How psychotherapy changes the brain – the contribution of functional neuroimaging

Linden, D E J

doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001816

Cited by 491Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychotherapy Techniques and ApplicationsNeural and Behavioral Psychology Studies

How psychotherapy changes the brain – the contribution of functional neuroimaging

Linden, D E J·2006·Molecular Psychiatry

DOI 10.1038/sj.mp.4001816

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Abstract

A thorough investigation of the neural effects of psychotherapy is needed in order to provide a neurobiological foundation for widely used treatment protocols. This paper reviews functional neuroimaging studies on psychotherapy effects and their methodological background, including the development of symptom provocation techniques. Studies of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) effects in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) were consistent in showing decreased metabolism in the right caudate nucleus. Cognitive behavioural therapy in phobia resulted in decreased activity in limbic and paralimbic areas. Interestingly, similar effects were observed after successful intervention with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) in both diseases, indicating commonalities in the biological mechanisms of psycho- and pharmacotherapy. These findings are discussed in the context of current neurobiological models of anxiety disorders. Findings in depression, where both decreases and increases in prefrontal metabolism after treatment and considerable differences between pharmacological and psychological interventions were reported, seem still too heterogeneous to allow for an integrative account, but point to important differences between the mechanisms through which these interventions attain their clinical effects. Further studies with larger patient numbers, use of standardised imaging protocols across studies, and ideally integration with molecular imaging are needed to clarify the remaining contradictions. This effort is worthwhile because functional imaging can then be potentially used to monitor treatment effects and aid in the choice of the optimal therapy. Finally, recent advances in the functional imaging of hypnosis and the application of neurofeedback are evaluated for their potential use in the development of psychotherapy protocols that use the direct modulation of brain activity as a way of improving symptoms.

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CBT may alter brain functional connectivity in obsessive-compulsive disorder.
“Existent literature has suggested that CBT may alter brain functional connectivity (FC) in depression (McGrath et al. 2013), phobia, obsessive‐compulsive disorder (Linden 2006), and pain conditions (Bao et al. 2022), although findings remain inconsistent.”
From Baseline Functional Connectivity of the Mesolimbic, Salience, and Sensorimotor Systems Predicts Responses to Psychological Therapies for Chronic Low Back Pain With Comorbid Depression: A Functional MRI Study (2025) · cites this paper as Linden 2006
CBT may alter brain functional connectivity in phobia.
“Existent literature has suggested that CBT may alter brain functional connectivity (FC) in depression (McGrath et al. 2013), phobia, obsessive‐compulsive disorder (Linden 2006), and pain conditions (Bao et al. 2022), although findings remain inconsistent.”
From Baseline Functional Connectivity of the Mesolimbic, Salience, and Sensorimotor Systems Predicts Responses to Psychological Therapies for Chronic Low Back Pain With Comorbid Depression: A Functional MRI Study (2025) · cites this paper as Linden 2006
fMRI studies show that both depression and anxiety are associated with hyperactivity of the amygdala.
“fMRI studies have shown that both depression and anxiety are associated with hyperactivity of amygdala 62.”
From Neurobiology of resilience (2012) · cites this paper as [62]
These effects are well documented to reverse hyperactivity of prefrontal cortex-amygdala microcircuits shown to be overactive in post-traumatic stress disorder.
“These effects are well documented to reverse hyperactivity of PFC–amygdala microcircuits shown to be overactive in PTSD (for review see62).”
From Neurobiology of resilience (2012) · cites this paper as [62]

