The DOI matches its Crossref record; 60 of the 60 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Pre‐school children with and without developmental delay: behaviour problems and parenting stress over time
Abstract
Background Children with intellectual disability are at heightened risk for behaviour problems and diagnosed mental disorder. Methods The present authors studied the early manifestation and continuity of problem behaviours in 205 pre‐school children with and without developmental delays. Results Behaviour problems were quite stable over the year from age 36–48 months. Children with developmental delays were rated higher on behaviour problems than their non‐delayed peers, and were three times as likely to score in the clinical range. Mothers and fathers showed high agreement in their rating of child problems, especially in the delayed group. Parenting stress was also higher in the delayed group, but was related to the extent of behaviour problems rather than to the child's developmental delay. Conclusions Over time, a transactional model fit the relationship between parenting stress and behaviour problems: high parenting stress contributed to a worsening in child behaviour problems over time, and high child behaviour problems contributed to a worsening in parenting stress. Findings for mothers and fathers were quite similar.
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“Several longitudinal studies have found reverse directional effects of parental distress on the behaviour problems of children with intellectual disabilities (e.g.Baker et al. 2003;Orsmond et al. 2003;Hastings et al. 2006;Lecavalier et al. 2006).”
From Psychological acceptance mediates the impact of the behaviour problems of children with intellectual disability on fathers' psychological adjustment. (2010) · cites this paper as Baker et al. 2003
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“Children with psychosocial disabilities are associated with elevated caregivers' stress and reduced well-being, consistent with evidence linking behavioural and emotional difficulties in children to these outcomes [55].”
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Parenting Stress in Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Symptomatology
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Kiernan, J. (2026) · e-space (Manchester Metropolitan University) · doi:10.83056/mmu.32434668
Long, R. F. (2013) · Scholar Commons (University of South Carolina)
Metadata
- Authors
- Baker, B. L., McIntyre, L. L., Blacher, J., Crnic, K., Edelbrock, C., & Low, C.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- University of California, Riverside (US)
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Baker, B. L.
- Venue
- Journal of Intellectual Disability Research
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2003-05
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 4-5
- Pages
- 217-230
- ISSN
- 0964-2633 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2788
- OpenAlex
- W2154865829
- Cited by
- 930
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 60 · 2018: 58 · 2017: 61 · 2016: 47 · 2015: 60 · 2014: 64 · 2013: 53 · 2012: 41
- FWCI
- 19.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Intellectual Disability Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD34879-1459, R01HD034879)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family and Disability Support Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Down syndrome and intellectual disability research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- developmental delay, intellectual disability, preschool children, behavioral problems, parental stress, longitudinal stability, transactional model, early intervention
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Child Behavior Disorders, Developmental Disabilities, Child, Preschool, Family, Female, Humans, Male, Parents, Surveys and Questionnaires, Stress, Psychological, Parenting
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