Mangiferin supplementation improves serum lipid profiles in overweight patients with hyperlipidemia: a double-blind randomized controlled trial
Open accessAbstract
Our previous studies have shown that mangiferin decreased serum triglycerides and free fatty acids (FFAs) by increasing FFAs oxidation in both animal and cell experiments. This study sought to evaluate the effects of mangiferin on serum lipid profiles in overweight patients with hyperlipidemia. Overweight patients with hyperlipidemia (serum triglyceride ≥ 1.70 mmol/L and total cholesterol ≥ 5.2 mmol/L) were included in this double-blind randomized controlled trial. Participants were randomly allocated to groups, either receiving mangiferin (150 mg/day) or identical placebo for 12 weeks. The lipid profile and serum levels of mangiferin, glucose, L-carnitine, β-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate were determined at baseline and 12 weeks. A total of 97 participants completed the trial. Compared with the placebo control, mangiferin supplementation significantly decreased the serum levels of triglycerides and FFAs and insulin resistance index. Mangiferin supplementation also significantly increased the serum levels of mangiferin, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, L-carnitine, β-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate and increased lipoprotein lipase activity. However, there were no differences in the serum levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, serum glucose and insulin between groups. Mangiferin supplementation could improve serum lipid profiles by reducing serum triglycerides and FFAs in overweight patients with hyperlipidemia, partly due to the promotion of FFAs oxidation.
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In overweight patients with hyperlipidemia, 12 weeks of mangiferin supplementation (150 mg/day) significantly decreased serum triglycerides, free fatty acids, and HOMA-IR and increased HDL, LPL, L-carnitine, β-hydroxybutyrate, and acetoacetate compared with placebo. The authors conclude mangiferin improves serum lipid profiles partly by promoting FFA oxidation.
Key findings
- Compared with placebo, mangiferin significantly decreased TG, FFA, and HOMA-IR by 14.4%, 8.4%, and 8.4%, respectively, and increased serum mangiferin, HDL, LPL, L-carnitine, β-hydroxybutyrate, and acetoacetate by 41.2%, 4.65%, 15.1%, 11.0%, 17.1%, and 16.5%, respectively.
- There were no significant differences between groups in serum total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, glucose, or insulin.
- Total serum SFA, MUFA, PUFA, n-3 fatty acids, and n-6 fatty acids were significantly decreased in the mangiferin group; most individual fatty acids also decreased, except C14:0 and γ-C18:3, which did not change significantly.
- Mangiferin supplementation had no significant effects on red blood cell, white blood cell, or platelet counts; hemoglobin; total protein; albumin; urea nitrogen; creatinine; AST; or ALT compared with control.
Methods
- Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled 12-week trial registered as ChiCTR-TRC-13003962. Participants were recruited from five communities in Harbin, China; 104 eligible overweight patients with hyperlipidemia began the study and 97 completed it. Inclusion criteria included age 35–65 years, BMI ≥ 24.0, no cardiovascular disease/diabetes/liver/renal disease, and plasma TG ≥ 1.70 mmol/L plus TC ≥ 5.20 mmol/L.
- Participants were stratified by serum TG and randomly assigned to mangiferin (150 mg/day) or identical placebo for 12 weeks, one tablet daily. Compliance was assessed by scheduled telephone interviews and counting remaining tablets every two weeks.
- Blood chemistry was measured at baseline and 12 weeks. Between-group comparisons used ANCOVA adjusted for baseline values, serum mangiferin, age, gender, BMI, blood pressure, dietary intake, hyperlipidemia duration, and drug treatment; paired-samples t tests assessed within-group changes.
Limitations
- The paper states that further studies are needed to evaluate and quantify the rate of FFA oxidation in overweight patients with hyperlipidemia treated by mangiferin.
- Evident from the text: the trial had 97 completers, used a single relatively low dose (150 mg/day), lasted only 12 weeks, and was conducted in one region/population, limiting generalizability and dose/duration inferences.
- Evident from the text: some participants were taking statins, and the proposed mechanism relies on indirect markers of FFA oxidation rather than direct measurement of oxidation rate.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
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Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
0 of 13 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingown data
Mangiferin supplementation significantly increased serum mangiferin levels compared with placebo.
“After 12 weeks of the intervention, there was a significant increase in serum mangiferin levels and a significant decrease in serum TG and FFA levels in the mangiferin supplementation group compared with the control group.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial revealed that mangiferin supplementation for 12 weeks significantly decreased the serum TG, FFA, and HOMA-IR levels and increased the serum mangiferin, HDL, and LPL levels in overweight patients with hyperlipidemia.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
- Findingown data
Mangiferin supplementation significantly increased serum β-hydroxybutyrate levels compared with placebo.
