Cited by 930Family and Disability Support ResearchDown syndrome and intellectual disability researchChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 60 of the 60 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Pre‐school children with and without developmental delay: behaviour problems and parenting stress over time

Baker, B. L., McIntyre, L. L., Blacher, J., Crnic, K., Edelbrock, C., Low, C.·2003·Journal of Intellectual Disability Research

DOI 10.1046/j.1365-2788.2003.00484.x

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Background Children with intellectual disability are at heightened risk for behaviour problems and diagnosed mental disorder. Methods The present authors studied the early manifestation and continuity of problem behaviours in 205 pre‐school children with and without developmental delays. Results Behaviour problems were quite stable over the year from age 36–48 months. Children with developmental delays were rated higher on behaviour problems than their non‐delayed peers, and were three times as likely to score in the clinical range. Mothers and fathers showed high agreement in their rating of child problems, especially in the delayed group. Parenting stress was also higher in the delayed group, but was related to the extent of behaviour problems rather than to the child's developmental delay. Conclusions Over time, a transactional model fit the relationship between parenting stress and behaviour problems: high parenting stress contributed to a worsening in child behaviour problems over time, and high child behaviour problems contributed to a worsening in parenting stress. Findings for mothers and fathers were quite similar.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1046/j.1365-2788.2003.00484.x

Cites

60 of 60 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Child/adolescent behavioral and emotional problems: Implications of cross-informant correlations for situational specificity.
Achenbach, T. M., McConaughy, S. H., & Howell, C. T. (1987) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.101.2.213 · Cited by 5,436
Untitled work
(1983) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,251
Self-citation
Review of Child Development Research
Jaeger, D. (1976) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/56.11.1307b · Cited by 2,141
Comorbidity in Child Psychopathology: Concepts, Issues and Research Strategies
Caron, C., & Rutter, M. (1991) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1991.tb00350.x · Cited by 1,051
Parenting stress index manual
Abidin, R. R. (1995) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 926
Depressed mothers as informants about their children: A critical review of the evidence for distortion.
Richters, J. E. (1992) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.112.3.485 · Cited by 779
PARENT-CHILD AGREEMENT ON CHILD PSYCHIATRIC SYMPTOMS ASSESSED VIA STRUCTURED INTERVIEW
EDELBROCK, C. S., Costello, A. J., Dulcan, M. K., Conover, N. C., & Kala, R. (1986) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1986.tb02329.x · Cited by 565
Self-citation
I. Introduction
Hauser‐Cram, P., Warfield, M. E., Shonkoff, J. P., & Krauss, M. W. (2001) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.1111/1540-5834.00151 · Cited by 454
Pre-school to School: a Behavioural Study
Sturge, J. C. (1983) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.58.5.398-a · Cited by 453
16. Wald MS: Family Preservation: Are We Moving Too Fast. We Need More Data on the Impact of Interventions with Children. Public Welfare, 1988. 17. Achenbach TM, Edelbrock C: Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist. Burlington, VT:
Magura, S. (1990) · Cited by 448

Show all 60 references

Research works printed but not linked: 7

Achenbach T. M., 1991, Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist
Achenbach T. M., 2000, Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist 1½−5
Bayley N., 1993, Bayley Scales of Infant Development: Manual
Cameron S. J., 1991, Stress in parents of developmentally delayed and non‐delayed preschool children, Canada's Mental Health, 39, 13
Edelbrock C., 1986, Parent‐child agreement on child psychiatric symptoms, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 27, 181, 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1986.tb02282.x · DOI
Nezu C. M., 1992, Psychopathology in Persons with Mental Retardation
10.1111/j.1469-8749.2000.tb00083.x · DOI

Sorted by citations

Items 101–200 of 929

Associations Between Resilience and the Well-Being of Mothers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Other Developmental Disabilities
Halstead, E. J., Ekas, N. V., Hastings, R. P., & Griffith, G. M. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3447-z · Cited by 113
“, Baker et al., 2003; Herring et al., 2006; Lecavalier, Leone, & Wiltz, 2006; Zeedyk & Blacher, 2015). Firth and Dryer (2013) also found that children with ASD’s behavioral and emotional problems affected overall levels of parental distress, such as stress, tension, anxiety, and depression.”
Background
Remembering parents in parent-mediated early intervention: An approach to examining impact on parents and families
Wainer, A., Hepburn, S., & Griffith, E. M. (2016) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361315622411 · Cited by 107
Gene-Environment Interaction and the Intergenerational Transmission of Parenting: Testing the Differential-Susceptibility Hypothesis
Beaver, K. M., & Belsky, J. (2011) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-011-9180-4 · Cited by 95
“Indeed, in studies of parents of children from toddlerhood to adolescence [2, 28, 47, 66], parental stress has been linked to more punitive and less emotionally supporting parenting and to children’s greater internalizing and externalizing problems.”
