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Adrenarche—physiology, biochemistry and human disease
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Summary: Adrenarche refers to the onset of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA‐sulphate (DHEA‐S) production from the adrenal zona reticularis that can be detected at around 6 years of age. The phenotypic result of adrenarche is pubarche or the development of axillary and pubic hair that occurs in both girls and boys at about age 8. The phenomenon of adrenarche is unique to human beings and to some Old World primates, and a reversal of adrenarche appears to occur in the ageing process. Premature and exaggerated adrenarche can be indicative of future onset of adult diseases, thus increasing the clinical relevance of adrenarche. The physiological triggers of adrenarche and the role(s) of DHEA‐S remain speculative. However, the biochemical pathways that define adrenarche have been characterized in detail, and the appearance of key enzymes and cofactors in the adrenal zona reticularis track with the progression of adrenarche. This article reviews the clinical manifestations of adrenarche, the biochemistry of the enzymes involved in DHEA‐S production, and the cell biology of the adrenal zona reticularis.
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“By contrast, the zona reticularis expresses large amounts of P450c17 and cytochrome b 5 (201), maximizing 17,20-lyase activity (189), so that DHEA is produced, much of which is sulfated to DHEAS by SULT2A1 (648).”
From The Molecular Biology, Biochemistry, and Physiology of Human Steroidogenesis and Its Disorders (2011) · cites this paper as [648]
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“Thus, the pattern of steroid products secreted by each adrenal zone is determined by the enzymes produced in that zone and may be logically deduced from an understanding of their specific enzymatic properties (648).”
From The Molecular Biology, Biochemistry, and Physiology of Human Steroidogenesis and Its Disorders (2011) · cites this paper as [648]
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“The transition from childhood to juvenility is marked by the event of “adrenal puberty” or adrenarche (Auchus and Rainey, 2004; Ibáñez et al., 2000).”
From The Adaptive Calibration Model of stress responsivity (2011) · cites this paper as Auchus and Rainey, 2004
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“During that time, the development of a distinct zona reticularis is accompanied by an extreme increase in the adrenal androgen precursor production due to the decreased expression of HSD3B2 in conjunction with increased CYB5A expression [[34], [35], [36], [37], [38]].”
From Human steroid biosynthesis, metabolism and excretion are differentially reflected by serum and urine steroid metabolomes: a comprehensive review (2019) · cites this paper as [36]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Auchus, R. J., & Rainey, W. E.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Auchus, Richard J.
- Venue
- Clinical Endocrinology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2003-11-24
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 288-296
- ISSN
- 0300-0664 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2265
- OpenAlex
- W2119552011
- Cited by
- 296
- References
- 84
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 1.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Clinical Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Keywords
- adrenarche, dehydroepiandrosterone, DHEA sulfate, adrenal zona reticularis, pubarche, premature adrenarche, adrenal steroidogenesis, aging, Old World primates, enzyme cofactors
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adrenal Cortex Diseases, Adrenal Cortex Hormones, Child, Child Development, Female, Hair, Humans, Male, Puberty, Zona Reticularis, Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate
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