Structural basis for the selective inhibition of JNK1 by the scaffolding protein JIP1 and SP600125
Open accessAbstract
The c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway is regulated by JNK-interacting protein-1 (JIP1), which is a scaffolding protein assembling the components of the JNK cascade. Overexpression of JIP1 deactivates the JNK pathway selectively by cytoplasmic retention of JNK and thereby inhibits gene expression mediated by JNK, which occurs in the nucleus. Here, we report the crystal structure of human JNK1 complexed with pepJIP1, the peptide fragment of JIP1, revealing its selectivity for JNK1 over other MAPKs and the allosteric inhibition mechanism. The van der Waals contacts by the three residues (Pro157, Leu160, and Leu162) of pepJIP1 and the hydrogen bonding between Glu329 of JNK1 and Arg156 of pepJIP1 are critical for the selective binding. Binding of the peptide also induces a hinge motion between the N- and C-terminal domains of JNK1 and distorts the ATP-binding cleft, reducing the affinity of the kinase for ATP. In addition, we also determined the ternary complex structure of pepJIP1-bound JNK1 complexed with SP600125, an ATP-competitive inhibitor of JNK, providing the basis for the JNK specificity of the compound.
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- Findingown data§ Structural basis for the selective inhibition of JNK1 by the scaffolding protein JIP1 and SP600125
Binding of pepJIP1 induces a hinge motion between the N- and C-terminal domains of JNK1.
“Binding of the peptide also induces a hinge motion between the Nand C-terminal domains of JNK1”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ Introduction
SP600125 effectively occupies the hydrophobic pocket of the ATP-binding site in JNK1 despite its small size.
“Despite the small size of SP600125 (molecular weight ¼ 220), it effectively occupies the hydrophobic pocket of the ATP-binding site in JNK1”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation§ Overall structure of JNK1 complexed with pepJIP1
The overall architecture of JNK1 is substantially equal to that of JNK3 due to 92% sequence identity.
“As a result of the high homology of sequences with 92% identity, the overall architecture of JNK1 is substantially equal to that of JNK3 (PDB entry 1JNK; Xie et al , 1998).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Xie et al , 1998 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Findingown data§ Introduction
The crystal structure of human JNK1 in complex with pepJIP1 was determined at 2.35 Å resolution.
“we have determined the crystal structure of JNK1 in complex with pepJIP1, the docking site peptide of JIP1 (residues 153-163), at a resolution of 2.35 A ˚ .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning§ Structural basis for the selective inhibition of JNK1 by the scaffolding protein JIP1 and SP600125
The hinge motion distorts the ATP-binding cleft of JNK1.
“and distorts the ATPbinding cleft”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Findingown data§ Interactions of the complex
Leu160 and Leu162 of pepJIP1 are extensively surrounded by hydrophobic residues of JNK1 including Met121, Val118, Leu115, Ala113, Leu123, Val59, Leu131, and Cys163.
“Leu160 and Leu162 of the f A-Xf B motif in pepJIP1 are extensively surrounded by many hydrophobic residues of JNK1 including Met121, Val118, Leu115, Ala113, Leu123, Val59, Leu131, and Cys163”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ Interactions of the complex
Arg156 of pepJIP1 interacts with Glu329 of JNK1 through a bidentate salt bridge of length 2.70 Å.
“Arg156 ( f A 4) interacts with Glu329 with a bidentate salt bridge of length 2.70 A ˚ .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ Introduction
The ternary complex structure of pepJIP1-bound JNK1 with SP600125 was determined at 2.7 Å resolution.
“We also determined the structure of the ternary complex JNK1-pepJIP1-SP600125 at a resolution of 2.7 A ˚ .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning§ Structural basis for the selective inhibition of JNK1 by the scaffolding protein JIP1 and SP600125
The distortion reduces the affinity of JNK1 for ATP.
“reducing the affinity of the kinase for ATP.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ Introduction
The JNK1-pepJIP1 structure is the first structure demonstrating how MAPKs are selectively regulated by their scaffolding proteins.
“It is the first structure demonstrating the way by which MAPKs are selectively regulated by their scaffolding proteins.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ pepJIP1 as a JNK-specific inhibitor
The overall conformations and binding positions of pepJIP1 and p38-bound peptides (pepMEF2A, pepMKK3b) are quite different when JNK1 and p38 structures are superimposed.
“the overall conformations and binding positions of the bound peptides are quite different from each other when the structures of JNK1 and p38 are superimposed”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Chang et al , 2002 source
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- Findingown data§ Conformational conservation of the / A-X-/ B motif
The conformations of the fA-X-fB motifs are conserved between pepJIP1 and p38-bound peptides (pepMEF2A, pepMKK3b) when superimposed.
“it is shown that the conformations in the f A-Xf B motifs are conserved”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation§ Disorder of the phosphorylation loop
The ordered phosphorylation loop in JNK3 partially blocks the substrate-binding site.
“The ordered phosphorylation loop in the structure of JNK3 partially blocks the substratebinding site.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation§ Disorder of the phosphorylation loop
Similar increased disorder of the phosphorylation loop of p38 MAPK was found when MEF2A or MKK3b peptide binds.
“the similar increased disorder of the phosphorylation loop of p38 MAPK was also found when MEF2A or MKK3b peptide binds (Chang et al , 2002).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Chang et al , 2002 source
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- Findingown data§ Interdomain rearrangement mediated by pepJIP1 binding
A mutated pepJIP1 with the four key residues (R156, P157, L160, L162) replaced by alanine does not inhibit JNK1 activity due to failure of binding to JNK1.
“a mutated pepJIP1, where the four key residues for interaction (R156, P157, L160, and L162) are replaced with alanine, does not inhibit the JNK1 activity due to the failure of binding to JNK1”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ Interdomain rearrangement mediated by pepJIP1 binding
The ATP-binding site is distorted on binding of pepJIP1 to JNK1.
“A close-up look at the catalytic cleft shows that the ATP-binding site is distorted on binding of pepJIP1 to JNK1”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ Selectivity of SP600125 over other kinases
The adenine-binding pocket of SP600125 is lined by hydrophobic residues at positions 32, 40, 53, 86, 108, 110, 158, and 168, which make effective van der Waals contacts.