Background
Improving Child Self-Regulation and Parenting in Families of Pre-kindergarten Children with Developmental Disabilities and Behavioral Difficulties
Pears, K. C., Kim, H. K., Healey, C. V., Yoerger, K., & Fisher, P. A. (2014) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-014-0482-2 · Cited by 106
“Effective parenting and school involvement may be particularly important for parents of children with developmental disabilities and behavioral difficulties, who may exhibit inconsistent parenting practices (Baker et al. 2003).”
Background
Marital Satisfaction, Parental Stress, and Child Behavior Problems among Parents of Young Children with Developmental Delays
Robinson, M. A., & Neece, C. L. (2014) · Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1080/19315864.2014.994247 · Cited by 109
Child Health and Parental Stress in School-Age Children With a Preschool Diagnosis of Developmental Delay
Webster, R., Majnemer, A., Platt, R. W., & Shevell, M. I. (2007) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/0883073807307977 · Cited by 94
FOCUS ON PRACTICE: Living with children diagnosed with autistic spectrum disorder: parental and professional views
Dillenburger, K., Keenan, M., Doherty, A., Byrne, T., & Gallagher, S. M. (2010) · British Journal of Special Education · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8578.2010.00455.x · Cited by 117
The Association Between Child and Family Characteristics and the Mental Health and Wellbeing of Caregivers of Children with Autism in Mid-Childhood
Salomone, E., Leadbitter, K., Aldred, C. R., Barrett, B. M., Byford, S., Charman, T., Howlin, P., Green, J., Couteur, A. S. L., McConachie, H., et al. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3392-x · Cited by 106
“Similar effects have been shown for caregivers of children with developmental delay, where higher stress was attributable to the extent of behaviour problems rather than to the presence of the developmental delay itself (Baker et al. 2003).”
Background
Parental locus of control and psychological well-being in mothers of children with intellectual disability
Lloyd, T., & Hastings, R. P. (2009) · Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability · doi:10.1080/13668250902862074 · Cited by 89
“In conducting the longitudinal analyses, we adopted procedures used in other recent longitudinal studies within the field of ID family research (Baker et al., 2003; Hastings, Daley, Burns, & Beck, 2006; Lecavalier, Leone, & Wiltz, 2006).”
Method
A Systematic Review of Parent-Implemented Functional Communication Training for Children With ASD
Gerow, S., Hagan–Burke, S., Rispoli, M. J., Gregori, E. V., Mason, R., & Ninci, J. (2017) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445517740872 · Cited by 87
Logging On: Evaluating an Online Support Group for Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Clifford, T., & Minnes, P. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1714-6 · Cited by 88
“Research shows that in this population the presence of more child behaviour problems is related to increased parental stress (Baker et al. 2003).”
Background
Predicting parenting stress: children's behavioural problems and parents' coping
Solem, M., Christophersen, K.-A. A., & Martinussen, M. (2010) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.681 · Cited by 104
The relationship between chronic paediatric feeding disorders and caregiver stress
Silverman, A. H., Erato, G., & Goday, P. S. (2020) · Journal of Child Health Care · doi:10.1177/1367493520905381 · Cited by 96
“These findings are consistent with research that suggests that developmental delays pose additional challenges to caregivers including higher levels of behavioural problems, underdeveloped adaptive skills (Baker et al., 2003) and social skills deficits (Davis and Carter, 2008; Neece and Baker, 2008), including deficie…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Fathers of Children with Disabilities: Stress and Life Satisfaction
Darling, C. A., Senatore, N., & Strachan, J. (2011) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.1427 · Cited by 85
Understanding the Emergence of Behavior Problems in Young Children With Developmental Delays
Crnic, K. A., Hoffman, C., Gaze, C. M., & EDELBROCK, C. S. (2004) · Infants & Young Children · doi:10.1097/00001163-200407000-00004 · Cited by 85
“When problem behaviors were again assessed 1 year later, children with developmental delays showed significantly more problem behaviors at age 4 years, and greater stability of problem behaviors than did typically developing children (Baker et al., 2003).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Salivary cortisol, stress, and health in primary caregivers (mothers) of children with cerebral palsy
Bella, G. P., Garcia, M. C., & Spadari-Bratfisch, R. C. (2010) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.11.005 · Cited by 87
Adaptation in the transition to school: perspectives of parents, preschool and primary school teachers
Correia, K., & Pinto, A. M. (2016) · Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00131881.2016.1200255 · Cited by 84
“Within the family variables, the literature refers to parental stress (see, e.g. Baker et al. 2003), socio-economic level, family structure, family expectations, parental involvement and parental beliefs (see, e.g. Lau, Li, and rao 2011; Margetts 2009; sy and schulenberg 2005). some characteristics…”
Background
Psychometric properties of the Danish Parental Stress Scale: Rasch analysis in a sample of mothers with infants
Pontoppidan, M., Nielsen, T., & Kristensen, I. H. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0205662 · Cited by 83
“Levels of parental stress are not static but fluctuate according to the developmental stages of the child and the demands the parents face [6].”
