2021) · Trends in immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2021.08.001 · Cited by 47
“In this regard, inflammation is a major ecological factor driving the selective expansion of pathogenic species in periodontitis, presumably by generating a nutritionally favorable environment through accumulation of tissue breakdown products (used as nutrients by the bacteria) [48,49].”
BackgroundSelf-citationDental Calculus as a Tool to Study the Evolution of the Mammalian Oral Microbiome
Brealey, J. C., Leitão, H. G., van der Valk, T., Xu, W., Bougiouri, K., Dalén, L., & Guschanski, K. (2020) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msaa135 · Cited by 48
Bourgeois, D., Bravo, M., Llodrá, J., Inquimbert, C., Viennot, S., Dussart, C., & Carrouel, F. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-51938-8 · Cited by 47
Baker, J. L., Hendrickson, E. L., Tang, X., Lux, R., He, X., Edlund, A., McLean, J. S., & Shi, W. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1820594116 · Cited by 52
Deng, Z.-L., Sztajer, H., Jarek, M., Bhuju, S., & Wagner‐Döbler, I. (2018) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.00124 · Cited by 55
“The second “red-complex” pathogen, T. denticola, belongs into the phylum Spirochaetes (Dashper et al., 2011), and can become extremely abundant in periodontitis (up to 50% of the polymicrobial plaque) while it is almost absent in health (Kilian et al., 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialGut microbiota in ALS: possible role in pathogenesis?
McCombe, P. A., Henderson, R. D., Lee, A., Lee, J. D., Woodruff, T. M., Restuadi, R., McRae, A., Wray, N. R., Ngo, S., & Steyn, F. J. (2019) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2019.1623026 · Cited by 46
“ences among the microbiota of the mouth [112], and those of the small intestine [113] and the large intestine.”
BackgroundFrom Pathogenesis to Intervention: The Importance of the Microbiome in Oral Mucositis
Bruno, J. S., Al-Qadami, G. H., Laheij, A. M. G. A., Bossi, P., Fregnani, E. R., & Wardill, H. R. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24098274 · Cited by 46
“While approximately 700 microbial taxa are described, a single individual harbours between 100 and 300 different microbial species [10].”
BackgroundInfluentialNitrate‐rich diet alters the composition of the oral microbiota in periodontal recall patients
Jockel‐Schneider, Y., Schlagenhauf, U., Stölzel, P., Goßner, S. K., Carle, R., Ehmke, B., Prior, K., & Hagenfeld, D. (2021) · Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1002/jper.20-0778 · Cited by 66
Papapanou, P. N., Park, H., Cheng, B., Kokaras, A. S., Paster, B. J., Burkett, S., Watson, C. W., Annavajhala, M. K., Uhlemann, A., & Noble, J. M. (2020) · Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1002/jper.20-0194 · Cited by 69
Cigarette Smoking Modulation of Saliva Microbial Composition and Cytokine Levels
Rodríguez-Rabassa, M., López, P. L., Rodríguez-Santiago, R. E., Cases-Rosario, A. L., Felici, M., Sánchez, R., Yamamura, Y., & Rivera‐Amill, V. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15112479 · Cited by 55
“The positive effects of the host-microbiome symbiosis, which supports host defense functions and maintains a healthy digestive tract, may be altered by the microenvironment changes caused by the variety of organic and inorganic chemical compounds present in cigarette smoke [51,52].”
BackgroundProgress of Antimicrobial Discovery Against the Major Cariogenic Pathogen Streptococcus mutans
Cui, T., Luo, W., Xu, L., Yang, B., Zhao, W., & Cang, H. (2019) · Current Issues in Molecular Biology · doi:10.21775/cimb.032.601 · Cited by 58
“The oral cavity is inhabited by over 600 different bacterial species (Dewhirst et al., 2010; Kilian et al., 2016), among which S. mutans is the most prosperous colonizer causing dental caries.”
BackgroundFusobacterium nucleatum Subspecies Differ in Biofilm Forming Ability in vitro
Muchová, M., Balacco, D. L., Grant, M., Chapple, I., Kuehne, S., & Hirschfeld, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Oral Health · doi:10.3389/froh.2022.853618 · Cited by 45
“The oral environment consists of a multitude of bacterial species living on both soft and hard tissues in complex multispecies communities known as biofilms [1].”