“In addition, SP600125 is surrounded by hydrophobic residues in the adenine-binding pocket (Ile32, Val40, Ala53, Ile86, Met108, Leu110, Val158, and Leu168) with effective van der Waals contacts”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ Interdomain rearrangement mediated by pepJIP1 binding
The Kd value for ATP binding to JNK1 increases from 19 ± 4.2 μM in free JNK1 to 55 ± 16 μM when pepJIP1 is bound.
“The K d value was increased by three times when pepJIP1 is bound to JNK1 ( K d ¼ 55 7 16 m M) compared to free JNK1 ( K d ¼ 19 7 4.2 m M)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ Interdomain rearrangement mediated by pepJIP1 binding
pepJIP1 inhibits JNK1 phosphorylation of myelin basic protein (MBP), a substrate without a docking site, in a dose-dependent manner.
“We have also observed that pepJIP1 inhibits JNK1 to phosphorylate myelin basic protein (MBP), which is a substrate not containing a docking site, and that this inhibition is dosedependent.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given§ Selectivity of SP600125 over other kinases
SP600125 was selective against a set of kinases including p38, ERK2, MKK1, GSK3b, CSK, CK2, LCK, PDK1, PKBa, and PKA.
“SP600125 exhibited selectivity against protein kinases including p38, ERK2, MKK1, GSK3 b , CSK, CK2, LCK, PDK1, PKB a , and PKA.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ Discussion
The scaffolding-protein docking-site peptide occupies the same JNK1 grooves that the upstream kinase and substrate transcription factor use in p38 MAPK.
“The structural analysis in this study demonstrates that the peptide derived from the docking site of the scaffolding protein also binds at the same docking grooves of JNK1 as those of the upstream kinase and the substrate transcription factor do in p38 MAPK.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ Interdomain rearrangement mediated by pepJIP1 binding
When full structures of combined N- and C-terminal domains are superimposed, the r.m.s. deviation for Cα atoms is 3.84 Å, indicating an extensive hinge motion between the two domains.
“when the full structures of combined Nand C-terminal domains are superimposed, the r.m.s. deviation for C a atoms runs to 3.84 A ˚ , indicating an extensive hinge motion between the two domains.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ Selectivity of SP600125 over other kinases
Mutation of M108T or M108Q caused complete removal of inhibition by SP600125.
“Mutation of M108T or M108Q caused the complete removal of inhibition by SP600125 (Figure 7B and C).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ Selectivity of SP600125 over other kinases
In the ternary complex, SP600125 forms two hydrogen bonds with JNK1: between its N1 atom and the backbone amide of Met111, and between its 2-NH group and the backbone carbonyl oxygen of Glu109.
“In the ternary complex structure, SP600125 makes two hydrogen bonds with JNK1 between the N atom at the 1-position and the backbone amide group of Met111, and between the NH group at the 2-position and the backbone carbonyl oxygen atom of Glu109 (Figure 7A).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ Selectivity of SP600125 over other kinases
Among these kinases, the residues corresponding to JNK1 Met108 and Leu168 show distinct amino-acid variations.
“The distinct variations of amino acids are found at the amino acids corresponding to Met108 and Leu168 of JNK1.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ The ternary complex JNK1-pepJIP1-SP600125
In the crystal soaked with SP600125, difference electron density corresponding to SP600125 appeared on the adenine-binding pocket of the ATP-binding site of JNK1-pepJIP1.
“Surprisingly, the difference electron density corresponding to SP600125 clearly appeared on the adenine-binding pocket of the ATP-binding site (Figure 6).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ The ternary complex JNK1-pepJIP1-SP600125
In the ternary complex, SP600125 is shifted a little from its position when bound to JNK3, due to movement of residues in the hydrophobic pocket.
“In this structure, a little shift of SP600125 from the position of the inhibitor bound to JNK3 was found as a result of the movement of the residues in the hydrophobic pocket (Figure 6D).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data§ Introduction
Variations of crucial hydrophobic residues in other MAP kinases give SP600125 its JNK specificity.
“and the variations of the crucial hydrophobic residues in other MAP kinases give SP600125 the JNK specificity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Overall structure of JNK1 complexed with pepJIP1
The location of the pepJIP1 docking site away from the ATP pocket implies an allosteric inhibition mechanism.
“implying an allosteric inhibition mechanism of pepJIP1.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data§ Interactions of the complex
Arg127 and Glu329 of JNK1 are key residues for pepJIP1 binding.
“demonstrating that Arg127 and Glu329 of JNK1 are key residues for pepJIP1 binding.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ Introduction
The minimal JNK-binding region of JIP1 (pepJIP1) inhibits JNK activity in vitro toward c-jun, Elk, and ATF2 up to 90% with selectivity over Erk and p38.
“This peptide, pepJIP1 (a peptide version of JIP1), inhibited JNK activity in vitro toward recombinant c-jun, Elk, and ATF2 up to 90% with significant selectivity of no inhibition of the related Erk and p38 MAPKs.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Interpretationreasoning§ Conformational conservation of the / A-X-/ B motif
Any conformational change inside the fA-X-fB motif may decrease hydrophobic interactions of fA and fB with docking grooves, inducing failure in effective binding.
“any conformational change inside of the f A-Xf B motif may decrease the hydrophobic interactions of the two key residues, f A and f B, with the docking grooves of MAPKs, therefore inducing failure in the effective binding of docking sites to MAPKs.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Discussion
Such intrinsic flexibility may be central to how the JNK pathway is regulated through specific interactions with numerous docking-site proteins.
“This inherent structural flexibility may play a central role in allowing the JNK pathway to be regulated by specific interactions with many docking site proteins.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ Selectivity of SP600125 over other kinases
Previous SAR studies showed that derivatives with N-alkyl substituents instead of a free NH at the 2-position had significantly reduced inhibitory activity.
“This result is very consistent with the previous structure-activity relationship studies, which revealed that all of the derivatives having N-alkyl substituents instead of the free NH group at the 2-position showed significant loss in inhibitory activity (Bennett et al , 2001).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bennett et al , 2001 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning§ pepJIP1 as a JNK-specific inhibitor
The number and position of basic residues in docking sites are important determinants of specificity.
“implying that the number and position of basic residues in the docking sites are important determinants of specificity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ Discussion
The same kind of ATP-binding-site distortion has been seen in CDK6 crystals bound to p16INK4a or p19INK4d.