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Brody, A. L., Saxena, S., Stoessel, P., Gillies, L. A., Fairbanks, L. A., Alborzian, S., Phelps, M. E., Huang, S.-C., Wu, H.-M., Ho, M. L., et al. (2001) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.58.7.631 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Cerebral Mechanisms of Learning Revealed by Functional Neuroimaging in Humans
Linden, D. E. J. (2003) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-05594-6_5 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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Funktionelle Bildgebung und Psychotherapie
Linden, D. E. J., Prvulovic, D., Stirn, A., & Maurer, K. (2004) · Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Neurobiology of resilience
Russo, S. J., Murrough, J. W., Han, M.-H., Charney, D. S., & Nestler, E. J. (2012) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3234 · Cited by 1,206 · see citing works
Cognitive theory and therapy of anxiety and depression: Convergence with neurobiological findings
Clark, D. A., & Beck, A. T. (2010) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2010.06.007 · Cited by 619 · see citing works
Real-Time Self-Regulation of Emotion Networks in Patients with Depression
Linden, D. E. J., Isabelle, H., Johnston, S. J., Linden, S. C., Ranjit, T., Subramanian, L., Sorger, B., Healy, D., & Goebel, R. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038115 · Cited by 438 · see citing works
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Physiologic correlates of perceived therapist empathy and social-emotional process during psychotherapy.
Marci, C. D., Ham, J., Moran, E., & Orr, S. P. (2007) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000253731.71025.fc · Cited by 364 · see citing works
The Science of Cognitive Therapy
Hofmann, S. G., Asmundson, G. J. G., & Beck, A. T. (2013) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2009.01.007 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Resting state brain network function in major depression – Depression symptomatology, antidepressant treatment effects, future research
Brakowski, J., Spinelli, S., Doerig, N., Bosch, O. G., Manoliu, A., Holtforth, M. G., & Seifritz, E. (2017) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.04.007 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
The Neurobiology of Postpartum Anxiety and Depression
Pawluski, J. L., Lonstein, J. S., & Fleming, A. S. (2017) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2016.11.009 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
Amygdala and ventral anterior cingulate activation predicts treatment response to cognitive behaviour therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder
Bryant, R. A., Felmingham, K., Kemp, A., Das, P., Hughes, G., Peduto, A., & Williams, L. (2008) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291707002231 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Neurofeedback: A promising tool for the self-regulation of emotion networks
Johnston, S. J., Boehm, S. G., Healy, D., Goebel, R., & Linden, D. E. J. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.07.056 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
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Qualitative Research Methods
Kazdin, A. E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108993647.010 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Neuroimaging studies of psychological interventions for mood and anxiety disorders: Empirical and methodological review
Frewen, P., Dozois, D. J. A., & Lanius, R. A. (2007) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.05.002 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Mind does really matter: evidence from neuroimaging studies of emotional self-regulation, psychotherapy, and placebo effect.
Beauregard, M. (2007) · Progress in neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2007.01.005 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Genetic Gating of Human Fear Learning and Extinction
Lonsdorf, T. B., Weike, A. I., Nikamo, P., Schalling, M., Hamm, A. O., & Öhman, A. (2009) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02280.x · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Neurobiological model of obsessive–compulsive disorder: Evidence from recent neuropsychological and neuroimaging findings
Nakao, T., Okada, K., & Kanba, S. (2014) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.12195 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Differential neural responses to food images in women with bulimia versus anorexia nervosa
Brooks, S. J., O′Daly, O. G., Uher, R., Friederich, H.-C., Giampietro, V., Brammer, M., Williams, S. C. R., Schiöth, H. B., Treasure, J., & Campbell, I. C. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022259 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
The Dynamic Duo: Combining noninvasive brain stimulation with cognitive interventions
Sathappan, A. V., Luber, B. M., & Lisanby, S. H. (2018) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.10.006 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Changes in Prefrontal-Limbic Function in Major Depression after 15 Months of Long-Term Psychotherapy
Buchheim, A., Viviani, R., Kessler, H., Kächele, H. U., Cierpka, M., Roth, G., George, C. C., Kernberg, O. F., Bruns, G. J., & Taubner, S. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033745 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Cerebral metabolism in major depressive disorder: a voxel-based meta-analysis of positron emission tomography studies