Background
Parenting stress of mothers and fathers of young children with cognitive delays in Vietnam
Shin, J. Y., Nhan, N. V., Crittenden, K. S., Hong, H. T. D., Flory, M. J., & Ladinsky, J. (2006) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2006.00840.x · Cited by 83
Parent‐Related Stress of Male and Female Carers of Adolescents with Intellectual Disabilities and Carers of Children within the General Population: A Cross‐Sectional Comparison
Patton, K. A., Ware, R. S., McPherson, L., Emerson, E., & Lennox, N. G. (2016) · Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1111/jar.12292 · Cited by 81
Parental Stress and Children’s Social and Behavioral Outcomes: The Role of Abuse Potential over Time
Crum, K. I., & Moreland, A. D. (2017) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-017-0822-5 · Cited by 81
Establishing new norms for developmental milestones
Sheldrick, R. C., Schlichting, L. E., Berger, B., Clyne, A., Ni, P., Perrin, E. C., & Vivier, P. M. (2019) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2019-0374 · Cited by 79
Environmental risk factors associated with the persistence of conduct difficulties in children with intellectual disabilities and autistic spectrum disorders
Emerson, E., Blacher, J., Einfeld, S., Hatton, C., Robertson, J., & Stancliffe, R. J. (2014) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2014.08.039 · Cited by 84
“…with intellectual or developmental disabilities show markedly higher rates of behavioral difficulties (‘challenging’ or externalizing problematic behaviors) than their non-disabled peers (Baker et al., 2003; Einfeld, Ellis, & Emerson, 2011; Totsika, Hastings, Emerson, Lancaster, & Berridge, 2011).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Parenting styles, parenting stress, and behavioral outcomes in children with autism
Clauser, P., Ding, Y., Chen, E. C., Cho, S., Wang, C., & Hwang, J. (2020) · School Psychology International · doi:10.1177/0143034320971675 · Cited by 109
“Literature on parenting style and parenting stress has reported that highly stressed parents tend to engage in parenting behaviors that are less conducive to a child’s positive development (Baker et al., 2003; Goodman & Glenwick, 2012).”
Background
Functional Communication Training: The Strength of Evidence Across Disabilities
Gerow, S., Davis, T. N., Radhakrishnan, S., Gregori, E. V., & Rivera, G. (2018) · Exceptional Children · doi:10.1177/0014402918793399 · Cited by 78
“…disabilities who engage in challenging behavior rate themselves lower on measures of mental health and rate themselves as receiving less support than other parents of children with disabilities (Baker et al., 2003; Baker, Blacher, Crnic, & Edelbrock, 2002; Bromley, Hare, Davison, & Emerson, 2004).”
Background
Parental Psychological Distress, Parent - Child Relationship Qualities, and Child Adjustment: Direct, Mediating, and Reciprocal Pathways
Papp, L. M., Cummings, E. M., & Goeke‐Morey, M. C. (2005) · Parenting · doi:10.1207/s15327922par0503_2 · Cited by 78
The Baby Pediatric Symptom Checklist: Development and Initial Validation of a New Social/Emotional Screening Instrument for Very Young Children
Sheldrick, R. C., Henson, B. S., Neger, E. N., Merchant, S., Murphy, J. M., & Perrin, E. C. (2012) · Academic Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.acap.2012.08.003 · Cited by 83
“high levels of behavior problems in children increase parenting stress, whereas at the same time, increased levels of parenting stress contribute to a worsening of child behavior problems.(35) Past research has shown a strong correlation between parents’ reports of child behavior problems and parenting stress,(36) and…”
Background
The association between stress and physical health in parents caring for children with intellectual disabilities is moderated by children’s challenging behaviours
Gallagher, S. M., & Whiteley, J. (2012) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105312464672 · Cited by 95
“Similarly, the association between stress and behaviour problems could be bidirectional and has been observed elsewhere (Baker et al., 2003).”
The Mental Health of Children and Adolescents with Learning Disabilities in Britain
Emerson, E., & Hatton, C. (2007) · Advances in Mental Health and Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1108/17530180200700033 · Cited by 73
Reciprocity Among Maternal Distress, Child Behavior, and Parenting: Transactional Processes and Early Childhood Risk
Ciciolla, L. M., Gerstein, E. D., & Crnic, K. A. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2013.812038 · Cited by 74
“Children with early delays have increased risk for developing comorbid externalizing, internalizing, and attention-related behavior problems (Baker et al., 2003; Baker, Neece, Fenning, Crnic, & Blacher, 2010; Dekker, Koot, van der Ende, & Verhulst, 2002, Koskentausta, Iivanainen, & Almqvist, 2007)…”
InfluentialSelf-citation
Predictors of parent stress in a sample of children with ASD: Pain, problem behavior, and parental coping
Walsh, C. E., Mulder, E., & Tudor, M. E. (2012) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2012.08.010 · Cited by 74
“…parents of children with ASD experience heightened stress compared to parents of typically developing (TD) children or children with other disorders (e.g., ADHD, mental retardation; Baker et al., 2003; Hastings, 2002; Lee, Harrington, Louie, & Newschaffer, 2008; Tomanik, Harris, & Hawkins, 2005).”