“A similar structural distortion of the ATP-binding site has been reported in the crystal structure of CDK6 bound to the tumor suppressor p16 INK4a or p19 INK4d (Brotherton et al , 1998; Russo et al , 1998).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Study design and conductown data§ Discussion
The hinge motion is probably not a crystal-packing artifact, since it agrees with ITC ATP-binding data and with pepJIP1 inhibition of a docking site-independent substrate.
“Although we could not get other crystals of unrelated lattices, this hinge motion is not likely to be a packing artifact because this structural feature is consistent with the experimental results including ITC measurement of ATP binding affinity and the inhibition of phosphorylation of a docking site-independent substrate by pepJIP1.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Discussion
JNK's high-specificity binding to upstream kinases, substrate transcription factors, and scaffolding proteins may involve flexibility in the b7-b8 loop and the disordered 331-351 loop.
“The ability of JNK to bind different proteins including upstream kinases, substrate transcription factors, and scaffolding proteins with high specificity may be mediated by the conformational flexibility of the loop connecting b 7 and b 8 and the disordered 331-351 loop.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ Interdomain rearrangement mediated by pepJIP1 binding
The binding between JNK and pepJIP1 is not dependent on the kinase activity of JNK.
“the binding between JNK and pepJIP1 is not dependent on the kinase activity of JNK (Barr et al , 2002)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Barr et al , 2002 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning§ The ternary complex JNK1-pepJIP1-SP600125
The binding of SP600125 in the ternary complex could not be influenced much by the distortion of the ATP-binding site, which moved JNK1 residues interacting with ATP phosphate groups far from the active site.
“whereby the binding of SP600125 could not be influenced much by the distortion of the ATP-binding site, which moved the residues of JNK1 interacting with the phosphate groups of ATP far away from the active site (Figure 4B).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation§ Disorder of the phosphorylation loop
Refolding of the phosphorylation loop is required to relieve steric constraints to substrate binding and activation of the substrate by JNK3.
“This structural feature of JNK3 suggests that refolding of this loop is required to relieve steric constraints to the substrate binding and the activation of the substrate by JNK3 (Xie et al , 1998).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Xie et al , 1998 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data§ Selectivity of SP600125 over other kinases
Interactions with these hydrophobic residues appear to underlie the JNK specificity of SP600125.
“and the JNK specificity of SP600125 seems to come from the interactions with these hydrophobic residues.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: SP600125 has similar potency against the JNK1, JNK2, and JNK3 isoforms.
- Rests on an assumption: The hydrophobic residues in the adenine-binding pocket are conserved across JNK isoforms.
- Interpretationreasoning§ pepJIP1 as a JNK-specific inhibitor
The two major differences, the structural difference in the alpha2 helix and the involvement of the CD domain in docking interaction, provide the rationale for the predominant selectivity of pepJIP1 for JNK over Erk and p38.
“In conclusion, the two major differences, the structural difference in a 2 helix and the involvement of the CD domain in docking interaction, provide the rationale for the predominant selectivity of pepJIP1 in inhibition of JNK, but not the related Erk or p38 MAPKs.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Selectivity of SP600125 over other kinases
SP600125 selectivity may depend on the hydrophobic pocket's size, which differs among kinases, rather than only on the pocket's amino acids.
“It is thought that the selectivity of SP600125 may be determined by the size of the hydrophobic pocket, which varies in diverse protein kinases, and not merely by the amino acids themselves of the hydrophobic pocket.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Selectivity of SP600125 over other kinases
Hydrophilic residues such as threonine or glutamine at the position corresponding to Met108 could repel the aromatic ring of SP600125 and thus reduce inhibitory potency.
“the variation in the amino acids corresponding to Met108 may lead us to the conclusion that the hydrophilic residues such as threonine or glutamine could repel the aromatic ring of SP600125 and thus reduce the inhibitory potency”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data§ pepJIP1 as a JNK-specific inhibitor
The distinct interaction between Glu329 of JNK1 and Arg156 of JIP1 shows the importance of the CD domain for selective binding of a specific docking site.
“the distinct interaction between Glu329 of JNK1 and Arg156 of JIP1 shows the importance of the CD domain for the selective binding of a specific docking site.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ Interdomain rearrangement mediated by pepJIP1 binding
Inhibition of JNK1 by pepJIP1 is mainly due to competition with other docking sites of substrates or upstream kinases.
“Inhibition of JNK1 by pepJIP1 is mainly due to the competition of pepJIP1 with other docking sites of the substrates or the upstream kinases (Dickens et al , 1997; Ho et al , 2003).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Dickens et al , 1997 source
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- cites Ho et al , 2003
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- Interpretationcitation§ Interdomain rearrangement mediated by pepJIP1 binding
A similar mode of interaction is expected when pepJIP1 binds to active JNK1.
“the similar mode of interaction is expected when pepJIP1 would bind to the active JNK1.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Selectivity of SP600125 over other kinases
A phenylalanine side chain at the Met108 position could form a T-shaped interaction with the aromatic ring of SP600125.
“The aromatic side chain of phenylalanine at Met108 position could interact with the aromatic ring of SP600125 by a T-shaped interaction.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data§ The ternary complex JNK1-pepJIP1-SP600125
The ternary complex structure can serve as a structural model for the state in which SP600125 blocks JNK1 bound to JIP1 scaffolding protein in vivo.
“The structure of this ternary complex can be considered as a structural model for the state where SP600125 blocks JNK1 when it is bound to JIP1 scaffolding protein in vivo .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- May combine two claims. 28
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 6
May combine two claims.
Findingown data§ Interactions of the complexThe Kd values for pepJIP1 binding to wild-type JNK1, R127A, and E329A are 0.42 ± 0.13, 6.4 ± 2.2, and 9.1 ± 3.4 μM, respectively.
“The K d values for pepJIP1 to bind to wild type, R127A, and E329A were found to be 0.42 7 0.13, 6.4 7 2.2, and 9.1 7 3.4 m M, respectively”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ Overall structure of JNK1 complexed with pepJIP1PepJIP1 docks to the docking groove of JNK1, a surface of the C-terminal domain covering alpha2, alpha3, alpha13, and beta8, which is away from the ATP pocket and substrate recognition site.
“The peptide docks to the docking groove of JNK1, a surface of the Cterminal domain covering a 2, a 3, a 13, and b 8, which is away from the ATP pocket or substrate recognition site”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingcitation§ IntroductionIn the JNK1-pepJIP1 structure, the docking site of the scaffolding protein binds at the same docking grooves of JNK1 as the upstream kinase and substrate transcription factor do in p38 MAPK, but with different interaction modes.