“Furthermore, mangiferin significantly increased the levels of serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL), L-carnitine, β-hydroxybutyrate, and acetoacetate levels.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
“In conclusion, our results suggest that mangiferin can decrease the levels of serum TG and FFAs. It can also promote FFA oxidation by increasing serum L-carnitine, β-hydroxybutyrate, and acetoacetate levels in overweight patients with hyperlipidemia.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
- Findingown data
Mangiferin supplementation significantly increased serum L-carnitine levels compared with placebo.
“Furthermore, mangiferin significantly increased the levels of serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL), L-carnitine, β-hydroxybutyrate, and acetoacetate levels.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
“In conclusion, our results suggest that mangiferin can decrease the levels of serum TG and FFAs. It can also promote FFA oxidation by increasing serum L-carnitine, β-hydroxybutyrate, and acetoacetate levels in overweight patients with hyperlipidemia.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
- Findingown data
Mangiferin supplementation significantly increased serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol compared with placebo.
“Furthermore, mangiferin significantly increased the levels of serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL), L-carnitine, β-hydroxybutyrate, and acetoacetate levels.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial revealed that mangiferin supplementation for 12 weeks significantly decreased the serum TG, FFA, and HOMA-IR levels and increased the serum mangiferin, HDL, and LPL levels in overweight patients with hyperlipidemia.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
- Findingown data
Mangiferin supplementation did not significantly change serum glucose or insulin levels compared with placebo.
“However, there were no differences in the serum levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, serum glucose, and insulin between groups.”
- Also stated in: § Serum lipids, serum glucose, and other metabolic variables · plain
“Although there were no differences in serum glucose and insulin levels between the control and mangiferin groups, mangiferin supplementation significantly decreased the insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) compared with that of the placebo group.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Also stated in: § Serum lipids, serum glucose, and other metabolic variables · plain
- Findingown data
Mangiferin supplementation significantly increased serum acetoacetate levels compared with placebo.
“Furthermore, mangiferin significantly increased the levels of serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL), L-carnitine, β-hydroxybutyrate, and acetoacetate levels.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“In conclusion, our results suggest that mangiferin can decrease the levels of serum TG and FFAs. It can also promote FFA oxidation by increasing serum L-carnitine, β-hydroxybutyrate, and acetoacetate levels in overweight patients with hyperlipidemia.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
- Findingown data
Mangiferin supplementation significantly decreased the insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) compared with placebo.
“Compared with the placebo control, mangiferin supplementation significantly decreased the serum levels of triglycerides and FFAs, and insulin resistance index.”
- Also stated in: § Serum lipids, serum glucose, and other metabolic variables · plain
“Although there were no differences in serum glucose and insulin levels between the control and mangiferin groups, mangiferin supplementation significantly decreased the insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) compared with that of the placebo group.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial revealed that mangiferin supplementation for 12 weeks significantly decreased the serum TG, FFA, and HOMA-IR levels and increased the serum mangiferin, HDL, and LPL levels in overweight patients with hyperlipidemia.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Serum lipids, serum glucose, and other metabolic variables · plain
- Findingown data
Mangiferin supplementation (150 mg/day for 12 weeks) significantly decreased serum triglycerides compared with placebo in overweight patients with hyperlipidemia.
“Compared with the placebo control, mangiferin supplementation significantly decreased the serum levels of triglycerides and FFAs, and insulin resistance index.”
- Also stated in: § Serum lipids, serum glucose, and other metabolic variables · plain
“After 12 weeks of the intervention, there was a significant increase in serum mangiferin levels and a significant decrease in serum TG and FFA levels in the mangiferin supplementation group compared with the control group.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial revealed that mangiferin supplementation for 12 weeks significantly decreased the serum TG, FFA, and HOMA-IR levels and increased the serum mangiferin, HDL, and LPL levels in overweight patients with hyperlipidemia.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Serum lipids, serum glucose, and other metabolic variables · plain
- Findingown data
Mangiferin supplementation significantly decreased the contents of most individual serum fatty acids compared with controls.
“Further analysis of the serum FFA profiles showed that the contents of most fatty acids were also significantly decreased in the mangiferin supplementation group; only the contents of C14:0 and γ-C18:3 were not changed by mangiferin intervention (Table 4).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Mangiferin supplementation significantly increased lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity compared with placebo.
“Mangiferin supplementation also significantly increased the serum levels of mangiferin, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, L-carnitine, β-hydroxybutyrate, and acetoacetate, and increased lipoprotein lipase activity.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial revealed that mangiferin supplementation for 12 weeks significantly decreased the serum TG, FFA, and HOMA-IR levels and increased the serum mangiferin, HDL, and LPL levels in overweight patients with hyperlipidemia.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
- Findingown data
Mangiferin supplementation significantly decreased serum free fatty acids (FFAs) compared with placebo in overweight patients with hyperlipidemia.
“Compared with the placebo control, mangiferin supplementation significantly decreased the serum levels of triglycerides and FFAs, and insulin resistance index.”
