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Cited by 39Mangiferin and Mango ExtractsNatural Antidiabetic Agents StudiesPomegranate: compositions and health benefits

Mangifera indica L., By-Products, and Mangiferin on Cardio-Metabolic and Other Health Conditions: A Systematic Review

Open access
Minniti, Giulia, Laurindo, Lucas Fornari, Machado, Nathalia Mendes, Duarte, Lidiane Gonsalves, Guiguer, Elen Landgraf, Araujo, Adriano Cressoni, Dias, Jefferson Aparecido, Lamas, Caroline Barbalho +5 more·2023·Life
DOI 10.3390/life13122270PMC PMC10744517
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Abstract

Mango and its by-products have traditional medicinal uses. They contain diverse bioactive compounds offering numerous health benefits, including cardioprotective and metabolic properties. This study aimed to explore the impact of mango fruit and its by-products on human health, emphasizing its metabolic syndrome components. PUBMED, EMBASE, COCHRANE, and GOOGLE SCHOLAR were searched following PRISMA guidelines, and the COCHRANE handbook was utilized to assess bias risks. In vivo and in vitro studies have shown several benefits of mango and its by-products. For this systematic review, 13 studies met the inclusion criteria. The collective findings indicated that the utilization of mango in various forms—ranging from fresh mango slices and mango puree to mango by-products, mango leaf extract, fruit powder, and mangiferin—yielded many favorable effects. These encompassed enhancements in glycemic control and improvements in plasma lipid profiles. Additionally, mango reduces food intake, elevates mood scores, augments physical performance during exercise, improves endothelial function, and decreases the incidence of respiratory tract infections. Utilizing mango by-products supports the demand for healthier products. This approach also aids in environmental conservation. Furthermore, the development of mango-derived nanomedicines aligns with sustainable goals and offers innovative solutions for healthcare challenges whilst being environmentally conscious.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This systematic review of 13 human interventional studies found that mango fruit, by-products, leaf extract, fruit powder, and mangiferin were associated with improved glycemic control, plasma lipid profiles, satiety, mood, exercise performance, endothelial function, and fewer respiratory tract infections. The authors conclude that further standardized clinical trials are needed to establish optimal administration, dosage, and intervention duration and to investigate potential risks.

Key findings

  • Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria; mango was used in forms including fresh mango slices, mango puree, mango by-products, mango leaf extract, fruit powder, and mangiferin.
  • Reported favorable effects included improvements in glycemic control and plasma lipid profiles, such as reductions in triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, and total cholesterol, alongside increased HDL cholesterol.
  • Mango consumption was also associated with decreased appetite and food intake, elevated mood scores, improved physical performance during exercise, enhanced endothelial function, and a reduced incidence of respiratory tract infections.
  • The paper states that utilizing mango by-products supports demand for healthier products and aids environmental conservation, and that mango-derived nanomedicines align with sustainable goals.

Methods

  • Systematic review following PRISMA guidelines, using PICO; databases searched were MEDLINE–PubMed, COCHRANE, EMBASE, Google Scholar, and Science Direct; only English-language human interventional studies were included, while reviews, non-English studies, editorials, case reports, and poster presentations were excluded.
  • Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Handbook for systematic reviews of interventions; in vivo and in vitro studies were also consulted for the discussion section.
  • The paper reports that 13 studies were included in the review, while also stating that 12 clinical trials were found.

Limitations

  • The paper states numerous limitations of the included studies: small sample sizes, single-dose designs, inclusion of only women or only children in some studies, unmeasured polyphenol content or mango bioavailability, non-standardized diets, wide age ranges, questionnaire-based outcome assessment, and lack of oxidative stress biomarker evaluation.
  • The authors state that further standardized clinical trials are imperative to establish the optimal administration, dosage, and intervention duration for mango and its derivative by-products, and to investigate potential risks associated with their use.
  • Evident from the text: the review is narrative rather than meta-analytic, and it reports both “Twelve clinical trials were found” and “Thirteen studies were included,” indicating some inconsistency in the reported study count.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/life13122270

Cites

79 of 79 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

36 of 73 cited sources checked · 26 supported · 2 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    In male Wistar rats, a standardized mango leaf extract has a more significant cholesterol-reducing effect compared to atorvastatin.