“In this structure, it is found that the docking site of the scaffolding protein also binds at the same docking grooves of JNK1 as the upstream kinase and the substrate transcription factor do in p38 MAPK (Chang et al , 2002), but with quite different interaction modes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Chang et al , 2002 source
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May combine two claims.
Findingown data§ Disorder of the phosphorylation loopMuch more residues of the phosphorylation loop of JNK1 complex are disordered than in JNK3 (missing residues 175-187 in JNK1-pepJIP1 and 212-216 in JNK3), although their ordered regions adopt a similar conformation.
“Much more residues of the phosphorylation loop of the JNK1 complex are disordered than the JNK3 structure (missing residues 175-187 in JNK1-pepJIP1 and 212-216 in JNK3) although their ordered regions adopt a similar conformation”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ Interdomain rearrangement mediated by pepJIP1 bindingBinding of pepJIP1 to JNK1 rotates the N-terminal domain relative to the C-terminal domain by approximately 15°, distorting the ATP-binding site and inducing disorder of the phosphorylation loop.
“The most interesting result of the pepJIP1 binding to JNK1 is the rotation of the N-terminal domain relative to the Cterminal domain by approximately 15 1 , thereby distorting the ATP-binding site and inducing disorder of the phosphorylation loop”
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Findingown data§ DiscussionA key finding is that pepJIP1 binding causes interdomain rearrangement that distorts the ATP-binding site, offering an allosteric inhibition mechanism by blocking productive ATP binding.
“The most striking feature of the present structure is the distortion of the ATP-binding site induced by the interdomain rearrangement upon pepJIP1 binding, providing another mechanism of allosteric inhibition of the kinase activity by interfering with productive binding of ATP.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ Interdomain rearrangement mediated by pepJIP1 bindingThe hinge motion is triggered in beta8, which interacts with Leu162 by van der Waals contacts, and is propagated to the N-terminal domain via the single loop connecting beta7 and beta8.
“The hinge motion is triggered in b 8, which interacts with Leu162 ( f B) by van der Waals contacts, and is propagated to the N-terminal domain via the single loop, which connects b 7 and b 8.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ The ternary complex JNK1-pepJIP1-SP600125SP600125 occupied only the deepest adenine-binding site and did not expand to the phosphate-binding site in the ternary complex.
“Fortunately, the small molecule, SP600125, occupied the deepest adenine-binding site only, not expanding to the phosphate-binding site”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ pepJIP1 as a JNK-specific inhibitorThe fA-X-fB motif of pepJIP1, especially Leu162, is shifted relative to p38-bound peptides due to structural differences in the hydrophobic region, where JNK1 forms a one-turn helix alpha2 and p38 forms a two-turn helix.
“The most notable difference is that the f A-Xf B motif of pepJIP1, especially Leu162 ( f B), is shifted by the structural difference between JNK1 and p38 in the region containing the hydrophobic residues critical for the f A-Xf B motif binding. In this region, JNK1 forms a oneturn helix ( a 2), but a two-turn helix in p38.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ Disorder of the phosphorylation loopIn the JNK1-pepJIP1 complex, the alpha1 helix moved too far for interactions with the phosphorylation loop to occur, and this loss released the phosphorylation loop from the N-terminal domain, resulting in increased disorder.
“in the structure of the JNK1-pepJIP1 complex, the a 1 helix moved too far away for such interactions to occur as a result of the interdomain rearrangement upon pepJIP1 binding, and this loss of interactions released the phosphorylation loop of JNK1pepJIP1 from the N-terminal domain, resulting in the increased disorder of the loop.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ Interdomain rearrangement mediated by pepJIP1 bindingThe r.m.s. deviations for Cα atoms of the N- and C-terminal domains between JNK1-pepJIP1 and JNK3 are 1.27 and 0.79 Å, respectively, showing no significant structural difference between corresponding domains.
“The root-mean-square (r.m.s.) deviations for C a atoms of the Nand C-terminal domain between the structures of JNK1-pepJIP1 and JNK3 are 1.27 and 0.79 A ˚ , respectively. These values show that there is no significant structural difference between the corresponding domains.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ IntroductionOverexpression of JIP1 or its JNK-binding domain inhibits JNK signaling by retaining JNK in the cytoplasm and blocking its nuclear translocation.
“However, the overexpression of either the domain within JIP1 that binds to JNK, or the full-length protein, potently inhibits JNK signaling in the cell (Dickens et al , 1997).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Dickens et al , 1997 source
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Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ IntroductionJIP1 is a scaffolding protein that assembles components of the JNK cascade and regulates JNK signaling.
“JNK-interacting protein-1 (JIP1) was identified as a scaffolding protein of the JNK module in yeast two-hybrid analysis, enhancing the correspondent signaling through the pathway (Whitmarsh et al , 1998).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ DiscussionIn CDK6, INK4 inhibitors occupy a site adjacent to the ATP pocket, opposite the activating cyclin, and indirectly block cyclin binding while lowering ATP affinity through allosteric changes.
“In the structure, the INK4 inhibitors bind next to the ATP-binding site, opposite where the activating cyclin binds, and thereby not only prevent cyclin binding indirectly but also reduce the affinity of the kinase for ATP by causing extensive allosteric changes in CDK6.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationreasoning§ Disorder of the phosphorylation loopJNK and p38 may act as chemomechanical energy transducers, using peptide binding energy to generate allosteric conformational changes.
“This implies that JNK and p38 may act as chemomechanical energy transducers, using peptide binding energy to generate allosteric conformational changes (Goldsmith, 1996).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Goldsmith, 1996 source
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Interpretationreasoning§ DiscussionEach MAPK has similar yet nonidentical docking grooves, which may importantly determine pathway specificity alongside docking-site sequence differences.
“However, similar but nonidentical docking grooves in each MAPKs appear to be the important determinant of pathway specificity in addition to the variations in sequences of docking sites.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ Selectivity of SP600125 over other kinasesPocket size may relate to how flexible the loops near the catalytic cleft are in different kinases, and these flexibility differences could help determine SP600125 selectivity.
“And the size of the pocket may also be connected with the intrinsic flexibility of the loops around the catalytic cleft in protein kinases, and the diverse modes of the flexibility dependent on each protein kinases could be important determinants of the selectivity of SP600125.”