Su, L., Cai, Y., Xu, Y., Dutt, A., Shi, S., & Bramon, E. (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-014-0321-9 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
The effects of psychotherapy on brain function: A systematic and critical review
Barsaglini, A., Sartori, G., Benetti, S., Pettersson‐Yeo, W., & Mechelli, A. (2013) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.10.006 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Fundamentos, modelos conceituais, aplicações e pesquisa da terapia cognitiva
Knapp, P., & Beck, A. T. (2008) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/s1516-44462008000600002 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
The Challenges and Promise of Neuroimaging in Psychiatry
Linden, D. E. J. (2012) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.12.014 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
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Hunger and satiety in anorexia nervosa: fMRI during cognitive processing of food pictures
Santel, S., Baving, L., Krauel, K., Münte, T. F., & Rotte, M. (2006) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2006.07.045 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Relationships among cognition, emotion, and motivation: implications for intervention and neuroplasticity in psychopathology
Crocker, L. D., Heller, W., Warren, S. L., O'Hare, A. J., Infantolino, Z. P., & Miller, G. A. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00261 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Does Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Change the Brain? A Systematic Review of Neuroimaging in Anxiety Disorders
Porto, P. R., Oliveira, L., Mari, J. D. J., Volchan, E., Figueira, I. L. D. V., & Ventura, P. R. (2009) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/jnp.2009.21.2.114 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
How Does Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Therapy Work? A Systematic Review on Suggested Mechanisms of Action
Landin-Romero, R., Moreno-Alcazar, A., Pagani, M., & Amann, B. L. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01395 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Neural correlates of emotion regulation in psychopathology
Taylor, S. F., & Liberzon, I. (2007) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2007.08.006 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
The role of neuroscience within psychology: A call for inclusiveness over exclusiveness.
Schwartz, S. J., Lilienfeld, S. O., Meca, A., & Sauvigné, K. C. (2016) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0039678 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Modulation of anticipatory emotion and perception processing by cognitive control
Herwig, U., Baumgartner, T., Kaffenberger, T., Brühl, A., Kottlow, M., Schreiter-Gasser, U., Abler, B., Jäncke, L., & Rufer, M. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.05.023 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Three-Dimensional Mapping of Hippocampal Anatomy in Unmedicated and Lithium-Treated Patients with Bipolar Disorder
Bearden, C. E., Thompson, P. M., Dutton, R. A., Frey, B. N., Peluso, M. A. M., Nicoletti, M., Dierschke, N. A., Hayashi, K. M., Klunder, A. D., Glahn, D. C., et al. (2007) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301507 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Differentiating heavy from light drinkers by neural responses to visual alcohol cues and other motivational stimuli
Ihssen, N., Cox, W. M., Wiggett, A., Fadardi, J. S., & Linden, D. E. J. (2011) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhq220 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
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Symptom provocation and reduction in patients suffering from spider phobia
Schienle, A., Schäfer, A., Hermann, A., Rohrmann, S., & Vaitl, D. (2007) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-007-0754-y · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Neuroimaging of cognitive disability in schizophrenia: Search for a pathophysiological mechanism
Ragland, J. D., Yoon, J. H., Minzenberg, M., & Carter, C. S. (2007) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540260701486365 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Evidence for Brain Activation in Patients With Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy
Suzuki, H., Matsumoto, Y., Kaneta, T., Sugimura, K., TAKAHASHI, J. C., Fukumoto, Y., Takahashi, S., & Shimokawa, H. (2013) · Circulation Journal · doi:10.1253/circj.cj-13-1276 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
A systematic review of the psychological factors that influence neurofeedback learning outcomes
Kadosh, K. C., & Staunton, G. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.10.021 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Changes of brain activation pre- post short-term psychodynamic inpatient psychotherapy: An fMRI study of panic disorder patients
Beutel, M. E., Stark, R. M., Pan, H., Silbersweig, D., & Dietrich, S. (2010) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.06.005 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Neurobiological correlates of cognitions in fear and anxiety: A cognitive-neurobiological information processing model
Hofmann, S. G., Ellard, K. K., & Siegle, G. J. (2012) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2011.579414 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Exposure and response prevention for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A review and new directions