    “Furthermore, in male Wistar rats, a standardized mango leaf extract demonstrated a more significant cholesterol-reducing effect compared to atorvastatin.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [85] Dethe, 2017, Evaluation of cholesterol-lowering activity of standardized extract of Mangifera indica in albino Wistar rats, Pharmacogn. Res. source

      The Methods confirm that the study used male Wistar rats and compared mango leaf extract with atorvastatin. But the Discussion reports a 14% reduction in serum cholesterol with the extract versus 17% with atorvastatin, and describes the extract’s activity as comparable—not more effective. (LLM, conf=0.90)

      Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    Compounds present in M. indica leaves may block enzymes responsible for de novo synthesis of cholesterol.

    “Various compounds present in M. indica leaves may have a twofold impact: firstly, by blocking enzymes responsible for the de novo synthesis of cholesterol, and secondly, by competing with cholesterol absorption [84].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [84] Gururaja, 2015, Cholesterol esterase inhibitory activity of bioactives from leaves of Mangifera indica L, Pharmacogn. Res. source

      The Results and Discussion describe phytosterols competing with cholesterol absorption, but say this occurs “even though an increase in hepatic cholesterol synthesis.” The paper tests leaf compounds for cholesterol esterase inhibition, an absorption-related mechanism, rather than reporting that they block enzymes responsible for de novo cholesterol synthesis. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Findingcitation

    Mango leaf extract treatment in humans reduced gene expression of pro-inflammatory enzymes and cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, and COX2.

    “This activity was confirmed by using MLE treatment in humans, reducing the gene expression of pro-inflammatory enzymes and cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, and COX2.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [67] Sferrazzo, G., Palmeri, R., Restuccia, C., Parafati, L., Siracusa, L., Spampinato, M., Carota, G., Distefano, A., Di Rosa, M., and Tomasello, B. (2022). Mangifera indica L. Leaves as a Potential Food Source of Phenolic Compounds with Biological Activity. Antioxidants, 11. source

      Section 3.6 reports that MLE reduced expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and COX-2 in LPS-treated macrophages. But Sections 2.8 and 3.6 describe in vitro experiments using human-derived cell lines, not MLE treatment in humans. Page numbers were not provided in the passages. (LLM, conf=0.90)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Findingcitation

    MLE downregulated LPS-induced pro-inflammatory genes COX-2, IL6, IL-1β, and TNF-α to regular levels in macrophages.

    “The use of LPS caused an increase in pro-inflammatory genes such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin-6 (IL6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), which was downregulated to regular levels by the use of MLE.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [67] Sferrazzo, G., Palmeri, R., Restuccia, C., Parafati, L., Siracusa, L., Spampinato, M., Carota, G., Distefano, A., Di Rosa, M., and Tomasello, B. (2022). Mangifera indica L. Leaves as a Potential Food Source of Phenolic Compounds with Biological Activity. Antioxidants, 11. source
  • Findingcitation

    MLE reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine genes IL-1β, IL-6, and COX-2 in hepatic stellate cells treated with LPS.

    “The extract also caused a reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines genes, IL-1β, IL-6, and COX-2 in hepatic stellate cells treated with LPS [67].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [67] Sferrazzo, G., Palmeri, R., Restuccia, C., Parafati, L., Siracusa, L., Spampinato, M., Carota, G., Distefano, A., Di Rosa, M., and Tomasello, B. (2022). Mangifera indica L. Leaves as a Potential Food Source of Phenolic Compounds with Biological Activity. Antioxidants, 11. source
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 7
  • May combine two claims. 19
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 2

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    The review followed PRISMA guidelines to perform the search for clinical trials.

    “We followed PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis) guidelines [34,35] to perform the search for clinical trials.”
    • Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
      “PUBMED, EMBASE, COCHRANE, and GOOGLE SCHOLAR were searched following PRISMA guidelines, and the COCHRANE handbook was utilized to assess bias risks.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [34] Page, 2021, The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews, BMJ source

      The Abstract identifies PRISMA 2020 as a guideline for reporting systematic reviews, so the citation supports identifying the guidelines the authors followed. But the Scope of the guideline section explicitly says PRISMA 2020 is not intended to guide systematic review conduct; it does not support using PRISMA as a method for performing the clinical-trial search. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [35] Moher, 2009, Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement, Ann. Intern. Med. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Chronic intake of MLE reduced lipid peroxidation in the small intestine and protected tissues from oxidative damage in rats.