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Premisecitation§ The ternary complex JNK1-pepJIP1-SP600125SP600125 is a reversible inhibitor that competes with ATP and has over 20-fold selectivity for JNK over other kinases such as Erk, p38 MAPKs, MKKs, and PKCs.
“SP600125 is a reversible ATPcompetitive inhibitor with more than 20-fold selectivity over other kinases including Erk, p38 MAPKs, MKKs, and PKCs.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bennett et al , 2001 source
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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation§ The ternary complex JNK1-pepJIP1-SP600125The structure of JNK3 in complex with SP600125 has been reported (PDB entry 1PMV).
“Recently, the structure of JNK3 in complex with SP600125 was reported (PDB entry 1PMV; Scapin et al , 2003).”
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Premisecitation§ The ternary complex JNK1-pepJIP1-SP600125In cells, SP600125 reduced c-jun phosphorylation and the expression of inflammatory genes (COX-2, IL2, IHNg, TNFa) in a dose-dependent way, and it prevented human CD4 cell activation and differentiation.
“In cells, SP600125 dose-dependently inhibited the phosphorylation of c-jun, the expression of inflammatory genes COX-2, IL2, IHNg , and TNFa , and prevented the activation and differentiation of human CD4 cell.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bennett et al , 2001 source
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Premisecitation§ Selectivity of SP600125 over other kinasesA recent study found that SP600125 is not highly JNK-specific and that it blocks some protein kinases as strongly or more strongly than JNK.
“The latest result demonstrates that the JNK specificity of SP600125 is not so excellent and this compound inhibits some protein kinases with similar or greater potency than JNK (Bain et al , 2003).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bain et al , 2003 source
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May combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ Interdomain rearrangement mediated by pepJIP1 bindingThe distortion would not eliminate ATP binding but would significantly reduce ATP affinity and may disorient bound ATP, inhibiting JNK activity to phosphorylate substrates.
“This distortion would not eliminate the ATP binding, but it would significantly reduce ATP affinity and may well disorient any bound ATP with respect to the kinase catalysis, and thus inhibit the JNK activity to phosphorylate the substrates.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ Disorder of the phosphorylation loopRelease of the phosphorylation loop when JNK binds JIP1 may allow the loop to refold and be recognized and phosphorylated by MKKs, and be ready to recognize substrates.
“the release of the phosphorylation loop, when JNK binds to the JIP1 scaffolding protein, may give a chance for the loop to refold and take an appropriate conformation to be recognized and phosphorylated by MKKs, which are also scaffolded in JIP1, and be ready to recognize the substrates.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown data§ Conformational conservation of the / A-X-/ B motifThe docking site can be characterized by both sequential similarity of the fA-X-fB motifs and conformational conservation of the motifs.
“the docking site can be characterized by not only the sequential similarity of the f A-Xf B motifs but also the conformational conservation of the motifs in their structures.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ The ternary complex JNK1-pepJIP1-SP600125In mice, SP600125 inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced TNFa expression and prevented anti-CD3-mediated thymocyte apoptosis.
“In in vivo studies in mice, SP600125 inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of TNFa and prevented anti-CD3-mediated thymocyte apoptosis (Bennett et al , 2001).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bennett et al , 2001 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ DiscussionFull-length JIP1 inhibition in vivo is more complex than pepJIP1 inhibition, and its structural basis may differ substantially from that of pepJIP1.
“In other words, the inhibition of the full-length JIP1 in vivo is more complicated than that of pepJIP1, and the structural feature of the inhibition by full-length JIP1 might have significant differences from that of pepJIP1.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ DiscussionJNK1's docking groove likely accepts MKK7 or c-jun docking sites as p38 does, but residues other than JIP1 Arg156 (fA4) may also be needed for specific MKK7 or c-jun recognition, since Arg156 is not conserved.
“The docking groove of JNK1 is expected to accommodate the docking sites of MKK7 or c-jun as that of p38 does, but there may exist other important determinants than the interaction by Arg156 ( f A 4) of JIP1 for specific recognition of the docking sites of MKK7 or c-jun because this residue is not conserved in the sequential comparison (Figure 1D).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ DiscussionMKK-mediated JNK phosphorylation and JNK-mediated c-jun activation may also involve interdomain rearrangement like that in the JNK1-pepJIP1 complex, owing to flexible loops near the catalytic cleft.
“Phosphorylation of JNK by MKKs and activation of c-jun by JNK also might undergo such an interdomain rearrangement as the JNK1-pepJIP1 complex due to the intrinsic flexibility of the loops around the catalytic cleft.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationcitation§ The ternary complex JNK1-pepJIP1-SP600125Blocking JNK therapeutically could be valuable for inflammatory disease, acute organ failure from apoptotic cell death, and cancer.
“These previous studies imply that therapeutic inhibition of JNK has significant potential in inflammatory disease, acute organ failure due to apoptotic cell death, and cancer.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ Interdomain rearrangement mediated by pepJIP1 bindingThe fact that the N- and C-terminal domains are linked by only two loops implies intrinsic flexibility may exist in the kinase, and this inherent structural flexibility may play a central role in its regulation upon JIP1 binding.
“The fact that the N- and C-terminal domains are linked by only two loops, the loop connecting b 7 and b 8 and the disordered 331-351 loop, implies that the intrinsic flexibility may exist in the kinase, and the inherent structural flexibility may play a central role in its regulation upon JIP1 binding to JNK1.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
SP600125 has similar potency against the JNK1, JNK2, and JNK3 isoforms.
“SP600125 inhibited JNK1, 2, and 3 isoforms with similar potency”
The paper relies on this without support.
The hydrophobic residues in the adenine-binding pocket are conserved across JNK isoforms.
“all of the hydrophobic residues are conserved in JNK isoforms.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Both electrostatic pockets (W_L, W_U) are present and occupied by different KIM peptides in ERK, p38, and FUS3, while only the W_L pocket is engaged by KIM peptides that bind specifically to JNKs.
“Similarly, while both electrostatic pockets (W L, W U ) are present and occupied by different KIM peptides in ERK, p38, and FUS3, only the W L pocket is engaged by KIM peptides that bind specifically to JNKs [Fig.2(A)].”