- Also stated in: § Serum lipids, serum glucose, and other metabolic variables · plain
“After 12 weeks of the intervention, there was a significant increase in serum mangiferin levels and a significant decrease in serum TG and FFA levels in the mangiferin supplementation group compared with the control group.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial revealed that mangiferin supplementation for 12 weeks significantly decreased the serum TG, FFA, and HOMA-IR levels and increased the serum mangiferin, HDL, and LPL levels in overweight patients with hyperlipidemia.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Serum lipids, serum glucose, and other metabolic variables · plain
- Interpretationown data
The decrease in serum TG was due to increased serum TG catabolism, at least partly via increased TG hydrolysis by LPL.
“In our study, serum TG was significantly decreased in the mangiferin supplementation group and serum LPL activity was significantly increased, which suggested that mangiferin at least partly increased TG hydrolysis by LPL, and the decrease in serum TG was due to the increase in serum TG catabolism.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductown data
There were no significant differences in overall compliance rates between the two groups (P = 0.257).
“There were no significant differences in the overall compliance rates between the two groups (P = 0.257).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
Mangiferin increased FFA oxidation by promoting the movement of FFA into mitochondria for oxidation by the carnitine carrier.
“In our study, the serum L-carnitine level was significantly increased after mangiferin supplementation for 12 weeks, which indicated that mangiferin increased FFA oxidation by promoting the movement of FFA into mitochondria for oxidation by the carnitine carrier.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Lowering blood lipids, especially the levels of TG and FFAs, is an effective strategy to reduce overall atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk.
“Therefore, lowering blood lipids, especially the levels of TG and FFAs, has been considered an effective strategy to reduce overall atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk, and it was included in The Adult Treatment Panel III89.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [89]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
The increased β-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate levels induced by mangiferin originated from increased FFA oxidation in mitochondria.
“Therefore, we concluded that the increased β-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate levels induced by mangiferin may have originated from the increase in FFA oxidation in the mitochondria.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductown data
Dietary nutrient intakes did not differ significantly between the placebo and mangiferin groups at baseline or at the end of the intervention.
“Dietary nutrient intakes in both groups did not differ significantly between the two groups at either baseline or the end of the intervention, suggesting that mangiferin did not suppress appetite at the dose used (Table 2).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Recent animal studies show that mangiferin may lower TG and total cholesterol levels in diabetic rats.
“Moreover, recent animal studies have shown that mangiferin may lower TG and total cholesterol (TC) levels in diabetic rats1718.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1718]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Serum L-carnitine levels increase when β-oxidation rates are in excess of the rate of complete oxidation to CO2 through the TCA cycle.
“Serum L-carnitine levels increase when β-oxidation rates are in excess of the rate of complete oxidation to CO2 through the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle3637.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [3637]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- May combine two claims. 16
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 17
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataMangiferin supplementation did not significantly change serum total cholesterol or low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol compared with placebo.
“However, there were no differences in the serum levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, serum glucose, and insulin between groups.”
- Also stated in: § Serum lipids, serum glucose, and other metabolic variables · plain
“No significant changes in serum TC and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels were found after the end of the mangiferin intervention (Table 3).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § Serum lipids, serum glucose, and other metabolic variables · plain
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataMangiferin supplementation significantly decreased total serum fatty acids and the total serum saturated, mono-unsaturated, poly-unsaturated, n-3, and n-6 fatty acid fractions compared with controls.
“Total serum fatty acids, total serum saturated fatty acids (SFA), total serum mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), total serum poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), total serum n-3 fatty acids, and total serum n-6 fatty acids were significantly decreased in the mangiferin supplementation group compared with the controls.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataMangiferin supplementation had no significant effects on red blood cell, white blood cell, and platelet counts or hemoglobin, total protein, albumin, urea nitrogen, creatinine, AST, and ALT levels compared with control.
“Mangiferin supplementation had no significant effects on red blood cell, white blood cell, and platelet counts or hemoglobin, total protein, albumin, urea nitrogen, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine transaminase (ALT) levels compared with the control group (Table 5).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataMangiferin supplementation did not change the serum contents of C14:0 and γ-C18:3.
“Further analysis of the serum FFA profiles showed that the contents of most fatty acids were also significantly decreased in the mangiferin supplementation group; only the contents of C14:0 and γ-C18:3 were not changed by mangiferin intervention (Table 4).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationHyperlipidemia and elevated free fatty acids (FFAs) are risk factors for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.
“Hyperlipidemia and elevated free fatty acids (FFAs) are risk factors for these diseases13.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [13] Matkowski, A., Kus, P., Goralska, E. & Wozniak, D. Mangiferin - a bioactive xanthonoid, not only from mango and not just antioxidant. Mini Rev. Med. Chem. 13, 439–55 (2013).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningMangiferin supplementation improves serum lipid profiles in overweight patients with hyperlipidemia by reducing serum triglycerides and FFAs, partly due to promotion of FFA oxidation.