    “The results showed that chronic intake with MLE reduced lipid peroxidation in the small intestine and counteracted the ROS effects, protecting tissues from oxidative damage [68].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [68] Ybañez-Julca, R.O., Asunción-Alvarez, D., Quispe-Díaz, I.M., Palacios, J., Bórquez, J., Simirgiotis, M.J., Perveen, S., Nwokocha, C.R., Cifuentes, F., and Paredes, A. (2020). Metabolomic Profiling of Mango (Mangifera indica Linn) Leaf Extract and Its Intestinal Protective Effect and Antioxidant Activity in Different Biological Models. Molecules, 25. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Mango leaf extract rich in mangiferin combined with luteolin improved sprint exercise performance, muscle oxygen extraction, and cerebral oxygenation in active men.

    “Gelabert-Rebato et al. [42] showed the impact of mango leaf extract, rich in mangiferin, combined with luteolin on sprint exercise performance and muscle oxygen extraction capacity in active men. Although the results demonstrated promising effects of the extract on exercise performance, oxygen extraction, and cerebral oxygenation”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [42] Gelabert-Rebato, M., Wiebe, J.C., Martin-Rincon, M., Galvan-Alvarez, V., Curtelin, D., Perez-Valera, M., Juan Habib, J., Pérez-López, A., Vega, T., and Morales-Alamo, D. (2019). Enhancement of exercise performance by 48 hours, and 15-day supplementation with mangiferin and luteolin in men. Nutrients, 11. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Mango leaf extract (Zynamite®) combined with quercetin enhanced performance and muscle pain recovery, regardless of oral contraceptive intake.

    “Martin-Rincon et al. [40] investigated supplementation with mango leaf extract (Zynamite®) in combination with quercetin and found that the polyphenols enhanced performance and muscle pain recovery, regardless of oral contraceptive intake.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [40] Martin-Rincon, M., Gelabert-Rebato, M., Galvan-Alvarez, V., Gallego-Selles, A., Martinez-Canton, M., Lopez-Rios, L., Wiebe, J.C., Martin-Rodriguez, S., Arteaga-Ortiz, R., and Dorado, C. (2020). Supplementation with a Mango Leaf Extract (Zynamite®) in Combination with Quercetin Attenuates Muscle Damage and Pain and Accelerates Recovery after Strenuous Damaging Exercise. Nutrients, 12. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Mango leaf extract has no adverse effects on blood pressure, pulse, or heart rate variability.

    “the study provides valuable evidence that mango leaf extract has no adverse effects on blood pressure, pulse, or heart rate variability.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [41] Wiebe, 2020, Central nervous system activities of extract Mangifera indica L, J. Ethnopharmacol. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Combinations of mango/raspberry and mango/passion fruit can reduce the glycemic index in healthy-weight and obese individuals.

    “They demonstrated that the combinations of mango/raspberry and mango/passion fruit can reduce the glycemic index in individuals with a healthy weight and in obese individuals.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [38] Alkutbe, R., Redfern, K., Jarvis, M., and Rees, G. (2020). Nutrient Extraction Lowers Postprandial Glucose Response of Fruit in Adults with Obesity as well as Healthy Weight Adults. Nutrients, 12. source

      The Results report lower glycemic index for both raspberry–mango and passionfruit–mango in healthy-weight participants and participants with obesity. But the reduction was observed when the fruit was nutrient-extracted rather than eaten whole; the citing sentence omits that essential preparation and comparator. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingcitation

    Mangiferin reduced body weight and improved glucose and lipid metabolism and decreased insulin resistance in obese mice.