Background
Relationship satisfaction in couples raising a child with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review of the literature
Chamberlain, A., Cordier, R., Vaz, S. M. A., & Falkmer, T. (2016) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2016.07.004 · Cited by 87
Correlates of maternal behaviours in mothers of children with fragile X syndrome
Wheeler, A., Hatton, D. D., Reichardt, A., & Bailey, D. B. (2007) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2006.00896.x · Cited by 73
Stress, Locus of Control, and Family Cohesion and Adaptability in Parents of Children with Down, Williams, Fragile X, and Prader-Willi Syndromes
Lanfranchi, S., & Vianello, R. (2012) · American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1352/1944-7558-117.3.207 · Cited by 84
“Longitudinal studies (Baker et al., 2003; Orsmond, Seltzer, Krauss, & Hong, 2003) also suggest a bidirectional relationship between children’s behavioral problems and parents’ stress.”
Background
Peer Relationships and the Mental Health of Young Children with Intellectual Delays
Guralnick, M. J. (2006) · Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1111/j.1741-1130.2006.00052.x · Cited by 73
“…a range of internalizing and externalizing disorders to a much greater extent than a comparable group of children without delays, with approximately 25% of children with delays meeting criteria indicating a significant clinical concern (Baker, Blacher, Crnic, & Edelbrock, 2002; Baker et al., 2003).”
BackgroundInfluential
The longitudinal relationship between behavior and emotional disturbance in young people with intellectual disability and maternal mental health
Gray, K. M., Piccinin, A. M., Hofer, S. M., Mackinnon, A. J., Bontempo, D. E., Einfeld, S., Parmenter, T. R., & Tonge, B. J. (2011) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2010.12.044 · Cited by 72
Early Years Parenting Mediates Early Adversity Effects on Problem Behaviors in Intellectual Disability
Totsika, V., Hastings, R. P., Emerson, E., & Hatton, C. (2019) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13273 · Cited by 71
“…with intellectual disabilities (Totsika, Hastings, Emerson, Lancaster, & Berridge, 2011) and has been associated with child problem behaviors (Baker et al., 2003; Hastings, Daley, Burns, & Beck, 2006; Neece, Green, & Baker, 2012) and the family’s socioeconomic circumstances (Emerson, 2003;…”
Training Parents of Children with Intellectual Disabilities: Trends, Issues, and Future Directions
Machalicek, W., Lang, R. B., & Raulston, T. J. (2015) · Current Developmental Disorders Reports · doi:10.1007/s40474-015-0048-4 · Cited by 71
Predictors of caregiver depression and family functioning after perinatal stroke
Bemister, T. B., Brooks, B. L., Dyck, R. H., & Kirton, A. (2015) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-015-0397-5 · Cited by 70
“For example, some evidence exists that the relationship between parenting stress and child behavioural problems is bidirectional [58].”
Background
Parenting and the parent–child relationship in families of children with mild to borderline intellectual disabilities and externalizing behavior
Schuiringa, H. D., van Nieuwenhuijzen, M., de Castro, B. O., & Matthys, W. (2014) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2014.08.018 · Cited by 82
“The focus of most research concerned with the parenting of children with MBID has been primarily on the impact of having such a child on parental well being and levels of stress (e.g., Baker et al., 2002, 2003; Hill & Rose, 2009); child behavior is of little or no concern.”
Autism spectrum disorder and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Part I: A comparison of parenting stress
Watson, S. L., Harding, K. D., & Hayes, S. A. (2013) · Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability · doi:10.3109/13668250.2013.788136 · Cited by 78
“Specifi c characteristics of the disability and the associated severity of behaviour problems have been shown as important correlates of stress for caregivers (Baker et al., 2003; Hill & Rose, 2009; Plant & Sanders, 2007).”
