Fear of negative evaluation, trait anxiety, and judgment bias in adults who stutter

Brundage, Shelley B.; Winters, Katherine L.; Beilby, Janet M.

doi:10.1044/2017_ajslp-16-0129

Cited by 26Stuttering Research and TreatmentAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesCommunication in Education and Healthcare

Fear of negative evaluation, trait anxiety, and judgment bias in adults who stutter

Brundage, Shelley B., Winters, Katherine L., Beilby, Janet M.·2017·American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology

DOI 10.1044/2017_ajslp-16-0129

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Abstract

PURPOSE: Persons who stutter (PWS) and those with social anxiety disorder may exhibit fear of negative evaluation (FNE) and anxiety in social situations. However, the information processing biases that perpetuate these characteristics have had limited investigation. This study investigated judgment bias in social situations. METHOD: Participants included 50 adults who stutter and 45 age- and gender-matched fluent persons who do not stutter (PWNS), who made up the control group. Participants completed the Interpretation and Judgmental Questionnaire (Voncken, Bögels, & deVries, 2003), and threat scores were calculated. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between PWS and PWNS in social threat or nonsocial threat scores. When the PWS group was divided on the basis of FNE and compared with PWNS participants without heightened anxiety (n = 35), the PWS with high FNE had significantly higher total social threat scores than the PWS with low FNE. The three groups did not differ in threat ratings for ambiguous or profoundly negative social situations. CONCLUSIONS: Judgment bias in PWS is mediated by the magnitude of FNE present; not all PWS exhibit judgment bias for social situations. Treatment implications include the need for psychosocial support addressing the negative impacts on quality of life and restrictions on social engagement that stuttering may cause in some individuals.

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From Comparing the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral group therapy and mindfulness and acceptance group therapy for adults who stutter: A randomized clinical trial (2023) · cites this paper as [7]

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“Other researchers have referred to anticipation-related thoughts and feelings in more cognitive/affective terms relating to anxiety (Alm, 2004; Craig et al., 2003; Messenger et al., 2004) or fear of negative evaluation by others (Brundage et al., 2017).”
Speech and Anxiety Management With Persistent Stuttering: Current Status and Essential Research.
Lowe, R., Menzies, R., Onslow, M., Packman, A., & O'Brian, S. (2021) · Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2020_jslhr-20-00144 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“However, it is common for those who are socially anxious to overestimate the probability and cost of negative outcomes (Brundage et al., 2017).”
Background
Preliminary study of self-perceived communication competence amongst adults who do and do not stutter
Werle, D., Winters, K. L., & Byrd, C. T. (2021) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2021.105848 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“For example, Brundage, Winters, and Beilby (2017) found high fear of negative evaluation, rather than presence or absence of stuttering, to contribute to greater trait anxiety and perceived social threat among individuals who do and do not stutter.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Finding the Good in the Challenge: Benefit Finding Among Adults Who Stutter
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Understanding the Broader Impact of Stuttering: Suicidal Ideation
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Clinical and Psychosocial Predictors of Post-Event Processing in Adults Who Stutter
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Examining the Effects of Stuttering and Social Anxiety on Interpretations of Ambiguous Social Scenarios Among Adolescents
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Differential Impacts of Anticipated Success on Employment Outcomes Among Adults Who Stutter
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Neurocognitive deficits in shy college students: An event-related potential analysis of the P3 component evoked by evaluations of others
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Cognitive processing biases of social anxiety in adults who do and do not stutter
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Comparing the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral group therapy and mindfulness and acceptance group therapy for adults who stutter: A randomized clinical trial
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A qualitative investigation of how stutterers perceive social interactions
Luckman, C., & Jackson, E. S. (2025) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106137 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Stutterers’ experiences on classic psychedelics: A preliminary self-report study
Jackson, E. S., Goldway, N., Gerlach, H., & Gold, N. D. (2024) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2024.106062 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
A Study On Language Anxiety And Fear Of Negative Evaluation Among Secondary Level Language Teachers
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Empowering stuttering female English learners: AI vs. human-AI hybrid tutoring for alleviating social anxiety
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Speaking face-to-face with a virtual avatar to reduce anxiety in students who stutter: Tool development and pilot study results.
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Validity and reliability of the revised scale of avoidance and struggle behaviours in stuttering (r‐SASBS)
Hançer, H., & Tokgöz-Yılmaz, S. (2024) · International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders · doi:10.1111/1460-6984.13135 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Lise Öğrencilerinin Olumsuz Değerlendirilme Korkularının Akademik Başarıya İlişkin Bilişsel Çarpıtmalar Bağlamında İncelenmesi
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Comparing evaluations of social situations for adults who do and do not stutter.
Brundage, S. B., Winters, K., Armendariz, K., Sabat, R., & Beilby, J. (2021) · Journal of Communication Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2021.106161
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Rodgers, Lau, & Zebrowski (preprint) - "Examining the effects of stuttering and social anxiety on interpretations of ambiguous social scenarios among adolescents"Preprint
Rodgers, N. H. (2021) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/n826m
Influence of mental health on sleep in children who stutter
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A preliminary examination of state and trait anxiety among Mandarin-speaking adults who stutter
Song, Y., & Robb, M. P. (2026) · International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1080/17549507.2026.2738751

Evaluating Aspects of Social Anxiety Disorder in Non-Treatment-Seeking Adults who Stutter: Implications for Measurement and Treatment
Winters, K. L. (n.d.) · ProQuest Demo Repository
Self-citation
Comparing evaluations of social situations for adults who do and do not stutter.
Brundage, S. B., Winters, K., Armendariz, K., Sabat, R., & Beilby, J. (2021) · Journal of Communication Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2021.106161
Self-citation
Attentional Biases in Adults Who Stutter before and following Social Threat Induction
Bauerly, K. R. (2021) · Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica · doi:10.1159/000519865 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Social anxiety, fear of negative evaluation and safety behavior among those that stutter and those that do not stutter
Bergmann, Þ. L. (2019)
Social anxiety in stuttering: measuring negative social expectancies
Messenger, M., Onslow, M., Packman, A., & Menzies, R. G. (2004) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2004.06.002 · Cited by 190 · see citing works

Authors: Brundage, S. B., Winters, K. L., & Beilby, J. M.
Affiliations: George Washington University (US)
Curtin University (AU)
ORCID: Brundage, Shelley B.
Winters, Katherine L.
Beilby, Janet M.
Venue: American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology
Publisher: American Speech Language Hearing Association
Published: 2017-05-17
Volume: 26
Issue: 2
Pages: 498-510
ISSN: 1058-0360 (ISSN-L)
1558-9110
DOI: 10.1044/2017_ajslp-16-0129
OpenAlex: W2611358480
Cited by: 26
References: 89
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 3
FWCI: 1.69
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
eSpace (Curtin University) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Stuttering Research and Treatment
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Communication in Education and Healthcare
Keywords: stuttering, fear of negative evaluation, trait anxiety, judgment bias, social danger, social anxiety, information processing biases, adults who stutter, psychosocial support
MeSH terms: Phobia, Social, Adult, Anxiety, Culture, Educational Status, Fear, Female, Humans, Individuality, Interpersonal Relations, Judgment, Male, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Stuttering, Thinking, Reproducibility of Results, Bias, Anticipation, Psychological

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Fear of negative evaluation, trait anxiety, and judgment bias in adults who stutter

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