Simpson, H., & Hezel, D. (2019) · Indian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/psychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_516_18 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
“Indian Journal of Psychiatry, Volume 61 (Supplement 1), January 2019 S89 mechanisms of change have identified differences in the brain from pre- to post-treatment with psychotherapy.[41-43] However, researchers have yet to identify how these changes are directly related to processes that then lead to clinical improvem…”
Background
Gray matter density in limbic and paralimbic cortices is associated with trauma load and EMDR outcome in PTSD patients
Nardo, D., Högberg, G., Looi, J. C., Larsson, S., Hällström, T., & Pagani, M. (2009) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.10.014 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Anatomical brain connectivity and positive symptoms of schizophrenia: A diffusion tensor imaging study
Rotarska-Jagiela, A., Oertel‐Knoechel, V., Martino, F. D., van de Ven, V. G., Formisano, E., Roebroeck, A. F., Rami, A., Schoenmeyer, R., Haenschel, C., Hendler, T., et al. (2009) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2009.03.002 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Self-citation
Towards Homo Digitalis: Important Research Issues for Psychology and the Neurosciences at the Dawn of the Internet of Things and the Digital Society
Montag, C., & Diefenbach, S. (2018) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su10020415 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
A preliminary investigation of neural correlates of treatment in adolescents with generalized anxiety disorder
Maslowsky, J., Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., McClure-Tone, E., Ernst, M., Pine, D. S., & Monk, C. S. (2010) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2009.0049 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Processing of Food, Body and Emotional Stimuli in Anorexia Nervosa: A Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies
Zhu, Y., Hu, X., Wang, J., Chen, J., Guo, Q., Li, C., & Enck, P. (2012) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.2197 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Clozapine-Induced Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms in Schizophrenia: A Critical Review
Schirmbeck, F. N., & Zink, M. (2012) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/157015912799362724 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Neurofeedback and networks of depression
Linden, D. E. J. (2014) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2014.16.1/dlinden · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Self-citation
Comorbid obsessive-compulsive symptoms in schizophrenia: contributions of pharmacological and genetic factors
Schirmbeck, F., & Zink, M. (2013) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2013.00099 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Preventing Excessive Weight Gain in Adolescents: Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Binge Eating
Tanofsky‐Kraff, M., Wilfley, D. E., Young, J. F., Mufson, L. H., Yanovski, S. Z., Glasofer, D. R., & Salaita, C. G. (2007) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2007.162 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Neural Basis of Impaired Cognitive Flexibility in Patients with Anorexia Nervosa
Sato, Y., Saito, N., Utsumi, A., Aizawa, E., Shoji, T., Izumiyama, M., Mushiake, H., Hongo, M., & Fukudo, S. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061108 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Antiserotonergic antipsychotics are associated with obsessive–compulsive symptoms in schizophrenia
Schirmbeck, F. N., Esslinger, C., Rausch, F., Englisch, S., Meyer‐Lindenberg, A., & Zink, M. (2011) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291711000419 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Insomnia Disorder and Brain’s Default-Mode Network
Marques, D. R., Gomes, A. A., Caetano, G., & Castelo-Branco, M. (2018) · Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s11910-018-0861-3 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Electroencephalographic neurofeedback: level of evidence in mental and brain disorders and suggestions for good clinical practice
Micoulaud-Franchi, J.-A., McGonigal, A., Lopez, R., Daudet, C., Kotwas, I., & Bartolomei, F. (2015) · Neurophysiologie Clinique/Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.neucli.2015.10.077 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Neuroplasticity in response to cognitive behavior therapy for social anxiety disorder
Månsson, K. N. T., Salami, A., Frick, A., Carlbring, P., Andersson, G., Furmark, T., & Boraxbekk, C. (2016) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2015.218 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Functional neuroimaging studies of the effects of psychotherapy.
Beauregard, M. (2014) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2014.16.1/mbeauregard · Cited by 110 · see citing works
The neural correlates of regulating positive and negative emotions in medication-free major depression
Greening, S. G., Osuch, E. A., Williamson, P. C., & Mitchell, D. G. V. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nst027 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Frontostriatal activation in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder before and after cognitive behavioral therapy
Freyer, T., Klöppel, S., Tüscher, O., Kordon, A., Zurowski, B., Kuelz, A.-K., Speck, O., Glauche, V., & Voderholzer, U. (2011) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291710000309 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Changes in midbrain serotonin transporter availability in atypically depressed subjects after oneyear of psychotherapy