Background
Barriers to Success in Parent Training for Young Children With Developmental Delay
Bagner, D. M., & Graziano, P. A. (2012) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445512465307 · Cited by 69
“Externalizing behavior problems are considerably more prevalent among children with developmental delay (Dekker, Koot, van der Ende, & Verhulst, 2002; Emerson, Robertson, & Wood, 2005), and parents of children with developmental delay also display higher rates of parenting stress than parents of children without devel…”
BackgroundInfluential
Factors associated with stress in families of children with autism spectrum disorder
Chamberlain, A., Vaz, S. M. A., Cordier, R., Joosten, A. V., Parsons, D. N., Smith, C., & Falkmer, T. (2017) · Developmental Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.1080/17518423.2017.1326185 · Cited by 83
The Parental Stress Scale revisited: Rasch-based construct validity for Danish parents of children 2–18 years old with and without behavioral problems
Nielsen, T., Pontoppidan, M., & Rayce, S. B. (2020) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-020-01495-w · Cited by 69
Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder among children with and without intellectual disability: an examination across time
Neece, C. L., Baker, B. L., Blacher, J., & Crnic, K. A. (2011) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2011.01416.x · Cited by 70
Self-citation
Parents Plus Programme 1: Evaluation of Its Effectiveness for Pre‐School Children with Developmental Disabilities and Behavioural Problems
Quinn, M., Carr, A., Carroll, L., & O’Sullivan, D. (2007) · Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1111/j.1468-3148.2006.00352.x · Cited by 67
“…large proportion of preschool children with developmental disabilities, including intellectual disability and autistic spectrum disorder, display significant behavioural problems, and in many cases these persist into later childhood and adolescence (Baker et al., 2002, 2003).”
Student–Teacher Relationship Stability Across Early School Years for Children With Intellectual Disability or Typical Development
Blacher, J., Baker, B. L., & Eisenhower, A. (2009) · American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1352/1944-7558-114.5.322 · Cited by 67
“…disability, where parenting stress is attributable more to behavior problems and social skill deficits than to intellectual disability (B. Baker et al., 2003; Floyd & Gallagher, 1997; Neece & Baker, 2008), as well as a study of children with autism spectrum disorder. in which Lecavalier,…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Caregiver Strain and Sensory Features in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder and Other Developmental Disabilities
Kirby, A. V., White, T. J., & Baranek, G. T. (2014) · American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1352/1944-7558-120.1.32 · Cited by 77
“For example, child problem behaviors have consistently been suggested to play an important role in experienced strain (e.g., Baker et al., 2003; Neece, Green, & Baker, 2012; Osborne & Reed, 2009).”
Background
Parenting stress and external stressors as predictors of maternal ratings of child adjustment
Östberg, M., & Hageküll, B. (2013) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12045 · Cited by 67
Trajectories of Internalizing and Externalizing Behavior Problems in Children with Developmental Disabilities
Hauser‐Cram, P., & Woodman, A. C. (2015) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-015-0055-2 · Cited by 67
“One research team reported that close to 25 % of children with disabilities have clinically significant levels of behavior problems at 36 and 48 months of age (Baker et al. 2003).”
Expressed emotion in families of children and adults with intellectual disabilities
Hastings, R. P., & Lloyd, T. (2007) · Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/mrdd.20173 · Cited by 66
Parental stress among parents of toddlers with moderate hearing loss
Dirks, E., Uilenburg, N. N., & Rieffe, C. J. (2016) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2016.03.008 · Cited by 66
The Application of a Three-Tier Model of Intervention to Parent Training
Phaneuf, L., & McIntyre, L. L. (2011) · Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions · doi:10.1177/1098300711405337 · Cited by 64
“These bidirectional effects may be especially true in the case of child behavior influencing parenting stress and parenting stress influencing child behavior (e.g., Baker et al., 2003; Orsmond, Seltzer, Krauss, & Hong, 2003).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Factors Affecting the Health of Caregivers of Children Who Have an Intellectual/Developmental Disability
Marquis, S., Hayes, M. V., & McGrail, K. M. (2019) · Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1111/jppi.12283 · Cited by 78
Parent Training for Children With or at Risk for Developmental Delay: The Role of Parental Homework Completion
Ros, R., Hernandez, J., Graziano, P. A., & Bagner, D. M. (2015) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2015.08.004 · Cited by 64
“In addition to impairments typically associated with developmental delay (e.g., delayed language, difficulties learning), children with cooccurring behavior problems experience a host of additional negative outcomes attributed to behavior problems (Baker et al., 2002; Baker et al., 2003).”
Background
Daily living skills in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: Implications for intervention and independence
Baker, E. J., Stavropoulos, K. K. M., Baker, B. L., & Blacher, J. (2021) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2021.101761 · Cited by 81
Self-citation
Caregiver stress during the first year after diagnosis of an Autism Spectrum Disorder
McGrew, J. H., & Keyes, M. L. (2014) · Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2014.07.011 · Cited by 63
Pragmatic language and the child with emotional/behavioural difficulties (EBD): a pilot study exploring the interaction between behaviour and communication disability
Mackie, L., & Law, J. (2010) · International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders · doi:10.3109/13682820903105137 · Cited by 63
“…IQ It is perhaps surprising that non-verbal cognitive ability was not significantly different between the groups as there is evidence of a higher incidence of EBD in children with broadly defined ‘intellectual disabilities’ (for example, Baker et al. 2003) than the general population.”
Background
Parenting stress in mothers and fathers of a child with a hemiparesis: sources of stress, intervening factors and long‐term expressions of stress
Butcher, P. R., Wind, T. R., & Bouma, A. (2008) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2008.00842.x · Cited by 63
“these parents was less strongly associated with the severity of the disability than with its impact on daily functioning (Mobarak et al. 2000; Smith et al. 2001; Baker et al. 2003).”