“These results suggested that mangiferin supplementation could improve serum lipid profiles through the lowering of serum TG and FFA levels by promoting FFA oxidation.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
“In conclusion, our results suggest that mangiferin can decrease the levels of serum TG and FFAs. It can also promote FFA oxidation by increasing serum L-carnitine, β-hydroxybutyrate, and acetoacetate levels in overweight patients with hyperlipidemia.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductnone givenAssignment into each study group remained concealed until participant enrollment was completed.
“Assignment into each study group remained concealed until participant enrollment was completed.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductown dataThe analysis adjusted for baseline values, serum mangiferin, age, gender, BMI, blood pressure, physical activity, hyperlipidemia duration, and drug treatment using ANCOVA.
“Figure 2 shows the percentage differences in serum profiles between the mangiferin supplementation and placebo groups at the 12th week, adjusted for baseline values, serum mangiferin, age, gender, BMI, blood pressure, physical activity, hyperlipidemia duration, and drug treatment determined by an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).”
- Also stated in: § Statistical analysis · plain
“The ANCOVA was adjusted for baseline values of serum mangiferin, age, gender, BMI, blood pressure, dietary intake, hyperlipidemia duration, and drug treatment.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § Statistical analysis · plain
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataParticipants were stratified by serum TG levels and randomly assigned to placebo or mangiferin using a computer-generated blocked randomization schedule.
“The participants were stratified by serum TG levels and randomly assigned to take either placebo or mangiferin (150 mg/d).”
- Also stated in: § Study design · plain
“The participants were assigned to either supplement A or B according to a computer-generated blocked randomization schedule.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § Study design · plain
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataThe study was a 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial.
“This 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was registered at Current Controlled Trials (http://www.chictr.org, registration number: ChiCTR-TRC-13003962).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataAt baseline, there were no significant differences between the placebo and mangiferin groups in age, gender, BMI, blood pressure, or lipid-lowering statin drug use.
“At baseline, there were no significant differences between the placebo and mangiferin supplementation groups with respect to age, gender, body mass index (BMI), and blood pressure. There was also no difference in the lipid-lowering statin drugs taken between the two groups (Table 1).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationMangiferin has anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-diabetic effects.
“It has been shown that mangiferin has many beneficial biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-diabetic effects141516.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites 141516
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataThe study was registered at Current Controlled Trials (registration number: ChiCTR-TRC-13003962).
“This 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was registered at Current Controlled Trials (http://www.chictr.org, registration number: ChiCTR-TRC-13003962).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataDietary intakes were measured with a validated semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ).
“At baseline and the 12th week, dietary intakes were measured with a validated semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenThe study was approved by the ethics committee of Harbin Medical University and written informed consent was obtained from all participants.
“The study was approved by the ethics committee of Harbin Medical University and was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenA safety monitor who was otherwise uninvolved with the study held the key to the blinded assignments in a sealed envelope until all results were obtained and analyzed.
“A safety monitor who was otherwise uninvolved with the study held the key to the blinded assignments in a sealed envelope until all results were obtained and analyzed.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationLipoprotein lipase (LPL) is the key enzyme that hydrolyzes circulating TG, delivering FFAs to peripheral tissues for utilization and storage.
“Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is the key enzyme that hydrolyzes circulating TG, delivering FFAs to peripheral tissues for utilization and storage2728.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [2728]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationOur previous studies confirmed that mangiferin lowered TG and FFAs in hyperlipidemic hamsters, rats, and HepG2 cell models, possibly by modulating key enzyme expression involved in inhibiting lipogenesis and promoting fatty acid oxidation in the liver.
“Furthermore, our laboratory has also confirmed that mangiferin had the effects of lowering TG and FFAs in hyperlipidemic hamsters, rats, and hepG2 cell models, which may have been achieved by modulation of the key enzyme expression involved in inhibiting lipogenesis and promoting fatty acid oxidation in the liver1920.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1920]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationL-carnitine and carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) are essential for the translocation of long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria, and their quantities have been used for testing fatty acid metabolism.
“L-carnitine and carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) are essential for the translocation of long-chain fatty acids that have entered the mitochondria, and their quantities have been used for the testing of fatty acid metabolism35.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [35] Stephens, F.B. & Galloway, S.D. Carnitine and fat oxidation. Nestle Nutr. Inst. Workshop Ser. 76, 13–23 (2013). source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe major organ for FFA metabolism is the liver at rest and the muscle during activity.
“The major organ for FFA metabolism is the liver at rest and the muscle during activity33.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [33] Votruba, S.B. & Jensen, M.D. Regional fat deposition as a factor in FFA metabolism. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 27, 149–63 (2007). source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Premisecitationβ-Hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate are the main alternative energy substrates to glucose and are mainly generated by oxidation of FFA transported into the blood and utilized as fuel for other cells; therefore, they should be elevated in parallel with increased FFA oxidation.
