The oral microbiome and the immunobiology of periodontal disease and caries
Open accessAbstract
The composition of the oral microbiome differs from one intraoral site to another, reflecting in part the host response and immune capacity at each site. By focusing on two major oral infections, periodontal disease and caries, new principles of disease emerge. Periodontal disease affects the soft tissues and bone that support the teeth. Caries is a unique infection of the dental hard tissues. The initiation of both diseases is marked by an increase in the complexity of the microbiome. In periodontitis, pathobionts and keystone pathogens such as Porphyromonas gingivalis appear in greater proportion than in health. As a keystone pathogen, P. gingivalis impairs host immune responses and appears necessary but not sufficient to cause periodontitis. Historically, dental caries had been causally linked to Streptococcus mutans. Contemporary microbiome studies now indicate that singular pathogens are not obvious in either caries or periodontitis. Both diseases appear to result from a perturbation among relatively minor constituents in local microbial communities resulting in dysbiosis. Emergent consortia of the minor members of the respective microbiomes act synergistically to stress the ability of the host to respond and protect. In periodontal disease, host protection first occurs at the level of innate gingival epithelial immunity. Secretory IgA antibody and other salivary antimicrobial systems also act against periodontopathic and cariogenic consortia. When the gingival immune response is impaired, periodontal tissue pathology results when matrix metalloproteinases are released from neutrophils and T cells mediate alveolar bone loss. In caries, several species are acidogenic and aciduric and appear to work synergistically to promote demineralization of the enamel and dentin. Whereas technically possible, particularly for caries, vaccines are unlikely to be commercialized in the near future because of the low morbidity of caries and periodontitis.
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Reduction in pathogenic periodontal bacteria in biofilms by mechanical instrumentation through nonsurgical periodontal treatment has limited long-term benefits.
“The reduction in pathogenic periodontal bacteria in biofilms by mechanical instrumentation [13] through nonsurgical periodontal treatment has been shown to have limited long-term benefits [14,15].”
From A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis (2022) · cites this paper as [14]
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Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- [4]Yang L Chen T Izard J Tanner AC Wade WG Paster BJ The Human Oral Microbiome Database: Updates and New Features Journal of dental research 2014 93
- [101]Costalonga M Bittner-Eddy PD Fischer L Gingipain-specific Th17 do not Sustain Anti-Porphyromonas gingivalis IgGs Journal of dental research 2013 92 Abstract #2169
- [102]Bittner-Eddy PD Fischer L Thieu K Costalonga M Langerhans cells drive gingipain-specific Th17 differentiation in murine periodontitis Journal of dental research 2014 93 Abstract #43
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- Authors
- Costalonga, M., & Herzberg, M. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Corresponding author
- Costalonga, Massimo
- Venue
- Immunology Letters
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-12
- Volume
- 162
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 22-38
- ISSN
- 0165-2478 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4346134
- OpenAlex
- W2074819592
- Cited by
- 645
- References
- 153
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 54 · 2024: 67 · 2023: 71 · 2022: 61 · 2021: 82 · 2020: 79 · 2019: 65 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 38.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Immunology Letters (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Institutional Research Information System University of Turin (University of Turin) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- NIH (DE021206, DE022858)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › General Dentistry › Dental Research and COVID-19
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Keywords
- oral microbiota, periodontitis, dental caries, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus mutans, dysbiosis, pathobionts, secretory IgA, matrix metalloproteinases, alveolar bone loss, acidogenic bacteria, enamel demineralization, caries vaccine
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Dental Caries, Gingiva, Humans, Immunoglobulin A, Secretory, Mouth, Periodontal Diseases, Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Immunity, Mucosal, Microbiota, Dysbiosis
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