Background
A Review of Intervention Programs to Prevent and Treat Behavioral Problems in Young Children with Developmental Disabilities
Petrenko, C. L. M. (2013) · Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities · doi:10.1007/s10882-013-9336-2 · Cited by 69
“high levels of stress and have a large caregiving burden depending on the nature of their child’s disability (Baker et al. 2003; Saloviita et al. 2003).”
Influential
Intrusive fathering, children's self‐regulation and social skills: a mediation analysis
Stevenson, M. M., & Crnic, K. A. (2012) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2012.01549.x · Cited by 62
Self-citation
Systematic review and meta-analysis of stepping stones triple P for parents of children with disabilities
Ruane, A., & Carr, A. (2019) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.12352 · Cited by 59
Parents' emotion expression as a predictor of child's social competence: children with or without intellectual disability
Green, S. A., & Baker, B. L. (2011) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2010.01363.x · Cited by 61
Self-citation
A multicentre controlled study of an early intervention parenting programme for young children with behavioural and developmental difficulties
Griffin, C. P., Guérin, S., Sharry, J., & Drumm, M. (2010) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 60
Mother–child interaction and resilience in children with early developmental risk.
Fenning, R. M., & Baker, J. K. (2012) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0028287 · Cited by 60
“Method Participants The current sample was drawn from a multi-site longitudinal investigation of child and family contributions to developmental outcomes in children with and without early delays (J. Baker et al., 2007; B. Baker et al., 2003).”
Method
Impact on Siblings of Children With Intellectual Disability: The Role of Child Behavior Problems
Neece, C. L., Blacher, J., & Baker, B. L. (2010) · American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1352/1944-7558-115.4.291 · Cited by 60
Self-citation
Parenting Children with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities in Asian Indian Families in the United States
Natarajan, A. D., & Raval, V. V. (2015) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-015-0285-5 · Cited by 59
Mothers of children with developmental disabilities: Stress in early and middle childhood
Azad, G. F., Blacher, J., & Marcoulides, G. A. (2013) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2013.07.009 · Cited by 59
“Therefore, it is likely that maternal stress would be high in early childhood (Baker, Blacher, Crnic, & Edelbrock, 2002; Baker et al., 2003; Tervo, 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Behavioral Difficulties in Adolescents With Cerebral Palsy
Brossard‐Racine, M., Waknin, J., Shikako‐Thomas, K., Shevell, M. I., Poulin, C., Lach, L., Law, M., Schmitz, N., the QUALA Group, & Majnemer, A. (2012) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/0883073812461942 · Cited by 59
Perceived Quality of Life in Mothers of Children With Fragile X Syndrome
Wheeler, A., Skinner, D., & Bailey, D. B. (2008) · American Journal on Mental Retardation · doi:10.1352/0895-8017(2008)113[159:pqolim]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 58
Improved social skills in children with developmental delays after parent participation in MBSR: the role of parent–child relational factors
Lewallen, A. C., & Neece, C. L. (2015) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-015-0116-8 · Cited by 56
“This effect may be compounded for children with DD who are at greater risk for noncompliance (Baker et al. 2003; Donenberg and Baker 1993; Johnston and Mash 2001; Neece et al. 2012), and whose parents often experience heightened levels of stress that place them at a greater risk for applying external control strategie…”
BackgroundInfluential
Preschool Children With and Without Developmental Delay: Risk, Parenting, and Child Demandingness
Brown, M., McIntyre, L. L., Crnic, K. A., Baker, B. L., & Blacher, J. (2011) · Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1080/19315864.2011.596990 · Cited by 57
“Furthermore, the relations between parents’ psychological distress and child behavior may be bidirectional, with each exhibiting influence other over time (Baker et al., 2003; Hastings Daley, Burns, & Beck, 2006).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Parenting children with and without developmental delay: the role of self‐mastery
Paczkowski, E. A., & Baker, B. L. (2007) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2006.00894.x · Cited by 57
Self-citation
Parental Distress and Child Behavior Problems: Parenting Behaviors as Mediators
Sanner, C. M., & Neece, C. L. (2017) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-017-0884-4 · Cited by 57
“Parents of children with developmental disabilities (DD) consistently report higher levels of parental stress compared to parents of typically developing children (Baker et al. 2003; Webster et al. 2008).”