“β-Hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate (ketone body) are the main alternative energy substrates to glucose, and they are mainly generated by the oxidation of FFA that are transported into the blood and utilized as a fuel for other cells; therefore, they should also be elevated in parallel with the increase in FFA oxidation383940.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites 383940
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe mechanism by which mangiferin lowers serum TG involves either inhibition of TG synthesis or acceleration of TG decomposition.
“The mechanism involved in lowering serum TG is either the inhibition of TG synthesis or acceleration of TG decomposition232425, and the catabolism of TG was mainly investigated in this study.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites 232425
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationSerum TG is first hydrolyzed, liberating FFA during TG catabolism.
“Serum TG is first hydrolyzed, which liberates FFA during TG catabolism26.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [26] Ringseis, R. & Eder, K. Regulation of genes involved in lipid metabolism by dietary oxidized fat. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 55, 109–21 (2011). source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationApproximately 10% of serum FFAs are derived from the hydrolysis of serum TG, and serum FFA levels should increase with the increase in TG hydrolysis.
“Approximately 10% of serum FFAs are derived from the hydrolysis of serum TG, and serum FFA levels should increase with the increase in TG hydrolysis3132.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [3132]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
The paper relies on this without support.
The effect of mangiferin on blood lipids in overweight patients with hyperlipidemia remains unclear.
“However, the effect of mangiferin on blood lipids in overweight patients with hyperlipidemia remains unclear.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The lipid-lowering effects of mangiferin observed in animal and cell experiments will translate to overweight patients with hyperlipidemia.
“Based on the lipid-lowering effects of mangiferin in animal and cell experiments, we conducted this double-blind randomized clinical trial to evaluate the effects of mangiferin on blood lipid profiles in overweight patients with hyperlipidemia.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Safety reporting is inconsistent, with limited long-term toxicity, immunomodulatory risk, and drug-drug interaction data.
“Furthermore, safety reporting is inconsistent, with limited long-term toxicity, immunomodulatory risk and drug-drug interaction data, and with few studies that stratify patients by sex or age (184,185,190).”
From Mangiferin in human disease: Multifaceted mechanisms and applications (Review) (2026) · cites this paper as [185]
The Discussion (page unavailable) says there had been no reports of long-duration mangiferin intervention in humans, supporting the concern about limited long-term safety data. It also reports no observed side effects during this 12-week trial. The paper does not assess whether safety reporting is inconsistent across studies or discuss immunomodulatory risks or drug–drug interaction data. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEarly human data on MGF are limited, heterogeneous, and not definitive for purified MGF.
“Early human data are limited, heterogeneous (often extract-based) and not yet definitive for purified MGF.”
From Mangiferin in human disease: Multifaceted mechanisms and applications (Review) (2026) · cites this paper as [185]
The Discussion says no long-term human mangiferin intervention had previously been reported, supporting the description of early human evidence as limited. But the Methods describe this trial’s intervention as 98%-pure mangiferin, and the Discussion reports significant lipid-profile improvements after 12 weeks. The paper does not establish that human studies were often extract-based or characterize the evidence for purified mangiferin as not definitive. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMangiferin may improve lipid metabolism in overweight and dyslipidemic patients.
“Their findings suggest that mangiferin may improve lipid metabolism in individuals with these conditions.”
From Mangifera indica L., By-Products, and Mangiferin on Cardio-Metabolic and Other Health Conditions: A Systematic Review (2023) · cites this paper as [45]
Na et al. had a broad age range.
“due to the broad age range included in the study”
From Mangifera indica L., By-Products, and Mangiferin on Cardio-Metabolic and Other Health Conditions: A Systematic Review (2023) · cites this paper as [45]
In the same trial, mangiferin did not effectively decrease serum levels of total cholesterol, LDL-C, serum glucose or insulin.
“However, mangiferin did not effectively decrease serum levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, serum glucose or insulin (87).”
From Mangiferin: An effective therapeutic agent against several disorders (Review) (2018) · cites this paper as [87]
In a 12-week double-blind randomized clinical trial, mangiferin (150 mg/day) supplementation substantially increases serum levels of mangiferin, HDL-C, L-carnitine, beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate, and increases lipoprotein lipase activity in overweight patients with hyperlipidemia.
“Mangiferin supplementation substantially increases the serum levels of mangiferin, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, L-carnitine, β-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate, and increases lipoprotein lipase activity.”
From Mangiferin: An effective therapeutic agent against several disorders (Review) (2018) · cites this paper as [87]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
ANCOVA adjustment variables differ between Results and Methods
MinorThe Results say the Figure 2 analysis was adjusted for physical activity, while the Statistical analysis section lists dietary intake instead. The paper gives two different adjustment sets for the reported percentage differences.
“Figure 2 shows the percentage differences in serum profiles between the mangiferin supplementation and placebo groups at the 12th week, adjusted for baseline values, serum mangiferin, age, gender, BMI, blood pressure, physical activity, hyperlipidemia duration, and drug treatment determined by an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).”
