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Cited by 494Ovarian function and disordersAdrenal Hormones and DisordersSexual Differentiation and Disorders

Epidemiology, diagnosis and management of hirsutism: a consensus statement by the Androgen Excess and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Society

Escobar-Morreale, H.F., Carmina, E., Dewailly, D., Gambineri, A., Kelestimur, F., Moghetti, P., Pugeat, M., Qiao, J. +3 more·2012·Human Reproduction Update
DOI 10.1093/humupd/dmr042
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Hirsutism, defined by the presence of excessive terminal hair in androgen-sensitive areas of the female body, is one of the most common disorders in women during reproductive age. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and critical assessment of the available evidence pertaining to the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of hirsutism. RESULTS: The prevalence of hirsutism is ~10% in most populations, with the important exception of Far-East Asian women who present hirsutism less frequently. Although usually caused by relatively benign functional conditions, with the polycystic ovary syndrome leading the list of the most frequent etiologies, hirsutism may be the presenting symptom of a life-threatening tumor requiring immediate intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Following evidence-based diagnostic and treatment strategies that address not only the amelioration of hirsutism but also the treatment of the underlying etiology is essential for the proper management of affected women, especially considering that hirsutism is, in most cases, a chronic disorder needing long-term follow-up. Accordingly, we provide evidence-based guidelines for the etiological diagnosis and for the management of this frequent medical complaint.

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Crossref · 10.1093/humupd/dmr042

Cites

220 of 220 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia are intrinsic to polycystic ovary syndrome in adults and adolescents, whether lean or obese.

    “Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia are intrinsic to PCOS in adults and adolescents, lean or obese.”

    From The Diagnosis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome during Adolescence (2015) · cites this paper as [19]

  • Hyperinsulinemia is believed to worsen hyperandrogenism and the reproductive and metabolic manifestations of polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescents.

    “Hyperinsulinemia is believed to exacerbate the hyperandrogenism and the reproductive and metabolic manifestations of PCOS in adolescents.”

    From The Diagnosis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome during Adolescence (2015) · cites this paper as [19]

  • With one published exception, current definitions of polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescent or adult women do not include insulin resistance or hyperinsulinemia as a diagnostic criterion.

    “With the exception of one published recommendation, none of the current definitions of PCOS in adolescent or adult women include insulin resistance/hyperinsulinemia as a diagnostic criterion [1, 10-12, 18, 19, 112]”

    From The Diagnosis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome during Adolescence (2015) · cites this paper as [19]

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Authors
Escobar-Morreale, H. F., Carmina, E., Dewailly, D., Gambineri, A., Kelestimur, F., Moghetti, P., Pugeat, M., Qiao, J., Wijeyaratne, C. N., Witchel, S. F., & Norman, R. J.
Affiliations
  • Universidad de Alcalá (ES)
  • University of Palermo (IT)
  • Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre (FR)
  • IRCCS Azienda Ospedliero-Universitaria di Bologna Policlinico di Sant'Orsola (IT)
  • University of Verona (IT)
  • Lyon 1 Université (FR)
  • Peking University Third Hospital (CN)
  • University of Colombo (LK)
  • University of Pittsburgh (US)
  • The University of Adelaide (AU)
ORCID
Venue
Human Reproduction Update
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
2011-11-06
Volume
18
Issue
2
Pages
146-170
ISSN
  • 1355-4786 (ISSN-L)
  • 1460-2369
DOI
10.1093/humupd/dmr042
OpenAlex
W2119532054
Cited by
494
References
222
Citations by year
2026: 19 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 49 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 45 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 15
FWCI
23.94
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Human Reproduction Update (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion)
  • Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
  • Nova Science Publishers (Nova Science Publishers, Inc.) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Ovarian function and disorders
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
Keywords
hirsutism, hyperandrogenism, polycystic ovary syndrome, prevalence, pathophysiology, etiological diagnosis, long-term follow-up
MeSH terms
Androgens, Female, Hirsutism, Humans, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Societies, Medical, Hair Follicle

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