Background
Parent child interaction therapy for children with disruptive behavior and developmental disabilities
McDiarmid, M. D., & Bagner, D. M. (2005) · Education and Treatment of Children · Cited by 57
Raising a child with a disability: a one-year qualitative investigation of parent distress and personal growth
Young, S., Shakespeare‐Finch, J., & Obst, P. L. (2019) · Disability & Society · doi:10.1080/09687599.2019.1649637 · Cited by 68
“Therefore, research has predominantly operated within a pathogenic paradigm and focused on negative outcomes, such as caregiver burden (for example, Baker et al. 2003), chronic sorrow (Coughlin and Sethares 2017; Lee, Park, and Recchia 2015), depression and anxiety (for example, Singer 2006), and…”
Method
Respite Care for Single Mothers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Dyches, T. T., Christensen, R., Harper, J. M., Mandleco, B. L., & Roper, S. O. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2618-z · Cited by 79
Parental Stress in Families of Children with Disabilities: A Literature Review
Dervishaliaj, E. (2013) · Journal of Educational and Social Research · doi:10.5901/jesr.2013.v3n7p579 · Cited by 54
Cognitive abilities and behaviour of children exposed to antiepileptic drugs in utero
Bromley, R., Baker, G. A., & Meador, K. J. (2009) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/wco.0b013e3283292401 · Cited by 54
Mothers’ and Fathers’ Roles in Caring for an Adult Child with an Intellectual Disability
Rowbotham, M., Carroll, A., & Cuskelly, M. (2011) · International Journal of Disability Development and Education · doi:10.1080/1034912x.2011.598396 · Cited by 54
“The impact on fathers of these behaviours does not appear to have been investigated in fathers of adults; however, in fathers of a child with intellectual disability the impact appears to be similar to that on mothers (Baker et al., 2003).”
Result
Levels of Psychological Distress Experienced by Family Carers of Children and Adolescents with Intellectual Disabilities in an Urban Conurbation
Emerson, E., Robertson, J., & Wood, J. (2004) · Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1111/j.1360-2322.2004.00183.x · Cited by 54
Parental behavior comparisons between parents of children with autism spectrum disorder and parents of children without autism Spectrum disorder: a meta-analysis
Ku, B., Stinson, J. D., & MacDonald, M. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01412-w · Cited by 54
Externalizing Behavior Problems and Low Academic Achievement: Does a Causal Relation Exist?
Kulkarni, T., Sullivan, A. L., & Kim, J. (2020) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-020-09582-6 · Cited by 71
“…interpretations and given the evidence of strong associations of IQ and language delay with both behavioral problems and academic achievement (e.g., Baker et al. 2003; Chow and Wehby 2018; Hinshaw 1992) methodological designs that did not account for this association were excluded from the review.”
Background
Parenting Stress and Child Behavior Problems Among Clinic-Referred Youth: Cross-Cultural Differences Across the US and Korea
Chung, K., Ebesutani, C. K., Bang, H. M., Kim, J., Chorpita, B. F., Weisz, J. R., Suh, D.-S., & Byun, H. (2012) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-012-0340-z · Cited by 53
“activity disorder (ADHD) [11], developmental delays (DD) [12, 13], and other chronic illnesses [14] tend to report higher levels of parenting stress compared to their normative counterparts.”
Background
Foster children’s behavioral development and foster parent stress: testing a transactional model
Goemans, A., van Geel, M., & Vedder, P. H. (2017) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-017-0941-z · Cited by 63
“Whereas without proper intervention, the stress experienced by biological parents can develop into unbearable levels of stress that have adverse effects on children’s development (Baker et al. 2003; Crnic et al. 2005), foster parents do not need to let this happen.”
Background
Parental Stress Scale: Validation study with a Portuguese population of parents of children from 3 to 10 years old
Algarvio›, S., Leal, I. M. P., & Marôco, J. P. (2018) · Journal of Child Health Care · doi:10.1177/1367493518764337 · Cited by 73
“Baker et al. (2003) argued that the PSI includes the assessment of child stressors, namely, items related to the child’s cognitive and behavioural problems that add to the final scoring.”
Background
Factors Associated With Parental Distress
Duchovic, C., Gerkensmeyer, J. E., & Wu, J. (2009) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6171.2008.00168.x · Cited by 53
“Higher levels of distress have been reported by parents of children with behavioral problems than for parents of children with developmental delays, including Down syndrome (Baker et al., 2003).”
Fathers' Unaccounted Contributions: Paternal Involvement and Maternal Stress
Harmon, D. K., & Perry, A. R. (2011) · Families in Society The Journal of Contemporary Social Services · doi:10.1606/1044-3894.4101 · Cited by 52
Predictors of Parenting Stress in Children Referred for an Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnostic Evaluation
Brei, N. G., Schwarz, G. N., & Klein-Tasman, B. P. (2015) · Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities · doi:10.1007/s10882-015-9439-z · Cited by 52
“2009), including significantly more behavioral and emotional problems than typically-developing peers (Baker et al. 2003; Eisenhower et al. 2005).”