From Molecular basis of MAP kinase regulation (2013) · cites this paper as [51]
Heo et al. (2004) compares JIP1 peptide binding to JNK1 with peptide binding to p38 and discusses a JNK1-specific ionic interaction, but the passages found do not establish the claimed W_L/W_U comparison across ERK, p38, FUS3, and JNKs. Two paper-scoped Semantic Scholar searches returned no snippets. The wording appears almost verbatim in the same-topic review “Molecular basis of MAP kinase regulation” (score 0.906), but the available evidence does not establish that the review presents it independently of Heo et al.; misattribution is therefore not sufficiently supported. (LLM, conf=0.68)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe JNK1-pepNFAT4 and JNK1-pepJIP1 complexes adopted different main-chain conformations between the contact points corresponding to the D-motif consensus.
“The two docking peptides adopted different main chain conformations between the contact points corresponding to the D-motif consensus sequence.”
From Specificity of Linear Motifs That Bind to a Common Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Docking Groove (2012) · cites this paper as [13]
The ‘Overall structure of JNK1 complexed with pepJIP1’ section describes the pepJIP1 complex, but our copy does not describe a JNK1–pepNFAT4 complex. A search for NFAT4 found no comparison of the two peptides’ main-chain conformations. The ‘Conformational conservation of the φA–X–φB motif’ section compares pepJIP1 with other peptides, not pepNFAT4. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOnly three hydrophobic pockets (U_A, U_B, and U_L) are present in JNKs.
“In contrast, only three hydrophobic pockets (U A , U B , and U L ) are present in JNKs [Fig.2(A)].46,51,52”
From Molecular basis of MAP kinase regulation (2013) · cites this paper as [51]
The JNK1 structure bound to a JIP1 peptide showed peptide-induced rotation of the two lobes that distorted the active site, which was proposed to explain JIP1-mediated inhibition.
“The structure of JNK1 bound to a peptide from JIP1 protein showed that the peptide induced a rotation of the two lobes that distorted the active site, which was proposed as a mechanism for JIP1-mediated inhibition of JNK signaling (Heo et al., 2004).”
From Structural Mechanisms of Allostery and Autoinhibition in JNK Family Kinases (2012) · cites this paper as Heo et al., 2004
The original JIP1-bound JNK structure showed interlobe rotation but not the larger lobe opening or the allosteric signal transduction mechanism, because a single structure has limitations.
“In the initial publication of JIP1-bound JNK (Heo et al., 2004), the interlobe rotation was apparent, but not the more substantial lobe opening, nor the mechanism of allosteric signal transduction, due to the inherent limitations of examining a single structure.”
From Structural Mechanisms of Allostery and Autoinhibition in JNK Family Kinases (2012) · cites this paper as Heo et al., 2004
MAPK docking is a well-characterized protein-peptide interaction system.
“At the structural level, MAPK docking is a well characterized protein-peptide interaction system (9, 12-16).”
From Specificity of Linear Motifs That Bind to a Common Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Docking Groove (2012) · cites this paper as [13]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
The reported missing residues differ between sections
MinorThe disorder discussion identifies residues 175-187 as missing from the JNK1-pepJIP1 structure. The final model of that binary complex instead omits residues 173-189.
“missing residues 175-187 in JNK1-pepJIP1 and 212-216 in JNK3”
“The final model contained one JNK1 molecule of residues 9-172, 190-281, 287-336, and 349-363, one pepJIP1 molecule of residues 154-163, and 97 water molecules.”
Figure 3 names different peptides for the blue labels
MinorThe Figure 3 caption identifies the blue peptide as pepMKK3b when describing the overlaid structures, but calls the blue-labeled residues pepMKK7 later in the same caption.
“pepMEF2A (saturated red) or pepMKK3b (saturated blue) bound in p38 MAPK (whitened blue)”
“The residues of pepJIP1, pepMEF2A, and pepMKK7 are labeled black, red, and blue, respectively.”
Figure 3 gives two numbers for the compared JNK1 glutamate
MinorThe text identifies the JNK1 residue compared with the corresponding JNK3 glutamate as Glu329, while the Figure 3 caption calls it E327.
“And the structure of E327 of JNK1 is compared with those of the corresponding glutamates of JNK3 (green), p38 (blue), and Erk2 (pink).”
“And the fact that the structure of Glu329 of JNK1 complexed with pepJIP1 is actually identical to that of Glu367 of free JNK3”
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ERK1/2 MAP kinases: Structure, function, and regulation
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“Based upon X-ray crystallographic studies, the A-X- B sequences within D-sites bind to mouse p38 [110] and human JNK1 [111] in a hydrophobic groove flanked by helices D and E and the 7- 8 reverse turn.”
BackgroundThe JNK signal transduction pathway
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“Interestingly, other docking-site interactions appear to negatively regulate the docked kinas”
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“Structural insights and regulation via docking domains Crystal structures of JNK3a1 bound to adenylylimidodiphosphate (AMP-PNP) and JNK1 complexed with a peptide from the scaffold JNK interacting protein 1 (JIP1) showed overall architecture similar to ERK2 and p38 (Heo et al., 2004).”
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The JNK signal transduction pathway
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“Recent studies have provided insight into the structure of JIP complexes, with reports describing the atomic structure of the JIP/JNK interaction [33] and the SH3/SH3 dimerization interface between JIP1 molecules [34].”
BackgroundUses for JNK: the Many and Varied Substrates of the c-Jun N-Terminal Kinases
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Cell Signaling and Stress ResponsesPreprint
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“JNK1 and JNK2 are ubiquitously expressed, but JNK3 is expressed primarily in the brain (Davis 2000).”
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MAP kinases and the control of nuclear events
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“…provided insights into the dynamic conformational changes occurring on MAPKs upon binding to upstream activators, scaffolds and downstream targets (Heo et al., 2004; Hoofnagle et al., 2004; Lee et al., 2005; Zhou et al., 2006), which can also contribute to the signaling specificity of each MAPK…”
BackgroundInfluentialFrom JNK to Pay Dirt: Jun Kinases, their Biochemistry, Physiology and Clinical Importance
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“MAPKs are activated via a BJP British Journal ofPharmacology DOI:10.1111/bph.12432 www.brjpharmacol.org 24 British Journal of Pharmacology (2014) 171 24–37 © 2013 The British Pharmacological Society kinase signalling cascade in which a MAP3K activates a MAP2K, that in turn activates a MAPK.”
BackgroundInfluentialc-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling: Recent advances and challenges
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“The structures of JNK3 and JNK1 have been reported [17,18], and often these have been in complex with small molecule ATP-competitive inhibitors (e.”