Lehto, S. M., Tolmunen, T., Joensuu, M., Saarinen, P., Valkonen‐Korhonen, M., Vanninen, R. L., Ahola, P., Tiihonen, J., Kuikka, J. T., & Lehtonen, J. (2007) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.08.013 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
The New ABCs: A Practitioner's Guide to Neuroscience-Informed Cognitive-Behavior Therapy
Field, T. A., Beeson, E. T., & Jones, L. K. (2015) · Journal of Mental Health Counseling · doi:10.17744/1040-2861-37.3.206 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Thinking about Eating Food Activates Visual Cortex with Reduced Bilateral Cerebellar Activation in Females with Anorexia Nervosa: An fMRI Study
Brooks, S. J., O’Daly, O., Uher, R., Friederich, H., Giampietro, V., Brammer, M. J., Williams, S., Schiöth, H. B., Treasure, J. L., & Campbell, I. C. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034000 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Can pharmacological and psychological treatment change brain structure and function in PTSD? A systematic review
Thomaes, K., Dorrepaal, E., Draijer, N., Jansma, E. P., Veltman, D. J., & van Balkom, A. J. L. M. (2013) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.11.002 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Changes in neuronal correlates of body image processing by means of cognitive-behavioural body image therapy for eating disorders: A randomized controlled fMRI study
Vocks, S., Schulte, D., Busch, M., Grönemeyer, D., Herpertz, S., & Suchan, B. (2011) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291710002382 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
On the relationship of online and offline social cognition
Schilbach, L. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00278 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Ten Ways to Improve the Use of Statistical Mediation Analysis in the Practice of Child and Adolescent Treatment Research
Maric, M., Wiers, R. W., & Prins, P. J. M. (2012) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-012-0114-y · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Intrinsic functional connectivity in late-life depression: trajectories over the course of pharmacotherapy in remitters and non-remitters
Karim, H. T., Andreescu, C., Tudorascu, D., Smagula, S. F., Butters, M. A., Karp, J. F., Reynolds, C., & Aizenstein, H. J. (2017) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2016.55 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Psychological therapies for the treatment of depression in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Pollok, J., van Agteren, J. E., Esterman, A. J., & Carson‐Chahhoud, K. (2019) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012347.pub2 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
The effects of intra-cerebral drug infusions on animals' unconditioned fear reactions: A systematic review
Engin, E., & Treit, D. (2008) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.03.020 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
The COMTval158met polymorphism is associated with symptom relief during exposure-based cognitive-behavioral treatment in panic disorder
Lonsdorf, T. B., Rück, C., Bergström, J., Andersson, G., Öhman, A., Lindefors, N., & Schalling, M. (2010) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-10-99 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Emphasizing Malleability in the biology of depression: Durable effects on perceived agency and prognostic pessimism
Lebowitz, M. S., & Ahn, W. (2015) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2015.06.005 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Amygdala-Cortical Connectivity: Associations with Anxiety, Development, and Threat: 2015 ADAA Scientific Research Symposium: Anxiety, Development, and Connectivity
Gold, A. L., Shechner, T., Farber, M. J., Spiro, C. N., Leibenluft, E., Pine, D. S., & Britton, J. C. (2016) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22470 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Research Design in Clinical Psychology
Kazdin, A. E. (2021) · doi:10.1017/9781108993647 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Neuroimaging for psychotherapy research: current trends.
Weingarten, C. P., & Strauman, T. J. (2015) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2014.883088 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“Neuroimaging results from psychotherapy research encompass a wide range of complex and, at times, inconsistent findings (e.g., Amsterdam et al., 2013; Linden, 2006; McGrath et al., 2013; Ritchey et al., 2011; Roffman et al., 2005).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Itch: from the skin to the brain – peripheral and central neural sensitization in chronic itch
Mahmoud, O., Oladipo, O. O., Mahmoud, R. H., & Yosipovitch, G. (2023) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2023.1272230 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Psychological and neurological predictors of abusive supervision
Waldman, D. A., Wang, D., Hannah, S. T., Owens, B. P., & Balthazard, P. A. (2018) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/peps.12262 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Dynamics of psychotherapy-related cerebral haemodynamic changes in obsessive compulsive disorder using a personalized exposure task in functional magnetic resonance imaging