BackgroundSelf-citationCurrent concepts and an alternative perspective on periodontal disease
Dahlén, G., Fejerskov, O., & Manji, F. (2020) · BMC Oral Health · doi:10.1186/s12903-020-01221-4 · Cited by 45
Herpesviruses and MicroRNAs: New Pathogenesis Factors in Oral Infection and Disease?
Naqvi, A. R., Shango, J., Seal, A., Shukla, D., & Nares, S. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.02099 · Cited by 63
“Aberrant cellular, pathogenic and environmental cues may shift this equilibrium toward disease development or progresion (2, 3).”
BackgroundKeller, M., Brandsborg, E., Holmstrøm, K., & Twetman, S. (2017) · Beneficial Microbes · doi:10.3920/bm2017.0104 · Cited by 45
Oral Microbiota—A New Frontier in the Pathogenesis and Management of Head and Neck Cancers
Metsäniitty, M., Hasnat, S., Salo, T. A., & Salem, A. (2021) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers14010046 · Cited by 50
“These microbial changes could result in long lasting inflammatory conditions such as periodontitis [8].”
BackgroundMetatranscriptomic analyses of the oral microbiome
Duran-Pinedo, A. E. (2020) · Periodontology 2000 · doi:10.1111/prd.12350 · Cited by 62
Oral bacterial diversity is inversely correlated with mucosal inflammation.
Hijazi, K., Morrison, R. W., Mukhopadhya, I., Martin, B. D., Gemmell, M. R., Shaw, S., & Santoro, F. (2020) · Oral Diseases · doi:10.1111/odi.13420 · Cited by 44
“…suffering from immune-mediated oral mucosal diseases, such as recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) (Bankvall et al., 2014; Hijazi et al., 2015; Kim et al., 2016; Marchini, Campos, Silva, Paulino, & Nobrega, 2007; Seoudi, Bergmeier, Drobniewski, Paster, & Fortune, 2015) and oral lichen planus…”
BackgroundInfluentialLarge-scale metagenomic analysis of oral microbiomes reveals markers for autism spectrum disorders
Manghi, P., Filosi, M., Zolfo, M., Casten, L. G., García-Valiente, A., Mattevi, S., Heidrich, V., Golzato, D., Perini, S., Thomas, A. M., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-53934-7 · Cited by 42
Targeting the succinate receptor effectively inhibits periodontitis
Guo, Y., Xu, F., Thomas, S. C., Zhang, Y., Paul, B., Satishkumar, S., Chae, S., Li, P., Almeter, C., Kamer, A. R., et al. (2022) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111389 · Cited by 44
“When this ecological balance is disturbed, interactions between the microbiota and host response are disturbed and may lead to tissue destruction and systemic dissemination of bacteria (Correa et al., 2019; Ganther et al., 2021; Hajishengallis, 2015; Hoare et al., 2019; Kilian et al., 2016; Lamont et al., 2018; Olsen…”
BackgroundMetaproteome and metabolome of oral microbial communities
Bostancı, N., Grant, M. M., Bao, K., Silbereisen, A., Hetrodt, F., Manoil, D., & Belibasakis, G. N. (2020) · Periodontology 2000 · doi:10.1111/prd.12351 · Cited by 50
Gruffaz, M., Zhang, T., Marshall, V. A., Goncalves, P. H., Ramaswami, R., Labò, N., Whitby, D., Uldrick, T. S., Yarchoan, R., Huang, Y., et al. (2020) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1008114 · Cited by 46
“Various factors such as diet, oral hygiene, tobacco and alcohol consumption, stress, hormonal imbalance, diabetes, and gingival inflammation can perturb the oral bacterial community[37].”
BackgroundAnalysis of the oral microbiome on the surface of modified dental polymers.
de Castro, D. D., Nascimento, C. D., Alves, O. L., Santos, E. D. S., Agnelli, J. A., & dos Reis, A. C. (2018) · Archives of Oral Biology · doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.06.005 · Cited by 43
Unique subgingival microbiota associated with periodontitis in cirrhosis patients
Jensen, A., Grønkjær, L. L., Holmstrup, P., Vilstrup, H., & Kilian, M. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-28905-w · Cited by 48
Self-citationValen, H., & Scheie, A. A. (2018) · European Journal of Oral Sciences · doi:10.1111/eos.12425 · Cited by 42
Huang, Y., Zhao, X., Cui, L., & Huang, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.728585 · Cited by 50
“An imbalanced microbial community affects the host response, resulting in an inappropriate and uncontrolled level of inflammation, which Frontiers in Microbiology | www.frontiersin.org 4 October 2021 | Volume 12 | Article 728585 further damages periodontal tissues (Kilian et al., 2016).”