BackgroundMolecular basis of MAP kinase regulation
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“2(A)].(46,51,52) Similarly, while both electrostatic pockets (WL, WU) are present and occupied by different KIM peptides in ERK, p38, and FUS3, only the WL pocket is engaged by KIM peptides that bind specifically to JNKs [Fig.”
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“Interestingly, the JIP1 peptide distorts the ATP binding site of JNK, which suggests that binding of scaffolds, activators or substrates to JNK is an additional determinant of the affinity of ATP-competitive inhibitors such as SP60012”
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“Other inhibitors act by competitive mechanisms, either by blocking the active site directly, for example p27KIP1 (Russo et al., 1996) and RKIP (Yeung et al., 1999), or by disrupting it allosterically, for example JIP (Barr et al., 2004; Heo et al., 2004).”
Mechanisms of MAPK signalling specificity
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Role of the AP-1 transcription factor c-Jun in developing, adult and injured brain
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Docking interactions in protein kinase and phosphatase networks
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Specificity of Linear Motifs That Bind to a Common Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Docking Groove
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Approaches to discover non-ATP site kinase inhibitors
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Identification of a new JNK inhibitor targeting the JNK-JIP interaction site
Stebbins, J. L., De, S. K., Machleidt, T., Becattini, B., Vazquez, J., Kuntzen, C., Chen, L.-H., Cellitti, J. F., Riel-Mehan, M., Emdadi, A., et al. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0805677105 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
“In addition, an extensive network of hydrogen bonding interactions is predicted between the triazole, nitro group, and thiazole of BI-78D3 with JNK1 R127, an interaction that has been demonstrated as critical for pepJIP1 binding to JNK1 (17).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialReceptor for RACK1 Mediates Activation of JNK by Protein Kinase C
Lopez‐Bergami, P., Habelhah, H., Bhoumik, A., et al. (2005) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2005.06.025 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
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“Apart from amino acid sequences and transcript modifications, the crystal structures of JNK1 (Heo et al. 2004) and JNK3 (Xie et al. 1998) have been published.”
BackgroundDocking Interactions Induce Exposure of Activation Loop in the MAP Kinase ERK2
Zhou, T., Sun, L., Humphreys, J., & Goldsmith, E. J. (2006) · Structure · doi:10.1016/j.str.2006.04.006 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Substrate and Docking Interactions in Serine/Threonine Protein Kinases
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“Interestingly, the interaction of the docking peptide from Jip1 with the mammalian MAPK JNK1 also appears to occur via a mechanism similar to mode 2 (Figure S6).”
BackgroundShiwen, X., Rodríguez‐Pascual, F., Lamas, S., Holmes, A. M., Howat, S., Pearson, J. D., Dashwood, M. R., du Bois, R. M., Denton, C. P., Black, C. M., et al. (2006) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.00625-06 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
“Similarly, overexpression of JIP-1, which selectively deactivates the JNK pathway by cytoplasmic retention of JNK ( 24 ), inhibited the TGF- induction of ET-1 in normal fibroblasts of gene expression mediated by JNK, which occurs in the nucleus.”
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Manipulation of host signalling pathways by anthrax toxins
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Structural basis of docking interactions between ERK2 and MAP kinase phosphatase 3
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Structural Insights into the Enzymatic Mechanism of the Pathogenic MAPK Phosphothreonine Lyase
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“D motifs from several MAPK-binding proteins have been cocrystallized with MAPKs, suggesting that it is sufficient for MAPK binding (Chang et al., 2002; Farooq et al., 2001; Heo et al., 2004; Zhou et al., 2006).”
BackgroundErbB2 directly activates the exchange factor Dock7 to promote Schwann cell migration
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Selectivity of Docking Sites in MAPK Kinases
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Inhibitors of c-Jun N-terminal kinases—JuNK no more?
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“These JIP-derived peptides inhibitors have been shown kinetically to act in a protein substrate-competitive manner [79], and by cocrystallisation and mutagenesis studies to bind directly to the putative protein substrate docking domain of JNK [80,81].”
BackgroundTargeting JNK3 for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders
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Microtubule and microtubule associated protein anomalies in psychiatric disease
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“VX-745 Inhibitor of p38a, p38b and p38g [170] VX-702 p38a inhibitor [171,172] SB-203580 Inhibitor of p38a and p38b [173] SB-731445 Inhibitor of p38a and p38b [173] BIRB-796 Inhibitor of all p38MAPK: p38a/b/g/ [173] SCIO-323 p38a inhibitor [173] AMG-548 p38a inhibitor [172] Pamapimond p38a inhibitor [172] (b) JNK-MAPKs…”
Ablation of the spindle assembly checkpoint by a compound targeting Mps1
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Structural and Functional Characterization of the Human Protein Kinase ASK1
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“In MAPKs, D motif docking peptides bind at analogous sites to p38a and JNK1 and induce conformational changes unique to each kinase (Chang et al., 2002; Heo et al., 2004).”
BackgroundMolecular basis of MAPK-activated protein kinase 2:p38 assembly
White, A., Pargellis, C. A., Studts, J. M., Werneburg, B. G., & Farmer, B. T. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0701679104 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Unique MAP Kinase binding sites
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“Crystallographic studies of p38α [41] and JNK1 [44] revealed the hydrophobic groove to be near helices D and E.”
BackgroundAkakpo, J. Y., Ramachandran, A., Duan, L., Schaich, M. A., Jaeschke, M. W., Freudenthal, B. D., Ding, W.-X., Rumack, B. H., & Jaeschke, H. (2019) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfz077 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“This would render its inhibition like that of SP600125, a hydrophobic ATP-competitive JNK inhibitor (Heo et al., 2004).”
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“The crystal structures of the three JNK isoforms were determined, showing over 90% sequence homology [20–22].”
BackgroundMinor introns are embedded molecular switches regulated by highly unstable U6atac snRNA
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“Because anisomycin activates both p38MAPK and JNK, we pre-treated cells with either SB203580, an inhibitor of p38MAPK activation (Davies et al., 2000), or SP600125, an inhibitor of JNK (Heo et al., 2004).”