Morgiève, M., N'Diaye, K., Haynes, W. I. A., Granger, B., Clair, A.-H., Pelissolo, A., & Mallet, L. (2014) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713002237 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Biopsychosocial predictors of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
Elliott, J. O., & Charyton, C. (2014) · Epilepsy Research · doi:10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2014.09.003 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Common and distinct neural targets of treatment: Changing brain function in substance addiction
Konova, A. B., Moeller, S. J., & Goldstein, R. Z. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.10.002 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Chronic Stress Causes Projection-Specific Adaptation of Amygdala Neurons via Small-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channel Downregulation
Zhang, W., Liu, W.-Z., He, Y., You, W.-J., Zhang, J., Xu, H. A., Tian, X.-L., Li, B., Mei, L., Holmes, A., et al. (2018) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.12.010 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
A cultural-ecosocial systems view for psychiatry
Gómez-Carrillo, A., & Kirmayer, L. J. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1031390 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Widespread changes of white matter microstructure in obsessive–compulsive disorder: Effect of drug status
Benedetti, F., Giacosa, C., Radaelli, D., Poletti, S., Pozzi, E., Dallaspezia, S., Falini, A., & Smeraldi, E. (2012) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.07.002 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Modulatory Effects of the Piccolo Genotype on Emotional Memory in Health and Depression
Woudstra, S., van Tol, M., Bochdanovits, Z., van der Wee, N. J., Zitman, F. G., van Buchem, M. A., Opmeer, E. M., Aleman, A., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Veltman, D. J., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061494 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Treatment Outcome-Related White Matter Differences in Veterans with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Kennis, M., van Rooij, S. J. H., Tromp, D., Fox, A. S., Rademaker, A. R., Kahn, R. S., Kalin, N. H., & Geuze, E. (2015) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2015.94 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Brain imaging and psychotherapy: methodological considerations and practical implications
Linden, D. E. J. (2008) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-008-5023-1 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citation
Reduced 5-HT1B receptor binding in the dorsal brain stem after cognitive behavioural therapy of major depressive disorder
Tiger, M., Rück, C., Forsberg, A., Varrone, A., Lindefors, N., Halldin, C., Farde, L., & Lundberg, J. (2014) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2014.05.011 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
A review on experimental and clinical genetic associations studies on fear conditioning, extinction and cognitive-behavioral treatment
Lonsdorf, T. B., & Kalisch, R. (2011) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2011.36 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Neuroeducation: Integrating Brain-Based Psychoeducation into Clinical Practice
Miller, R. (2016) · Journal of Mental Health Counseling · doi:10.17744/mehc.38.2.02 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Effect of mind on brain activity: Evidence from neuroimaging studies of psychotherapy and placebo effect
Beauregard, M. (2009) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039480802421182 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Brain imaging correlates of cognitive impairment in depression
Thomas, E. J. (2009) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/neuro.09.030.2009 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Pro-inflammatory cytokines and psychotherapy in depression: Results from a randomized clinical trial
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REVIEW ARTICLE Neuroimaging and the functional neuroanatomy of psychotherapy
Roffman, J. L., Marci, C. D., Glick, D. M., Dougherty, D. D., Scott, & Rauch, L. (2015)
The effects of psychotherapy on brain function: A systematic and critical review
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Psychotherapy Outcome Research and Neuroimaging
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Authors: Linden, D. E. J.
Affiliations: Bangor University (GB)
Corresponding author: Linden, D E J
ORCID: Linden, D E J
Venue: Molecular Psychiatry
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2006-03-07
Volume: 11
Issue: 6
Pages: 528-538
ISSN: 1359-4184 (ISSN-L)
1476-5578
DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001816
OpenAlex: W2167882471
Cited by: 491
References: 80
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 63 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 44 · 2012: 38
FWCI: 3.13
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
www.springer.com/tdm (vor)
Locations: Molecular Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Keywords: psychotherapy, functional neuroimaging, cognitive behavioral therapy, obsessive-compulsive disorder, phobia, caudate nucleus, limbic system, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, pharmacotherapy, anxiety disorders, depression, treatment monitoring, hypnosis, neurofeedback
MeSH terms: Anxiety Disorders, Mental Disorders, Brain Mapping, Depression, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Phobic Disorders, Psychotherapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, Feedback, Psychological

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