    “In vivo experiments demonstrated significant reductions in body weight and glucose and lipid metabolism improvements, as well as decreased insulin resistance in obese subjects.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [75] Noh, J.W., Lee, H.Y., and Lee, B.C. (2022). Mangiferin Ameliorates Obesity-Associated Inflammation and Autophagy in High-Fat-Diet-Fed Mice: In Silico and In Vivo Approaches. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Mangiferin administration to mice increased glucose and pyruvate oxidation and ATP production without impacting fatty acid oxidation.

    “The outcomes demonstrated heightened glucose and pyruvate oxidation and increased ATP production without impacting fatty acid oxidation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [76] Apontes, 2014, Mangiferin stimulates carbohydrate oxidation and protects against metabolic disorders induced by high-fat diets, Diabetes source

      The Results section, “MGF Promotes Carbohydrate Utilization” (page unavailable), reports increased glucose oxidation in muscle from high-fat-diet-fed mice without a significant change in palmitate oxidation. The increased pyruvate oxidation and ATP production were measured in cultured C2C12 myotubes, not demonstrated in mice; the claim extends those findings to the animals. (LLM, conf=0.90)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    López-Ríos et al. was an exploratory investigation with a small number of participants.

    “this study is limited in nature, being an exploratory investigation with a small number of participants.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [41] Wiebe, 2020, Central nervous system activities of extract Mangifera indica L, J. Ethnopharmacol. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Mango leaf extract lowered postprandial glycemia and improved lipid profile in diabetic Swiss albino mice.

    “Their findings exhibited lowered postprandial glycemia and an improved lipid profile.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [77] Saleem, M., Tanvir, M., Akhtar, M.F., Iqbal, M., and Saleem, A. (2019). Antidiabetic Potential of Mangifera indica L. cv. Anwar Ratol Leaves: Medicinal Application of Food Wastes. Medicina, 55. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Mangiferin decreased Kupffer cells and macrophages within adipose tissue and inhibited TNF-α and NF-κB expression in the same tissue.

    “Furthermore, mangiferin decreased Kupffer cells and macrophages within adipose tissue and inhibited TNF-α and NF-κB expression in the same tissue.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [75] Noh, J.W., Lee, H.Y., and Lee, B.C. (2022). Mangiferin Ameliorates Obesity-Associated Inflammation and Autophagy in High-Fat-Diet-Fed Mice: In Silico and In Vivo Approaches. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23. source

      The Abstract reports fewer adipose-tissue macrophages and Kupffer cells after mangiferin treatment, but it does not place Kupffer cells in adipose tissue. It reports reduced TNF-α expression in adipose tissue and reduced NF-κB expression in the liver, not in adipose tissue. The Results (§2.2.5) likewise assess Kupffer cells and NF-κB under liver-related outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.91)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    M. indica seed flour improved fasting glycemia, liver glycogen levels, glycosylated hemoglobin, and lipid profile, and reduced hepatic and pancreatic malondialdehyde in diabetic rats.

    “The inclusion of the flour led to enhancements in fasting glycemia, liver glycogen levels, glycosylated hemoglobin, and lipid profile, as well as reductions in hepatic and pancreatic malondialdehyde.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [78] Irondi, 2016, Antidiabetic effects of Mangifera indica Kernel Flour-supplemented diet in streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes in rats, Food Sci. Nutr. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Twelve clinical trials were found.

    “Twelve clinical trials were found.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Long-term consumption of a commercial powdered M. indica product (CarelessTM) had a modest beneficial effect on microcirculation, endothelial function, and glucose metabolism.

    “The researchers deemed these findings promising, indicating a modest beneficial effect of M. indica fruit preparation on microcirculation, endothelial function, and glucose metabolism by the end of the study.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [43] Frank, 2017, Effects of Mangifera indica (Careless) on microcirculation and glucose metabolism in healthy volunteers, Planta Medica source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria for this systematic review.

    “For this systematic review, 13 studies met the inclusion criteria.”
    • Also stated in: § 3. Results · plain
      “Thirteen studies were included in this review.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    Mango leaves are effective in controlling diabetes.

    “Patnaik [46] observed the effectiveness of mango leaves in controlling diabetes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [46] Patnaik, 2014, Mango leaves in treating diabetes: A strategic study, Int. J. Innov. Res. Dev.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Administration of mangiferin to diabetic nephropathy rats reduced serum levels of advanced glycation end products and enhanced antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase.