BackgroundDeng, K., Pelekos, G., Jin, L., & Tonetti, M. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Periodontology · doi:10.1111/jcpe.13545 · Cited by 42
Self-citationBacterial diversity and functional analysis of severe early childhood caries and recurrence in India
Kalpana, B., Prabhu, P., Bhat, A., Senthilkumar, A., Arun, R., Asokan, S., Gunthe, S. S., & Verma, R. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-78057-z · Cited by 42
New Viral Facets in Oral Diseases: The EBV Paradox
Tonoyan, L., Vincent-Bugnas, S., Olivieri, C., & Doglio, A. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20235861 · Cited by 42
“With all due respect to microbial flora, the mouth is home to the second most diverse microbial community in the human body, housing a variety of microbes, including bacteria, viruses and fungi [1].”
BackgroundSaxena, R., K., V. P. P., Gupta, S., Gupta, S., Waiker, P., Samaiya, A., Sharma, A. K., & Sharma, V. K. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2022.841465 · Cited by 41
“Previous studies have made efforts to characterize the oral microbiome in several populations (Kilian et al., 2016; Acharya et al., 2017; Sarkar et al., 2017; Xian et al., 2018; Chattopadhyay et al., 2019; Burcham et al., 2020; Rai et al., 2021).”
BackgroundBenzaid, C., Belmadani, A., Tichati, L., Djerıbı, R., & Rouabhia, M. (2021) · Antibiotics · doi:10.3390/antibiotics10010054 · Cited by 47
“use of immunosuppressive drugs, commensal oral microbes can cause oral diseases such as dental caries and periodontal diseases [15], hence the emergence of multiple initiatives based on a modulation of the oral microbiome to maintain or reestablish a healthy oral ecosystem [16].”
BackgroundSulfate-Reducing Bacteria of the Oral Cavity and Their Relation with Periodontitis—Recent Advances
Kushkevych, I., Coufalova, M., Vítězová, M., & Rittmann, S. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9082347 · Cited by 41
“It is estimated that more than 700 different species of bacteria can colonize adult mouths—in the oral cavity, they inhabit the hard surfaces of the teeth and soft tissues of the oral mucosa [51].”
BackgroundFunctional dysbiosis within dental plaque microbiota in cleft lip and palate patients
Funahashi, K., Shiba, T., Watanabe, T., Muramoto, K., Takeuchi, Y., Ogawa, T., Izumi, Y., Sekizaki, T., Nakagawa, I., & Moriyama, K. (2019) · Progress in Orthodontics · doi:10.1186/s40510-019-0265-1 · Cited by 43
Guo, R., Zheng, Y., Liu, H., Li, X., Jia, L., & Li, W. (2018) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.4207 · Cited by 40
Metadata
- Authors
- Kilian, M., Chapple, I. L. C., Hannig, M., Marsh, P. D., Meuric, V., Pedersen, A. M. L., Tonetti, M. S., Wade, W. G., & Zaura, E.
- Affiliations
- Aarhus University (DK)
- University of Birmingham (GB)
- Saarland University (DE)
- University of Leeds (GB)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes (FR)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- University of Hong Kong (HK)
- Queen Mary University of London (GB)
- Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Kilian, M.
- ORCID
- Venue
- British Dental Journal
- Published
- 2016-11
- Volume
- 221
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 657-666
- ISSN
- 0007-0610 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5373
- OpenAlex
- W2550762460
- Cited by
- 1,269
- References
- 96
- Citations by year
- 2026: 123 · 2025: 140 · 2024: 163 · 2023: 169 · 2022: 144 · 2021: 157 · 2020: 139 · 2019: 109 · 2018: 85 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 114.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BDJ (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › General Dentistry › Dental Research and COVID-19
- Keywords
- oral microbiota, holobiont, dysbiosis, oral bacteria, oral health, dental caries, gingivitis, periodontitis, oral mucosa, lifestyle factors, oral care
- MeSH terms
- Dental Caries, Humans, Mouth, Oral Health, Periodontitis, Microbiota
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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