The redox state of free nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of rat liver
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1. The concentrations of the oxidized and reduced substrates of the lactate-, beta-hydroxybutyrate- and glutamate-dehydrogenase systems were measured in rat livers freeze-clamped as soon as possible after death. The substrates of these dehydrogenases are likely to be in equilibrium with free NAD(+) and NADH, and the ratio of the free dinucleotides can be calculated from the measured concentrations of the substrates and the equilibrium constants (Holzer, Schultz & Lynen, 1956; Bücher & Klingenberg, 1958). The lactate-dehydrogenase system reflects the [NAD(+)]/[NADH] ratio in the cytoplasm, the beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase that in the mitochondrial cristae and the glutamate dehydrogenase that in the mitochondrial matrix. 2. The equilibrium constants of lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27), beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.30) and malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37) were redetermined for near-physiological conditions (38 degrees ; I0.25). 3. The mean [NAD(+)]/[NADH] ratio of rat-liver cytoplasm was calculated as 725 (pH7.0) in well-fed rats, 528 in starved rats and 208 in alloxan-diabetic rats. 4. The [NAD(+)]/[NADH] ratio for the mitochondrial matrix and cristae gave virtually identical values in the same metabolic state. This indicates that beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase and glutamate dehydrogenase share a common pool of dinucleotide. 5. The mean [NAD(+)]/[NADH] ratio within the liver mitochondria of well-fed rats was about 8. It fell to about 5 in starvation and rose to about 10 in alloxan-diabetes. 6. The [NAD(+)]/[NADH] ratios of cytoplasm and mitochondria are thus greatly different and do not necessarily move in parallel when the metabolic state of the liver changes. 7. The ratios found for the free dinucleotides differ greatly from those recorded for the total dinucleotides because much more NADH than NAD(+) is protein-bound. 8. The bearing of these findings on various problems, including the following, is discussed: the number of NAD(+)-NADH pools in liver cells; the applicability of the method to tissues other than liver; the transhydrogenase activity of glutamate dehydrogenase; the physiological significance of the difference of the redox states of mitochondria and cytoplasm; aspects of the regulation of the redox state of cell compartments; the steady-state concentration of mitochondrial oxaloacetate; the relations between the redox state of cell compartments and ketosis.
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Krebs found that GDH operates at close to equilibrium in vitro, and some evidence indicates GDH may be reversible in some tissues in vivo.
“Krebs found that GDH operates at close to equilibrium in vitro, and some evidence indicates that GDH may be reversible in some tissues in vivo (112, 126).”
From Regulation and function of the mammalian tricarboxylic acid cycle (2023) · cites this paper as [112]
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- Authors
- Williamson, D., Lund, P., & Krebs, H.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Venue
- Biochemical Journal
- Publisher
- Portland Press Ltd.
- Published
- 1967-05-01
- Volume
- 103
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 514-527
- ISSN
- 0006-2936 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC1270436
- OpenAlex
- W1801184284
- Cited by
- 1,871
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 63 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 28
- FWCI
- 48.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Biochemical Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Public Health Service
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Sirtuins and Resveratrol in Medicine
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Biochemical and Molecular Research
- Keywords
- NAD+/NADH ratio, redox state, NADH, lactate dehydrogenase, beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, equilibrium constants, liver mitochondria, liver cytoplasm, starvation, alloxan-induced diabetes, rat liver
- MeSH terms
- Ammonium Chloride, Animals, Centrifugation, Chemistry, Cytoplasm, Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental, Glutamate Dehydrogenase, Hydroxybutyrate Dehydrogenase, Ketone Bodies, Kinetics, L-Lactate Dehydrogenase, Lactates, Liver, Male, Mitochondria, NAD, Oxaloacetates, Oxidation-Reduction, Pyruvates, Spectrophotometry, Starvation, Rats, Chemical Phenomena
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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