MethodInhibitors of c-Jun N-Terminal Kinases: An Update
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Fructose-mediated stress signaling in the liver: implications for hepatic insulin resistance
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Specific activities of individual c-Jun N-terminal kinases in the brain
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Structure and dynamics of the MKK7–JNK signaling complex
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Networks for the allosteric control of protein kinases
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Kinase Atlas: Druggability Analysis of Potential Allosteric Sites in Kinases
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Single-domain near-infrared protein provides a scaffold for antigen-dependent fluorescent nanobodies
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“The binding of this peptide induces rearrangement between the N-and C-terminal domains of JNK and distorts the ATP-binding pocket, inhibiting the catalytic activity 56 .”
Small Molecule JNK (c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase) Inhibitors
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Self-citationPeptide inhibitors of protein kinases—discovery, characterisation and use
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“On the other hand, only the diarylheptanoids could to some extent occupy the hydrophobic pocket (Ile32, Val40, Ala53, Ile86, Met108, Leu110, Val158, and Leu168) with effective Van der Waals contacts, which is responsible for the JNK inhibition specificity (Heo et al., 2004).”
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“For some motif classes, a reliable crystallographic model was available because the JNK1-pepJIP1 and JNK-pepNFAT4 complex crystal structures contained full consensus motifs (Heo et al, 2004; Garai et al, 2012).”
InfluentialDesign and synthesis of 6-anilinoindazoles as selective inhibitors of c-Jun N-terminal kinase-3
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Tumor Cell Phenotype Is Sustained by Selective MAPK Oxidation in Mitochondria
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“MAPKs are specifically regulated by a MAPK kinase (MAPKK) [22], i.e., ERK1/2 is activated by MEK1/2, p38 by MKK3, and JNK1/2 by MKK4, among others.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelim, N. M., Elgazar, A. A., Abdel‐Hamid, N. M., et al. (2019) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox8090371 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“The binding in the ATP active site of ERK1/2 requires the interaction with the gate keeper residues (Gln-105), hinge region (Met-108), while selectivity could be achieved by interaction with the so-called glycine rich loop (Tyr-36, Ile-56 and Gly-34) [38].”
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Non-ATP competitive protein kinase inhibitors as anti-tumor therapeutics
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“... structures of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), Jun N-terminal protein kinase, and p38 subfamilies of mammalian MAPKs show that the L16 segment starts within the C-terminal lobe, climbs up along the linker region between the N- and C-terminal lobes on the other side of the ATP-binding cleft, and ter…”
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“The CD domain accommodates thefU and basic residues, while the hydrophobic docking groove binds fA, fB, and fL (Akella et al., 2010; Heo et al., 2004; Lee et al., 2006).”
BackgroundShaw, D. E., Wang, S. M., Villaseñor, A. G., Tsing, S., Walter, D., Browner, M. F., Barnett, J. W., & Kuglstatter, A. (2008) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2008.08.086 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Scaffold proteins as dynamic integrators of biological processes
DiRusso, C. J., Dashtiahangar, M., & Gilmore, T. D. (2022) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102628 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“(2022) 298(12) 102628 been documented by structural approaches, including X-ray crystallography (XRC), NMR, small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and cryo-EM, or by computational modeling based on existing crystal structures.”
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Antituberculosis Activity of a Naturally Occurring Flavonoid, Isorhamnetin
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Self-citationc-Jun N-terminal kinases in memory and synaptic plasticity
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Ethanol rapidly causes activation of JNK associated with ER stress under inhibition of ADH
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“On the other hand, it was also reported that the overexpression of the JIP1-peptide which binds to JNK inhibits JNK signaling [39].”
BackgroundJNK signaling pathway in metabolic disorders: An emerging therapeutic target
Garg, R., Kumariya, S., Katekar, R. A., Verma, S., Goand, U. K., & Gayen, J. R. (2021) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174079 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
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“JNK1 was purified as previously reported [47].”
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Selective killing of p53‐deficient cancer cells by SP600125
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“…(880nM) and VEGFR3 (300nM) (Colombo et al, 2010), but best known for inhibiting c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) 1–3 (100–200nM) (Bennett et al, 2001; Heo et al, 2004) and MPS1 (IC 50 1.95 m M) (Chu et al, 2008; Schmidt et al, 2005), was the most efficient agent in increasing the ratio between WT and…”
InfluentialMapping ERK2-MKP3 Binding Interfaces by Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry
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Identification of small-molecule inhibitors of the JIP–JNK interaction
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c-JunN-terminal kinase inhibitors: a patent review (2010 – 2014)
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“The peptidic portion of the molecules consists of truncated derivatives of D-domain-containing peptide pepJIP1 (M1, Figure 16), a known selective ligand of the JNK--JIP interaction site [58].”
BackgroundStructural and Functional Analysis of the Natural JNK1 Inhibitor Quercetagetin
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Self-citationProtein Kinase Inhibitors: Structural Insights Into Selectivity
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- Authors
- Heo, Y., Kim, S., Seo, C. I., Kim, Y. K., Sung, B., Lee, H. S., Lee, J. I., Park, S., Kim, J. H., Hwang, K. Y., Hyun, Y., Jeon, Y. H., Ro, S., Cho, J. M., Lee, T. G., & Yang, C.
- Affiliations
- Seoul National University (KR)
- CrystalGenomics (South Korea) (KR)
- Yokohama City University (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Lee, Tae Gyu
- Yang, Chul‐Hak
- ORCID
- Venue
- The EMBO Journal
- Published
- 2004-05-13
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 2185-2195
- ISSN
- 0261-4189 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2075
- PMC
- PMC419904
- OpenAlex
- W2132108032
- Semantic Scholar
- ea6807d2e0dc42824be4ee4eab16e61e43294855
- Cited by
- 275
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 7.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The EMBO Journal (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Kinase Regulation and GTPase Signaling
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Melanoma and MAPK Pathways
- Keywords
- JNK1, JIP1, SP600125, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, MAPK signaling, allosteric inhibition, kinase specificity, peptide binding, hinge motion, ternary complex structure, scaffold proteins, crystal structure
- MeSH terms
- Adenosine Triphosphate, Allosteric Regulation, Anthracenes, Arginine, Binding Sites, Calorimetry, HeLa Cells, Humans, Hydrogen Bonding, Leucine, Models, Molecular, Proline, Protein Binding, Protein Conformation, Transfection, Blotting, Western, Signal Transduction, Protein Structure, Tertiary, Crystallography, X-Ray, Glutamic Acid, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 8, Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-09-29.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-09-29.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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