    “Moreover, the administration of mangiferin to diabetic nephropathy rats reduced serum levels of advanced glycation end products and enhanced antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase [65].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [65] Li, 2010, Mangiferin prevents diabetic nephropathy progression in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, Phytother. Res. PTR source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The utilization of mango in various forms yielded improvements in plasma lipid profiles, including reductions in triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, and total cholesterol, and an elevation in HDL cholesterol.

    “These effects encompassed improvements in glycemic control and plasma lipid levels, such as reductions in triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, and total cholesterol, as well as an elevation in HDL cholesterol.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    TPX improved energy homeostasis and hepatic insulin resistance via actions in AMPK and PI3K/AKT.

    “Energy homeostasis and hepatic insulin resistance were also improved due to actions in AMPK and PI3K/AKT.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [74] Fan, 2023, Ameliorative effects of mangiferin derivative TPX on insulin resistance via PI3K/AKT and AMPK signaling pathways in human HepG2 and HL-7702 hepatocytes, Phytomed. Int. J. Phytother. Phytopharm. source

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingcitation

    Mangiferin derivative TPX augmented glycogen synthesis and inhibited gluconeogenesis in human HepG2 and HL-7702 hepatocytes under high glucose.

    “The results showed augmented glycogen synthesis and inhibition of gluconeogenesis.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [74] Fan, 2023, Ameliorative effects of mangiferin derivative TPX on insulin resistance via PI3K/AKT and AMPK signaling pathways in human HepG2 and HL-7702 hepatocytes, Phytomed. Int. J. Phytother. Phytopharm. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The Cochrane Handbook was used to evaluate risk of bias in randomized clinical trials.

    “We examined the Cochrane Handbook for the systematic review of interventions to evaluate the bias risks related to the selection of randomized clinical trials.”
    • Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
      “the COCHRANE handbook was utilized to assess bias risks”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In Wistar rats with ischemia injury followed by reperfusion, the control group exhibited significant cardiac dysfunction, elevated serum cardiac injury markers, increased lipid peroxidation, and a notable decrease in tissue antioxidants.

    “In another study, Wistar rats underwent ischemia injury followed by reperfusion. The control group exhibited significant cardiac dysfunction, elevated serum cardiac injury markers, increased lipid peroxidation, and a notable decrease in tissue antioxidants.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [87] 2021, Comprehensive research on mango by-products applications in food industry, Trends Food Sci. Technol. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    Buchwald-Werner et al. had a wide age range.

    “The age range of the patients included was wide”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [43] Frank, 2017, Effects of Mangifera indica (Careless) on microcirculation and glucose metabolism in healthy volunteers, Planta Medica source

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    Patnaik used a questionnaire to evaluate anthropometric and biochemical parameters, limiting the reliability of the results.

    “a questionnaire was used to evaluate the patients’ anthropometric and biochemical parameters, limiting the reliability of the results.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [46] Patnaik, 2014, Mango leaves in treating diabetes: A strategic study, Int. J. Innov. Res. Dev.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    Patnaik had a small sample of 30 patients divided into three groups.

    “the sample was small (30 patients divided into three groups).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [46] Patnaik, 2014, Mango leaves in treating diabetes: A strategic study, Int. J. Innov. Res. Dev.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

25 of 25

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Findings from in vivo and in vitro studies are relevant to human health effects of mango and its by-products.

    “Moreover, we also consulted in vivo and in vitro studies to help in the discussion section.”
    “In vivo and in vitro studies have shown several benefits of mango and its by-products.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Metabolic syndrome is a risk condition for the development of cardiovascular diseases, which are among the leading causes of death in the world.

    “with an emphasis on metabolic syndrome, which is a risk condition for the development of cardiovascular diseases, which are among the leading causes of death in the world.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Findings from animal and in vitro studies of mango and mangiferin can be generalized to human dietary consumption.

    “Incorporating mango into one’s diet has been shown to enhance glycemic control, regulate plasma lipid levels, increase satiety, and improve endothelial function.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The utilization of mango by-products aligns with the current trend and expanding market demand for improved, healthier products.

    “The utilization of mango by-products aligns with the current trend and expanding market demand for improved, healthier products.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Using mango by-products contributes to reducing environmental harm.

    “Additionally, this approach contributes to reducing environmental harm, a critical factor in ensuring humanity’s sustainable presence on the Earth.”
5 of 5

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Human evidence remains sparse, with a lack of standardized endpoints, validated translational biomarkers, and prospective trials incorporating randomization, blinding, and predefined primary outcomes.

    “Human evidence remains sparse, with a lack of standardized endpoints, validated translational biomarkers, and prospective trials that incorporate randomization, blinding and predefined primary outcomes (184,191).”

    From Mangiferin in human disease: Multifaceted mechanisms and applications (Review) (2026) · cites this paper as [191]

    The Results (section 3; page unavailable) report only 12 clinical trials, and the Discussion (section 4.2; page unavailable) identifies limitations including small samples and limited outcome measurement. These passages support the characterization of human evidence as limited, but they do not establish a lack of standardized endpoints, validated translational biomarkers, or trials combining randomization, blinding, and predefined primary outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Conflicting counts of included studies

    Minor

    The Results section says twelve clinical trials were found but then says thirteen studies were included, without accounting for the additional study. The abstract also gives thirteen as the inclusion count.

1 of 1

Cited works that were retracted

Works this paper cites that were later retracted, from the retraction notices publishers deposit. Major when the notice came out before this paper was published.

  • Cites a retracted work: 10.1155/2013/621459

    Major

    The cited work was retracted on 2021-03-15 (notice 10.1155/2021/8725409), before this paper was published (2023-11-28). Its authors could have known.

    Cited work 10.1155/2013/621459 · retracted 2021-03-15 · notice 10.1155/2021/8725409 · this paper published 2023-11-28

1 of 1

Cites

1 retracted

Flagged first, then by citations

5 of the 84 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 4

  1. Xavier, 2021, O desempenho das exportações da manga no Brasil: Uma análise de constant market share, Rev. Análise Econômica E Políticas Públicas-RAEPP, 1, 66
  2. Aggarwal, P., Kaur, A., and Bhise, S. (2017). Handbook of Mango Fruit: Production, Postharvest Science, Processing Technology and Nutrition, John Wiley & Sons.
  3. Patnaik, 2014, Mango leaves in treating diabetes: A strategic study, Int. J. Innov. Res. Dev., 3, 432
  4. Ribeiro, S.M.R., and Schieber, A. (2010). Bioactive Foods in Promoting Health, Elsevier.

Cited by

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Authors
Minniti, G., Laurindo, L. F., Machado, N. M., Duarte, L. G., Guiguer, E. L., Araujo, A. C., Dias, J. A., Lamas, C. B., Nunes, Y. C., Bechara, M. D., Baldi Júnior, E., Gimenes, F. B., & Barbalho, S. M.
Affiliations
  • Universidade de Marília (BR)
  • Faculdade de Medicina de Marília (BR)
  • Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil
  • São Paulo State Technological College (BR)
  • Universidade Federal de São Carlos (BR)
  • Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina de Marília (FAMEMA), Marília 17519-030, SP, Brazil
  • Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, School of Food and Technology of Marília (FATEC), Marília 17500-000, SP, Brazil
Corresponding author
  • Laurindo, Lucas Fornari
  • Barbalho, Sandra Maria
ORCID
Venue
Life
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2023-11-28
Volume
13
Issue
12
Pages
2270
ISSN
2075-1729 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/life13122270
PMC
PMC10744517
OpenAlex
W4389098781
Semantic Scholar
677ace0edce9c3e7954d64d64a68c5a783756533
Cited by
38
References
84
Citations by year
2026: 14 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 13
FWCI
3.99
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Life (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Mangiferin and Mango Extracts
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Natural Antidiabetic Agents Studies
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Pomegranate: compositions and health benefits
Keywords
mango, mango by-products, mangiferin, metabolic syndrome, cardioprotection, glycemic control, plasma lipid profile, mango leaf extract, mango powder, endothelial function, respiratory infections, exercise performance, mood, nanomedicine, bioactive compounds

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-12.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-12.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

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What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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