“The ANCOVA was adjusted for baseline values of serum mangiferin, age, gender, BMI, blood pressure, dietary intake, hyperlipidemia duration, and drug treatment.”
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Triglycerides and cardiovascular disease
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“acids, and HOMA-IR in overweight patients with hyperlipidemia (51), but the pharma-”
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“, 2016), mangiferin (Na et al., 2015), probiotics (Thushara et al.”
BackgroundMangiferin: An effective therapeutic agent against several disorders (Review)
Du, S., Liu, H., Lei, T., Xie, X., Wang, H., He, X., Tong, R., & Wang, Y. (2018) · Molecular Medicine Reports · doi:10.3892/mmr.2018.9529 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
“Based on the preliminary results of cell and animal experiments, Na et al (87) conducted a 12-week double-blind randomized clinical trial to evaluate the effects of mangiferin (150 mg/day) on blood lipid profiles in overweight patients with hyperlipid-emia.”
Self-citationZhang, Q., Kong, X., Yuan, H., Guan, H., Li, Y., & Niu, Y. (2019) · Journal of Diabetes Research · doi:10.1155/2019/2052675 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
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“[15] showed that in overweight patients with hyperlipidemia, participants receiving mangiferin exhibited reduced serum TG and free fatty acid (FFA) levels and insulin resistance index, while plasma HDL-C levels and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity were increased.”
BackgroundTelange, D. R., Sohail, N. K., Hemke, A. T., Kharkar, P. S., & Pethe, A. M. (2020) · Drug Delivery and Translational Research · doi:10.1007/s13346-020-00822-4 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Mangiferin from Pueraria tuberosa reduces inflammation via inactivation of NLRP3 inflammasome
Bulugonda, R. K., kumar, K. A., Gangappa, D., Beeda, H., Philip, G. H., Muralidhara Rao, D., & Faisal, S. M. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep42683 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“Mangiferin is known for its analgesic, antidiabetic, antisclerotic, antibacterial and antiviral activities 15–17 .”
Mangiferin modulation of metabolism and metabolic syndrome
Fomenko, E. V., & Chi, Y. (2016) · BioFactors · doi:10.1002/biof.1309 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“In a doubleblind randomized control clinical trial, Na and coworkers showed that MGF supplementation improved serum lipid profiles by reducing TG and FFA levels and increasing HDL level and, thus, ameliorating atherogenis index, in overweight patients with hyperlipidemia [52].”
InfluentialNew Mechanisms and Targets of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Focus on Mitochondria
Zhang, Z., Zhang, A., Liu, Y., Hu, X., Fang, Y., Wang, X., Luo, Y., Lenahan, C., & Chen, S. (2021) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x19666211101103646 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“As a plant extract, the safety of mangiferin in the human body has been confirmed, and it was found to improve serum lipid profiles [153, 154].”
The management of diabetes mellitus by mangiferin: advances and prospects
Wang, M., Liang, Y., Chen, K., Wang, M., Long, X., Liu, H., Sun, Y., & He, B. (2022) · Nanoscale · doi:10.1039/d1nr06690k · Cited by 56 · see citing works
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“In addition, a double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial showed that Man significantly reduced triglyceride (TG) and free fatty acid (FFA) levels in serum and improved lipid levels in overweight hyperlipidemia patients [26].”
BackgroundProtective effect of mangiferin on memory impairment: A systematic review
Lum, P. T., Sekar, M., Gan, S. H., Pandy, V., & Bonam, S. R. (2020) · Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.11.037 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
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“In another human clinical study, Na et al. investigated the MGF effect on serum lipid profiles in overweight patients with hyperlipidemia (Na et al. 2015).”
Minniti, G., Laurindo, L. F., Machado, N. M., Duarte, L. G., Guiguer, E. L., Araujo, A. C., Dias, J. A., Lamas, C. B., Nunes, Y. C., Bechara, M. D., et al. (2023) · Life · doi:10.3390/life13122270 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
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Mitochondrial-targeted therapies in traumatic brain injury: From bench to bedside
Tabassum, S., Wu, S., Lee, C., Yang, B. S. K., Gusdon, A. M., Choi, H. A., & Ren, X. S. (2024) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.neurot.2024.e00515 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Its favorable safety pro fi le and bene fi cial effects on human serum lipid pro fi les [151] demonstrate its potential as a therapy to reduce apoptosis in TBI.”
Thiengkaew, P., Thanitwatthanasak, S., Srisala, S., Jittorntrum, B., Chunhabundit, R., & Chitprasert, P. (2021) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129315 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
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“We and others have reported that they improve numerous lipid metabolism–associated abnormalities, such as fatty liver, hyperlipidemia, excessive cardiac lipid accumulation and obesity (Huang et al., 2006a,b; Guo et al., 2011; Niu et al., 2012; Liu et al., 2013; Xing et al., 2014; Na et al., 2015).”
BackgroundSelf-citationQiu, X., Zhao, J., Hao, C., Yuan, C., Tian, N., Xu, Z., & Zou, R. (2016) · Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2016.02.034 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Wang, C., Jiang, J., Wu, W., & Kong, W. (2016) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2016/8753436 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“For example, while some reports suggested that M could reduce serum cholesterol and lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) levels [6, 36], other reports showed that it had no influence on serum or hepatic cholesterol levels [4, 5, 7].”
ResultMangiferin and organ fibrosis: A mini review
Zhang, L., Huang, C., & Fan, S. (2020) · BioFactors · doi:10.1002/biof.1693 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“On the other hand, mangiferin supplementation significantly decreased the serum triglyceride and FFA levels and insulin resistance index, increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, L-carnitine, β-hydroxybutyrate, and acetoacetate, and lipoprotein lipase activity via the promotion of FFA oxidation in overweight pa…”
BackgroundEffects of fresh mango consumption on cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese adults
Rosas, M., Pinneo, S., O'Mealy, C., Tsang, M., Liu, C., Kern, M., Hooshmand, S., & Hong, M. Y. (2022) · Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2021.11.001 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Froldi, G., & Ragazzi, E. (2022) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules27207110 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
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Role of Mangiferin in Management of Cancers through Modulation of Signal Transduction Pathways
Rahmani, A. H., Almatroudi, A., Allemailem, K. S., Alharbi, H. O. A., Alwanian, W. M., Alhunayhani, B. A., Algahtani, M., Theyab, A., Almansour, N. M., Algefary, A. N., et al. (2023) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11123205 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Mangifera indica L. Leaf Extract Induces Adiponectin and Regulates Adipogenesis
Sferrazzo, G., Palmeri, R., Vanella, L., Parafati, L., Ronsisvalle, S., Biondi, A., Basile, F., Volti, G. L., & Barbagallo, I. A. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20133211 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Mangiferin shows many beneficial biological activities, such as antiinflammatory, antioxidant, hypolipidemic, and antihyperglycemic effects [24,25].”
BackgroundGuo, F., Zi, T., Liu, L., Feng, R., & Sun, C. (2017) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/c7fo00081b · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationMangiferin Accelerates Glycolysis and Enhances Mitochondrial Bioenergetics
Liu, Z., Apontes, P., Fomenko, E., Chi, N., Schuster, V. L., Kurland, I. J., Pessin, J. E., & Chi, Y. (2018) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms19010201 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Furthermore, we and others have shown that MGF has anti-hyperlipidemia effects in rodents [19,42–47], and impressively in humans [48].”
BackgroundZhang, L., Wang, X., He, Y., Cao, J., Wang, K., Lin, H., Qu, C., & Miao, J. (2022) · Marine Drugs · doi:10.3390/md20020091 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Rodriguez-Gonzalez, J. C., Hernández-Balmaseda, I., Declerck, K., Pérez-Novo, C., Logie, E., Theys, C., Jakubek, P., Quiñones-Maza, O. L., Dantas-Cassali, G., Carlos dos Reis, D., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.670167 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Sabater, A. G., Ribot, J., Priego, T., Vazquez, I., Frank, S., Palou, A., & Buchwald‐Werner, S. (2017) · Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1159/000477606 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Wu, Y., Liu, W., Yang, T., Li, M., Qin, L., Wu, L., & Liu, T. (2020) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2020.12.017 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Zhai, H., Wang, H., Wang, S., Chen, Z., Wang, S., Zhou, Q., & Pan, Y. (2017) · Sensors and Actuators B Chemical · doi:10.1016/j.snb.2017.08.196 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Fragmentation Patterns of Phenolic C-Glycosides in Mass Spectrometry Analysis
Du, T., Wang, Y., Xie, H., et al. (2024) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules29132953 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Chen, Q., Wang, S., Bao, R., Wang, D., Wu, Y., Zhang, Y., Liu, M., & Wang, T. (2024) · Chinese Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13020-023-00876-9 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Jiang, X., Wang, H., Nie, K., Gao, Y., Shen, C., Tang, Y., Wang, Z., Su, H., & Dong, H. (2024) · Chinese Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13020-024-00988-w · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“MGF is utilized to reduce serum TAG, FA, and improve blood lipid profiles [135].”
MethodGrauzdytė, D., Raudoniūtė, J., Kulvinskienė, I., Bagdonas, E., Stasiulaitienė, I., Martuzevičius, D., Bironaitė, D., Aldonytė, R., & Venskutonis, P. R. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11020218 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“However, significant dietary intake-associated increase in MNG blood level was reported [28] and suggests that most body tissues, including bronchial epithelium, may benefit from the dietary intake of this phytochemical.”
BackgroundTehrani, S. D., Shojaei, M., Bagherniya, M., Pirro, M., & Sahebkar, A. (2023) · Phytotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/ptr.7763 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Other studies supplemented patients by other phytochemicals such as quercetin (Zahedi et al., 2013), mangiferin (Na et al., 2015), isofla- vones (Hidalgo et al., 2005; Yari et al., 2020), bergamot (Capomolla et al., 2019; Mollace et al., 2019), sylimarin (Ebrahimpour-Koujan et al., 2018), allicin…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialKeathley, J., Kearney, M., Garneau, V., de Toro‐Martín, J., Varin, T. V., Pilon, G., Couture, P., Marette, A., Vohl, M., & Couillard, C. (2022) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2021-0637 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Targeting abnormal lipid metabolism of T cells for systemic lupus erythematosus treatment
Hu, J.-Q., Yan, Y., Xie, H., Feng, X., Ge, W., Zhou, H., Yu, L., Sun, L., & Xie, Y. (2023) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115198 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Liu, T., An, X.-N., Liu, D., & Wei, Y. (2018) · Spectrochimica Acta Part A Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy · doi:10.1016/j.saa.2018.09.057 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The effects of mango consumption on vascular health and immune function
Castro, R. J., Pedroza, K., & Hong, M.-Y. (2023) · Metabolism Open · doi:10.1016/j.metop.2023.100260 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Previous research have shown that mango consumption can improve markers of dyslipidemia, which may decrease the amount of circulating low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles that pass through the endothelium [21,22,25].”
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Mangiferin: Sources, Anti-Inflammatory Activities, and Molecular Mechanisms
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Qian, Q., Tang, M., Li, X., Cao, Q., & Zhu, Z. (2020) · Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.4314/tjpr.v19i1.14 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Recent pharmacological studies have indicated that mangiferin elicits antioxidant, antidiabetic, and immunomodulatory effects [12,13].”
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Lipid‐lowering effect of mangiferin through the inhibition of pancreatic lipase activity
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“The reduction in lowering serum TG levels may result from either the inhibition of TG synthesis or the acceleration of TG decomposition [83].”
Mangiferin in human disease: Multifaceted mechanisms and applications (Review)
Dai, Y., Huang, Q., Tan, M., Wang, Z., Jiang, C., Liu, Z., Zhang, S., & Song, S. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.3892/ijmm.2026.5736 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Early human data are limited, heterogeneous (often extract‑based) and not yet definitive for purified MGF. Small studies suggest metabolic or performance signals in select contexts, but they seldom include rigorous PK/Pd integration, dose‑ranging or long‑term safety monitoring (139,166,185).”
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“As an exemplary clinical translation, Mgf-supplementation has reduced serum triglycerides and free fatty acids in hyperlipidemic patients in a double-blind clinical trial (Na et al. 2015).”
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Advances in Mangiferin: Biosynthetic Pathways, Bioavailability and Bioactivity
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Advances in Pharmacological Effects of Phenolic Glycosides and Preparation Technology
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Therapeutic approaches for liver fibrosis/cirrhosis by targeting pyroptosis
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“Mangiferin signi fi cantly reduces serum triglyceride and free fatty acid levels and improves lipid levels in patients who are overweight and hyperlipidemic [61].”
Phytochemicals alter foam cell formation and macrophage cholesterol efflux
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“These effects were associated with enhanced fatty acid and carbohydrate oxidation, increased β -hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate levels, and higher lipoprotein lipase activity—demonstrating a mitochondrial-driven boost in energy expenditure and suppression of lipogenesis [91].”
Fragmentation Patterns of Dietary Phenolic C-Glycosides in Mass Spectrometry AnalysisPreprint
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“These mechanisms are central to the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism, particularly in the early stages of the dysglycemic continuum [85,87].”
- Authors
- Na, L., Zhang, Q., Jiang, S., Du, S., Zhang, W., Li, Y., Sun, C., & Niu, Y.
- Affiliations
- Harbin Medical University (CN)
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2015-05-19
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 10344-10344
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4437311
- OpenAlex
- W2255705385
- Semantic Scholar
- 5bdac25d2afd1cba0a0f1e2522be9569eb1f7eaa
- Cited by
- 74
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 10.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Harbin Medical University
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (81372997, 81130049)
- China Postdoctoral Science Foundation
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Mangiferin and Mango Extracts
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Natural Products and Biological Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Natural Antidiabetic Agents Studies
- Keywords
- mangiferin, hyperlipidemia, overweight, lipid profile, triglycerides, free fatty acids, fatty acid oxidation, insulin resistance, L-carnitine, beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, lipoprotein lipase, HDL cholesterol, dietary supplementation
- MeSH terms
- Acetoacetates, Blood Glucose, Carnitine, Double-Blind Method, Fatty Acids, Nonesterified, Female, Humans, Hyperlipidemias, Insulin Resistance, Lipids, Lipoprotein Lipase, Cholesterol, HDL, Male, Middle Aged, Placebos, Dietary Supplements, 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid, Xanthones, Overweight
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