BackgroundInfluential
Stress symptoms and resilience factors in children with neurodevelopmental disabilities and their parents during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Montirosso, R., Mascheroni, E., Guida, E., Piazza, C., Sali, M. E., Molteni, M., & Reni, G. (2021) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000966 · Cited by 51
Parental Stress Assessment with the Parenting Stress Index (PSI): A Systematic Review of Its Psychometric Properties
Ríos, M., Zekri, S., Alonso-Esteban, Y., & Navarro‐Pardo, E. (2022) · Children · doi:10.3390/children9111649 · Cited by 55
Chapter 1 Mothers and Fathers Together
Crnic, K. A., y Arbona, A. P., Baker, B. L., & Blacher, J. (2009) · International review of research in mental retardation · doi:10.1016/s0074-7750(09)37001-9 · Cited by 51
“…with ID (Ha et al., 2008; Seltzer, Floyd, Greenberg, Lounds, Lindstromm, et al., 2005); and our own work addressing early family contributions to children’s regulatory capacities and emerging behavior problems (Baker et al., 2003; Baker, Fenning, Crnic, Baker, & Blacher, 2007; Crnic, 2001).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citation
Effects of parent management training programs on disruptive behavior for children with a developmental disability: A meta-analysis
Skotarczak, L., & Lee, G. K. (2015) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2014.12.004 · Cited by 55
“Parents of a child with a developmental disability are at greater risk for increased stress related to parenting when compared to typically developing children (Baker et al., 2003).”
Background
Assessing parental capacity to change when children are on the edge of care: an overview of current research evidence
Ward, H., Brown, R., & Hyde‐Dryden, G. (2014) · Loughborough University Research Repository (Loughborough University) · Cited by 51
Those in the shadow of the pandemic: impacts of the COVID-19 outbreak on the mental health of children with neurodevelopmental disorders and their parents
Güller, B., Yaylacı, F., & Eyüboğlu, D. (2021) · International Journal of Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1080/20473869.2021.1930827 · Cited by 52
“Multiple studies have demonstrated that the relationship between behavioral problems and parental stress is bidirectional (Baker et al. 2003, Orsmond et al. 2003).”
Background
Family resilience elements alleviate the relationship between maternal psychological distress and the severity of children’s developmental disorders
Suzuki, K., Hiratani, M., Mizukoshi, N., Hayashi, T., & Inagaki, M. (2018) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2018.08.006 · Cited by 63
“Previous studies have also shown this relationship between maternal mental problems and severity of children’s DD (Baker et al., 2003; Halstead et al., 2018; Hastings & Johnson, 2001; Herring et al., 2006; Hill-Chapman et al., 2013; Theule et al., 2013).”
BackgroundResult
Maternal supportive and interfering control as predictors of adaptive and social development in children with and without developmental delays
Green, S. A., Caplan, B., & Baker, B. L. (2013) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/jir.12064 · Cited by 49
Self-citation
The German Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ)
Petermann, U., Petermann, F., & Schreyer-Mehlhop, I. (2010) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000034 · Cited by 49
Mother-child affect and emotion socialization processes across the late preschool period: predictions of emerging behaviour problems
Newland, R. P., & Crnic, K. A. (2011) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.729 · Cited by 48
“Further, these negative correlates of having a child with delays appear less directly related to children’s cognitive risk than to the increased behavior problems exhibited by children with developmental delays (Baker et al., 2002; Baker et al., 2003; Feldman et al., 2007).”
BackgroundResultSelf-citation
Family Quality of Life for People With Intellectual Disabilities in C atalonia
Giné, C. G., Gràcia, M., Vilaseca, R., Beltran, F. S., Balcells‐Balcells, A., Montalà, M. D., Adam‐Alcocer, A. L., Pro, M. T., Simó‐Pinatella, D., & Mas, J. M. (2015) · Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1111/jppi.12134 · Cited by 48

Authors: Baker, B. L., McIntyre, L. L., Blacher, J., Crnic, K., Edelbrock, C., & Low, C.
Affiliations: University of California, Los Angeles (US)
University of California, Riverside (US)
Pennsylvania State University (US)
Corresponding author: Baker, B. L.
ORCID: Baker, B. L.
McIntyre, L. L.
Crnic, K.
Venue: Journal of Intellectual Disability Research
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2003-05
Volume: 47
Issue: 4-5
Pages: 217-230
ISSN: 0964-2633 (ISSN-L)
1365-2788
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2788.2003.00484.x
OpenAlex: W2154865829
Cited by: 930
References: 60
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 60 · 2018: 58 · 2017: 61 · 2016: 47 · 2015: 60 · 2014: 64 · 2013: 53 · 2012: 41
FWCI: 19.14
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 21 d)
Locations: Journal of Intellectual Disability Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD34879-1459, R01HD034879)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family and Disability Support Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Down syndrome and intellectual disability research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords: developmental delay, intellectual disability, preschool children, behavioral problems, parental stress, longitudinal stability, transactional model, early intervention
MeSH terms: Adult, Child Behavior Disorders, Developmental Disabilities, Child, Preschool, Family, Female, Humans, Male, Parents, Surveys and Questionnaires, Stress, Psychological, Parenting

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Pre‐school children with and without developmental delay: behaviour problems and parenting stress over time

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks